福建自学考试英语笔记整理

Unit14（第41讲—第43讲） Text A The importance of being kind and polite 本课主要单词 1.frankly adv. 坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 1）He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. （他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。） 2）She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. （她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。） 3）Frankly， he is not easy to get along with. （坦率地说，他这个人不好打交道。） 4）Quite frankly， I don't care about what they may say. （坦率地说，我不在乎他们会说什么。） frank adj. 坦诚的v. 盖免费邮戳于（邮件）；准许…自由通过 1）They gave us a frank reply. （他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。） 2）They have franked these letters. （他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。） 3）We are trying to frank him through customs. （我们正努力使他免检通过海关。） 2.boring adj. 令人厌烦的；乏味的 bored adj. 感到厌烦的 bore v. 使厌烦，使厌倦n. 令人讨厌的人或事 boredom n. 厌烦，厌倦；乏味 1）It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.（这次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。） 2）I am bored. I don't have anything to do. （我无事可做，感到乏味。） 3）Most of the book had bored him， with the exception of one chapter.（除了其中的一章，这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。） 4）Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.（山姆是个很令人讨厌的人，谁都不想与他打交道。） 5）She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. （城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。） 3.honestly adv. 诚实地；的确 honest adj. 诚实的 honesty n. 诚实 dishonest adj. 不诚实的；不正直的 1） Honestly， I don't know what you're talking about. （说实在的，我不知道你在讲些什么。） 2） You have to answer the following questions honestly. （你得诚实地回答下列问题。） 3） He is honest， he doesn't tell lies. （他是老实人，不说谎。） 4） First of all， you should be honest about why you want the money. （首先，你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。） 5） We have no doubt as to his honesty. （对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。） 6） How can you believe such a dishonest person. （你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人？） 7） He got his money in dishonest ways. （他以不正当的方式搞钱。） 4.impress v. 给…深刻的印象 impression n. 印象；效果，影响 impressive adj. 给人以深刻印象的 1）What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. （那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。） 2）I was impressed by his high efficiency. （他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。） 3）My advice seemed to make no impression on him. （我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。） 4）She made a very good impression on her employer. （她给雇主留下了极好的印象。） 5）The impressive scene will be always in his mind. （那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。） 5.collection n. 收集；收藏品 collect v. （去）取；接；聚集 1） He has a large collection of books. （他有大量的藏书。） 2） The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. （他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。） 3） He likes collecting stamps. （他爱好集邮。） 4） I have to go and collect my daughter. （我得去接女儿了。） 5） A large crowd collected in front of the building. （那座楼前聚集了一大群人。） collect 也可以做副词用，意思是“由受话人付费”，如： I will call London collect. （我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。） 6.misunderstand v. 误解，误会 misunderstanding n. 误会；争执 1）Don't misunderstand us， we are here to help， not to make trouble.（别误解我们的意思，我们是来帮忙的，不是惹麻烦的。） 2）She misunderstood what her friend said， and went away in a fury. （她误解了她朋友所说的话，怒气冲冲地走了。） 3）They had a misunderstanding， but they have become friendly again. （他们曾有过争执，不过又言归于好了。） 4）I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. （我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。） 7.friction n. 摩擦；不和，争执 1）Constant friction caused the rope to break. （不断的摩擦使绳子断了。） 2）The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.（由于摩擦力较小，这台机器的效率更高了。） 3）Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. （家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。） 4）The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. （两国之间的摩擦在加剧。） 8.conflict n. 冲突，抵触v. 冲突，抵触 1）The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. （两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。） 2）They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. （他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。） 3）His statement conflicted with what his friend said. （他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。） 4）My idea might conflict with his. （我的观点，可能会与他的观点相冲突。） 9.enforce v. 实施，执行；强制；强调 1）The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.（我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。） 2）People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.（人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。） 3）Very often parents enforce their own will on children. （父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。） 4）Illness enforced him to lie in bed. （疾病迫使他卧床。） 5）You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. （你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。） 10.interact v. 相互影响，相互作用，相互交流 interaction n. 相互影响，相互作用 1）Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. （母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。） 2）Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. （老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。） 3）There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. （父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。） 4）They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.（他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。） inter-是一个前缀，表示“相互”；“在…中间”。如：interchange （互换）；intercommunicate （互相联系；互相通信）；interdependent （相互依赖，互相依存）；international （国际的）；interstate （州际的）；interuniversity （大学间的） 11.consensus n. 合意；（意见等的）一致；舆论 1）There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. （他们之间有一种默契。） 2）The consensus was to abandon the project. （大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。） 3）It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.（要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。） 4）You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.（如果你真想得到他们的帮助，你得与他们达成一致意见。） 12.guideline n. 指导方针，准则，标准 1）They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. （他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。） 2）Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. （现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。） 3）The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.（化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。） 13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的，不受欢迎的 acceptable adj. 可接受的 accept v. 接受 1） It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. （为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。） 2） The proposal was unacceptable. （这个建议是不能接受的。） 3） This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. （这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。） 4） They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. （他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。） 14.adolescent adj. 青春期的；青少年的n. （16岁以下的）青少年 adolescence n. 青春期（13-16岁的发育期） 1） He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.（他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。） 2） This film aimed at adolescents. （这部电影专为青少年拍摄。） 3） His adolescence was not a happy time for him. （他的青春期过的不快乐。） 4） Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.（父母还没意识到这个问题，汤姆已到了青春期年龄。） 15.swear v. 诅咒；发誓n. 誓言 1）Don't swear in front of the children. （别在孩子们面前骂人。） 2）Will you swear that you were not on the scene？ （你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗？） 3）I swear that I will never trust him any more. （我保证再也不相信他了。） 4）He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.（他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。） 5）They refused to swear on a Bible. （他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。） 6）Don't take his swear seriously. （别拿他的誓言当真。） 16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的，不关心的 indifference n. 冷漠 1）If parents are indifferent to their success， children will fail to make progress.（如果父母漠视孩子的成功，孩子就不会进步。） 2）He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. （他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。） 3）He put on an air of indifference. （他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。） 4）She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. （她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。） 17.discipline n. 纪律，训练；学科v. 训练；使有纪律；惩罚 1）The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. （艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。） 2）The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. （那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。） 3）Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.（许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。） 4）They must learn to discipline themselves. （他们必须学会锻炼自己。） 5）He was disciplined for being late. （他因迟到而受罚。） 18.individual n. 个人，个体adj. 个别的，单独的；独特的 1）The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. （他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。） 2）Handwriting varies from individual to individual. （每个人的笔迹都不相同。） 3）Each individual leaf on the tree is different. （树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。） 4）There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek. （他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。） 本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则，这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则，你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人，尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势，而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此，我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静；在点燃香烟前征得他人同意；注意选择接听移动电话的场合；与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机；满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话；该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。 本课主要语言点 1. Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this. unless在本句中的意思是“if not” （除非，如果不），如： 1） You will fail the exam unless you study harder. （你若不更加努力学习，考试会不及格。） 2） We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. （如果不发生意外，我们将继续试验。） 3） I will not go to the party unless he invites me. （如果他不邀请我，我就不去参加聚会。） 4） Nothing， unless a miracle， can save him. （除非出现奇迹，他无法得救。） end在本句中用作动词，意思是“结束”。如： 1） The meeting did not end until midnight. （会议开到半夜才结束。） 2） The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. （抗日战争于1945年结束。） 3） He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. （他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。）

Unit4（第11讲—第13讲） 3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子： 1） The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。） 2） Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.（过度吸烟影响了他的健康，严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。） 3） Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.（心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。） 4） We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。） 5） 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。（The change in position greatly affected his income.） 6） 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。（What he said had little effect on the audience.） 4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember. that引导的定语从句修饰information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember. 不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子： 1） Einstein was easy to get along with.（爱因斯坦很容易相处。） 2） To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.（对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。） 3） The water in this river is not fit to drink.（这条河里的水不适合饮用。） 4） This question is very difficult to answer.（这个问题很难回答。） make sense 的意思是“有意义；可理解”。请看下面的句子： 1） No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.（无论你怎么读，我都不理解这个句子。） 2） What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.（读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。） 3） His explanation makes no sense to his students.（学生们不理解他的解释。） 5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. 动词不定式to remember在句中做定语，修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子： 1） You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.（你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。） 2） He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早来的诺言。） 3） They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.（他们有克服所有困难的决心。） 4） We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.（我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。） make a difference 的意思是“有关系；有影响；起作用”。请看下面的句子： 1） What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.（他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。） 2） Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你参与我们的工作，情况就不一样了。） 3） Money won't make much difference to him.（钱对他起不了多大作用。） 4） I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.（我不喜欢那房子的外观，但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。） 6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 句中的better是副词well的比较级形式，意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子： 1） This story is better written than that one.（这个故事写得比那个好。） 2） This room is better furnished than that one.（这间屋子装饰得比那间好。） 3） This team is better trained than that one.（这个队训练得比那个队好。） 4） This job is better paid than that one.（这份工作的报酬比那份高。） information是一个不可数名词，不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句： 1） There are many ways of obtaining information.（获得信息的途径很多。） 2） So far I haven't got any information about the game.（我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。） 3） I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.（我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。） 7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”，它与be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句： 1） The United States consists of 50 states.（美国由50个州组成。） 2） The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.（英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。） 3） Their team is made up of 6 team members.（他们队由6名队员组成。） 4） Our class is made up of 45 students.（我们班由45名同学组成。） a bit在句中的意思是“一点，一些”，它可以用在形容词的前面， 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句： 1） I am a bit tired today.（我今天有点累。） 2） He said he was bit hungry.（他说他有点饿。） 3） Your article is a bit long for our paper. （你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。） 4） He gave the bird a bit of water. （他给了鸟儿一点水。） 5） I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.（如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。） 6） I only know a bit of Spanish. （我只懂一点点西班牙语。） 8. Categorizing is another means of organization. 句中的means是一个名词，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句： 1） The quickest means of travel is by plane. （最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。） 2） Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. （自行车是最方便的交通工具。） 3） Email is a modern means of communication. （电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。） 4） He means what he says. （他说话算数。） 5） Forgetting the past means betrayal. （忘记过去就意味着背叛。） 9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows： group into在句中的意思是“把…分组；把…归类”。请看例句： 1） We can group the animals into several types. （我们可以把这些动物归成几类。） 2） Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.（把类型相似的单词归类，记起来就更容易了。） as follows 的意思是“如下”，请看例句： 1） The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：） 2） The results are as follows： （结果如下：） 10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately. refer to这一词组的意思很多，我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及；指”。请看下面的句子： 1） In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.（在第二章中，我还会提到这一点的。） 2） The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.（我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。） 3） The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.（作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。） we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句，前者修饰material，后者修饰something.请看例句： 1） The book you gave me is very interesting.（你给我的那本书很有趣。） 2） The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.（他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。） 3） The information you gathered is of great help to me.（你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。） 句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”，请看例句： 1） His talk mainly related to environmental protection.（他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。） 2） This regulation relates only to children under 12.（这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。） 11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. striking在句子中做形容词用，意思是“显著的，引人注目的”，请看例句： 1） They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.（在5年的时间里，他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。） 2） Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.（海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。） 3） I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.（我不能确定他这次能否成功，其只是觉得他明显信心不足。） to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语，修饰the items.请看例句： 1） There are a lot of things to be done.（有很多事要做。） 2） Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend？（你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗？） 3） This was the first project to be designed John's brother. （这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。） 12. In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words. subject在本句中做名词用，意思是“受试者，实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多，请看例句，注意subject的词义： 1） The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。（今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。） 2） The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.（老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。） 3） How many subjects are you taking this semester？（这学期你选几门课？） 4） He became the subject for ridicule.（他成了人们取笑的对象。） 5） Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.（兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。） 6） He is a Chinese subject.（他是中国国民。） 7） This sentence doesn't have a subject.（这个句子没有主语。） subject还常常做动词或形容词用，请看例句： 1） The country was once subjected to foreign rule.（这个国家曾一度受外国统治。） 2） Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.（台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。） 3） We are all subject to the laws of nature.（我们都要受自然规律的支配。） 4） The child is very subject to coughs.（这孩子动不动就咳嗽。） 5） All men are subject to death.（人总有一死。） while 在句子中做连词用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一个多义词，请注意下面例句中while 的意思： 1） Strike while the iron is hot.（趁热打铁。） 2） He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.（他一边听收音机，一边做作业。） 3） He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.（他很健谈，而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。） 4） While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.（这个老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜欢。） 5） You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.（只要你不失去信心，你迟早会成功。） using imagery分词做状语，表示方式，请看例句： 1） They stood there waiting for the bus. 2） She had to work standing up. 13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. 划线部分是该句的主要成分，forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语，can help做谓语，us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。 斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构，做方式状语，修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image. 不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构，做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见，在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句： 1） Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗？） 2） He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想让你下午去见他。） 3） Father encouraged him to study harder.（父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。） 4） I will get someone to help you.（我去找个人来帮你。） “with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见，请看例句： 1） With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（随着这个问题的解决，计划正顺利进行。） 2） Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.（这么多人注视着她，于她而言，站在那儿是一种折磨。） 本课主要词组及句型 词组： 1. focus on 2. a number of 3. at all levels 4. make sense 5. make a difference 6. in random order 7. consist of 8. group into 9. as follows 10. needless to say 11. refer to 12. relate…to 13. associate with 14. compare with 句型： A.定语从句 1） Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory. 2） Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember 3） There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. 4） Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 5） Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. B. 动名词做主语 1） Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 2） Categorizing is another means of organization. 3） Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. Text B Short-term Memory 短语表达 1. at a later time Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time. I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time. 2. in contrast （with / to） Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent. His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness. 3. look up I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？ Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word. 4. be unable to I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand. He was unable to provide us with more information. 5. be released from He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years. He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease. 6. be rewarded with The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers. If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.