福建自学考试英语笔记电子版

Unit14（第41讲—第43讲） Text A The importance of being kind and polite 本课主要单词 1.frankly adv. 坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 1）He frankly admitted that he had made a mistake. （他坦率地承认自己犯了个错误。） 2）She asked me to tell her frankly what I wished to do. （她让我坦率地告诉她我希望做什么。） 3）Frankly， he is not easy to get along with. （坦率地说，他这个人不好打交道。） 4）Quite frankly， I don't care about what they may say. （坦率地说，我不在乎他们会说什么。） frank adj. 坦诚的v. 盖免费邮戳于（邮件）；准许…自由通过 1）They gave us a frank reply. （他们给了我们一个坦率的回答。） 2）They have franked these letters. （他们已经给这些信件盖了邮资已付的邮戳。） 3）We are trying to frank him through customs. （我们正努力使他免检通过海关。） 2.boring adj. 令人厌烦的；乏味的 bored adj. 感到厌烦的 bore v. 使厌烦，使厌倦n. 令人讨厌的人或事 boredom n. 厌烦，厌倦；乏味 1）It was such a boring journey that he didn't want to say anything about it.（这次旅行很乏味，他什么也不想提及。） 2）I am bored. I don't have anything to do. （我无事可做，感到乏味。） 3）Most of the book had bored him， with the exception of one chapter.（除了其中的一章，这本书的大部分内容使他感到乏味。） 4）Sam is such a bore that no one wants to have anything to do with him.（山姆是个很令人讨厌的人，谁都不想与他打交道。） 5）She seems so depressed by the boredom of her city life. （城市生活的乏味似乎令她沮丧。） 3.honestly adv. 诚实地；的确 honest adj. 诚实的 honesty n. 诚实 dishonest adj. 不诚实的；不正直的 1） Honestly， I don't know what you're talking about. （说实在的，我不知道你在讲些什么。） 2） You have to answer the following questions honestly. （你得诚实地回答下列问题。） 3） He is honest， he doesn't tell lies. （他是老实人，不说谎。） 4） First of all， you should be honest about why you want the money. （首先，你应该坦率地说为什么要这些钱。） 5） We have no doubt as to his honesty. （对他的诚实我们毫不怀疑。） 6） How can you believe such a dishonest person. （你怎么能相信这样一个不诚实的人？） 7） He got his money in dishonest ways. （他以不正当的方式搞钱。） 4.impress v. 给…深刻的印象 impression n. 印象；效果，影响 impressive adj. 给人以深刻印象的 1）What I saw and heard there impressed me deeply. （那儿的所见所闻给我留下了深刻的印象。） 2）I was impressed by his high efficiency. （他的高效率给我留下了深刻的印象。） 3）My advice seemed to make no impression on him. （我的劝告似乎对他不起作用。） 4）She made a very good impression on her employer. （她给雇主留下了极好的印象。） 5）The impressive scene will be always in his mind. （那个难忘的场面将永远留在他的脑海中。） 5.collection n. 收集；收藏品 collect v. （去）取；接；聚集 1） He has a large collection of books. （他有大量的藏书。） 2） The collection of butterfly specimens takes up all his spare time. （他所有的业余时间都用于采集蝴蝶标本了。） 3） He likes collecting stamps. （他爱好集邮。） 4） I have to go and collect my daughter. （我得去接女儿了。） 5） A large crowd collected in front of the building. （那座楼前聚集了一大群人。） collect 也可以做副词用，意思是“由受话人付费”，如： I will call London collect. （我将给伦敦打一个对方付费的电话。） 6.misunderstand v. 误解，误会 misunderstanding n. 误会；争执 1）Don't misunderstand us， we are here to help， not to make trouble.（别误解我们的意思，我们是来帮忙的，不是惹麻烦的。） 2）She misunderstood what her friend said， and went away in a fury. （她误解了她朋友所说的话，怒气冲冲地走了。） 3）They had a misunderstanding， but they have become friendly again. （他们曾有过争执，不过又言归于好了。） 4）I don't hope the minor misunderstanding will affect our friendship. （我不希望这点小误会会影响我们的友谊。） 7.friction n. 摩擦；不和，争执 1）Constant friction caused the rope to break. （不断的摩擦使绳子断了。） 2）The efficiency of the machine is higher because there is less friction.（由于摩擦力较小，这台机器的效率更高了。） 3）Family frictions can interfere with a child's schoolwork. （家庭中的争吵会影响孩子的学业。） 4）The friction between the two countries is getting more and more serious. （两国之间的摩擦在加剧。） 8.conflict n. 冲突，抵触v. 冲突，抵触 1）The conflict between the two villages lasted for years. （两个村子之间的冲突持续了数年。） 2）They came into conflict over the ownership of the house. （他们就房屋的所有权问题产生了激烈的争执。） 3）His statement conflicted with what his friend said. （他的说法与他的朋友所言截然不同。） 4）My idea might conflict with his. （我的观点，可能会与他的观点相冲突。） 9.enforce v. 实施，执行；强制；强调 1）The president of our university said time and again that it was necessary to enforce the school regulations.（我们大学的校长一再说执行校规很有必要。） 2）People were dissatisfied with the government's inability to enforce its law.（人们对政府无力执行法律十分不满。） 3）Very often parents enforce their own will on children. （父母常常把自己的意愿强加给孩子们。） 4）Illness enforced him to lie in bed. （疾病迫使他卧床。） 5）You need to enforce you arguments by producing facts and figures. （你需要提出事实与数据来加强你的论点。） 10.interact v. 相互影响，相互作用，相互交流 interaction n. 相互影响，相互作用 1）Mothers and babies internet in a complex way. （母婴以一种复杂的方式相互交流。） 2）Students are encouraged to interact in class in English by the teacher. （老师鼓励学生在课堂上用英语互动。） 3）There is a need for more interaction between parents and children. （父母和孩子之间需要更多的相互交流。） 4）They are doing some research on the interaction between seawater and lava.（他们正对海水与溶岩的相互作用进行研究。） inter-是一个前缀，表示“相互”；“在…中间”。如：interchange （互换）；intercommunicate （互相联系；互相通信）；interdependent （相互依赖，互相依存）；international （国际的）；interstate （州际的）；interuniversity （大学间的） 11.consensus n. 合意；（意见等的）一致；舆论 1）There was a kind of unspoken consensus between them. （他们之间有一种默契。） 2）The consensus was to abandon the project. （大多数人的意见是放弃该项计划。） 3）It is very difficult for them to reach a consensus on what they are going to do.（要就他们将要进行的事情达成大致意见是很困难。） 4）You have to build a consensus with them if you really want to get their help.（如果你真想得到他们的帮助，你得与他们达成一致意见。） 12.guideline n. 指导方针，准则，标准 1）They are going to adopt new guidelines for national economy. （他们将采取新的国民经济指导方针。） 2）Today the moral guidelines are not as obvious as they were. （现在的道德准则不再以前一样明确了。） 3）The chemical additives still exceed guidelines set to protect public health.（化学添加剂仍然超过了为保护公众健康而确定的标准。） 13.unacceptable adj. 不能接受的，不受欢迎的 acceptable adj. 可接受的 accept v. 接受 1） It is entirely unacceptable to break the law for the sake of money. （为了钱而犯法是完全不可接受的。） 2） The proposal was unacceptable. （这个建议是不能接受的。） 3） This is a proposal that is acceptable to all sides. （这是一个各方面都能接受的建议。） 4） They didn't accept the invitation to attend the evening party. （他们没有接受出席晚会的邀请。） 14.adolescent adj. 青春期的；青少年的n. （16岁以下的）青少年 adolescence n. 青春期（13-16岁的发育期） 1） He was afraid that his son had anything to do with the adolescent gang.（他担心他儿子与青少年犯罪集团有牵连。） 2） This film aimed at adolescents. （这部电影专为青少年拍摄。） 3） His adolescence was not a happy time for him. （他的青春期过的不快乐。） 4） Before his parents could realize it Tom had already reached the age of adolescence.（父母还没意识到这个问题，汤姆已到了青春期年龄。） 15.swear v. 诅咒；发誓n. 誓言 1）Don't swear in front of the children. （别在孩子们面前骂人。） 2）Will you swear that you were not on the scene？ （你愿意起誓说你当时不在现场吗？） 3）I swear that I will never trust him any more. （我保证再也不相信他了。） 4）He swore by his honor that he would return the money in two weeks.（他以自己的名誉发誓保证在两周内还钱。） 5）They refused to swear on a Bible. （他们拒绝手按圣经发誓。） 6）Don't take his swear seriously. （别拿他的誓言当真。） 16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的，不关心的 indifference n. 冷漠 1）If parents are indifferent to their success， children will fail to make progress.（如果父母漠视孩子的成功，孩子就不会进步。） 2）He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. （他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。） 3）He put on an air of indifference. （他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。） 4）She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. （她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。） 17.discipline n. 纪律，训练；学科v. 训练；使有纪律；惩罚 1）The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. （艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。） 2）The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. （那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。） 3）Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem.（许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。） 4）They must learn to discipline themselves. （他们必须学会锻炼自己。） 5）He was disciplined for being late. （他因迟到而受罚。） 18.individual n. 个人，个体adj. 个别的，单独的；独特的 1）The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. （他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。） 2）Handwriting varies from individual to individual. （每个人的笔迹都不相同。） 3）Each individual leaf on the tree is different. （树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。） 4）There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek. （他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。） 本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则，这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则，你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人，尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势，而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此，我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静；在点燃香烟前征得他人同意；注意选择接听移动电话的场合；与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机；满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话；该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。 本课主要语言点 1. Unless you want to end a relationship， you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this. unless在本句中的意思是“if not” （除非，如果不），如： 1） You will fail the exam unless you study harder. （你若不更加努力学习，考试会不及格。） 2） We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. （如果不发生意外，我们将继续试验。） 3） I will not go to the party unless he invites me. （如果他不邀请我，我就不去参加聚会。） 4） Nothing， unless a miracle， can save him. （除非出现奇迹，他无法得救。） end在本句中用作动词，意思是“结束”。如： 1） The meeting did not end until midnight. （会议开到半夜才结束。） 2） The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. （抗日战争于1945年结束。） 3） He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. （他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。）

Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.