托福阅读培训课笔记

一、问题形式 列举题，也叫排除列举题，ets称之为“否定事实信息题”(negative factual information question)。基本形式如下： according to the passage, which of the following is not true of x? the author’s description of x mentions all of the following except 二、解题技巧 列举题的基本思路是排除，排除与原文相符的选项，与原文相矛盾的选项或原文未提到的选项是正确答案。注意问题中的否定词not 和except。 1.列举题的解题步骤 1)看题干找关键词 问题中有关键词的，可以根据它定位，然后将四个选项与定位的地方进行比较。如果没有关键词，可以先定位于上一个问题对应的段落之后的段落。 2)阅读四个选项 题干中没有线索的，可以阅读四个选项，总结其中的共同点进行定位，或者根据各个选项中的关键词一一进行定位。 3)排除与原文相符的选项 将各个选项与原文比较以后，排除其中符合原文意思的选项，剩下的一个选项，或者与原文相矛盾，或者在原文未提到，就是正确答案。例如， the opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. these organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. an oak tree is a good example of a competitor. a massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. the leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. the tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. a population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. it should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics. all of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree except the capacity to create shade leaves containing tannin the ability to withstand mild droughts and fire the large number of acorns the tree produces 本题对应第七段(见上文)，其中前三个选项所说的条件(从第四句开始)都对oak tree的长寿有利，而第四个选项所说的“acorns的数量”并未与oak tree的寿命直接联系在一起，因此为正确答案。 2.列举的两种形式 1)集中列举 集中列举的形式有：三个名词或词汇连续出现，各个名词或词汇之间以逗号隔开；三个短语连续出现；三个句子连续出现。对于集中列举，只需根据题干或选项定位原文，排除在原文的集中列举之处出现的三个选项，剩下的一个选项为正确答案。例如， they used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery? (a) to hold food. (b) to wash clothes. (c) to cook. (d) to transport objects. 2)分散列举 分散列举的各项可能出现于同一段落之中，或分布于全文各段。对于分散列举，需要根据题干或选项定位原文，将各个选项与所对应的原文一一进行比较，在原文未提到或与原文相矛盾的选项为正确答案。例如， perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. satire rarely offers original ideas. instead it presents the familiar in a new form. satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. what they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected. satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. don quixote makes chivalry seem absurd, brave new world ridicules the pretensions of science, a modest proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. none of these ideas is original. chivalry was suspect before cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before aldous huxley and people were aware of famine before swift. it was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. it was the manner of expression the satiric method that made them interesting and entertaining. satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. they are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. with spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude. satire exists because there is need for it. it has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it. soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed. the various purposes of satire include all of the following except (a) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations (b) brushing away illusions (c) reminding readers of the truth (d) exposing false values. 这道列举题的选项分布于文中各处，是一道分散列举题。其中选项(b)对应第一段倒数第二句…they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions，选项(c)对应第二段第三句：satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth，(d)对应第一段第五句：satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false。(a)与原文第一段的意思“satire并无新意，只是表达独特”相矛盾，符合题意，为正确答案。 (本文撰写时参考了李传伟已出版的《toefl阅读高分对策》和即将出版的《新托福阅读高分对策》。)

在做托福阅读练习时，在读完一篇文章并确认答案后，我们都需要对文章中的词汇进行整理。主要给大家分享怎样做托福阅读笔记，欢迎参考和借鉴!将生词分类记录托福阅读文章中的生词一直是考生亟待解决的问题。毕竟，在一篇文章中出现太多的生词会严重影响文章的流畅性和理解，处理生词的传统方法是从大量的词汇书中记忆单词。但是，这种方法费时且缺乏针对性，虽然考生记忆了大量的单词，但是生词经常出现在阅读文章中，这有时会让考生怀疑自己是否记住了假单词，这个问题可以通过做学习笔记来解决。在做托福阅读练习时，在读完一篇文章并确认答案后，我们都需要对文章中的词汇进行整理。只要认为它属于生词的范畴，应该先把它们放在一起，然后简单地根据单词的性质进行分类。分析和提取句子在记录了词汇之后，有必要对文章中的句子进行分析和提取，这可以分为两个部分:第一部分是对长难句的分析。除了很多生词之外，托福阅读的另一个特点是有大量的长难句，这些复杂的句子对很多考生来说都是一场噩梦，有时甚至一小段话也要花很多时间和精力去理解。在阅读练习中，我们还应该把这些长难句记录下来，并对句子结构和成分进行详细的分析，以提高理解长难句的速度和准确性。第二部分是抄写一些漂亮的句子。所谓漂亮句子，是指考生阅读后印象很深刻，感觉很好或很合理的句子。这些句子可以是名言，也可以是作者自己写的，读完这些句子也会很有价值。随着考生对材料的积累和掌握，他们将有更多的材料用于托福口语和写作。文章结构分析最后要记录的是段落的结构，由于托福阅读考试时间有限，大部分考生采取边读边做题的策略，这种策略的优点是节省时间，缺点是会影响大家对文章整体意义的理解，所以在阅读过程中往往很难处理最后一个问题。如果熟悉文章的结构，在阅读和做题的时候对文章有一个大概的概念，就会更有信心回答最后一个问题。

在托福考试中，因为除了阅读外，其他三部分几乎都包含了听力的内容，所以托福听力记笔记尤为重要，托福考试该如何做笔记呢？

1.记关键词

所谓关键词，是指与听力中心内容有密切关系的词汇和短语，是考点的主要出处。一般是实词，即名词，动词，形容词，副词，否定和数词。抓住了听力中的关键词，整个文章的大意就呼之欲出了。因此，记录关键词是最基本的方法。

2.记逻辑词和短语提示

逻辑词和逻辑短语是连接一篇文章的筋骨和脉络。外国人对于逻辑思维非常重视，因此，听清楚逻辑词，记录下来，对于内容的之间的关系和顺序等的了解就容易了。常见的逻辑关系有以下几种：Definition（定义） Deion and example（描述和例子）Classification （分类）Sequence(顺序)Comparison and contrast（对比）Cause and effect(因果)problem and solution (问题和解决方法)

3.记笔记关键是速度

用缩写，简写，逻辑符号，换词减少记录时间

要懂得如何简化自己的笔记，同时让自己看得明白清楚。缩写和符号是很好的方法.换词也是一种很好的方法在note taking中的换词，不需要改成复杂深奥的词语，恰恰相反。举个例子：当你听到…opportunity…的时候，如果要写下来，那多麻烦啊，要考虑复杂的拼写。但是如果你马上晓得改写成chance，那就节约了很多时间。还有，没人说只能写英文啊！当你听到large，small的时候，你不觉得记上“大”“小”更快吗？所以当你发现某个词出现得比较常见但是又浪费时间去记录它的话，就可以利用换词解决。如此类推，可以应用的地方还是很多的

4.巧妙利用听力时的“空余时间”

在教授说了一堆nonsense的时，或者两人对话时，非表达观点着说话时，利用“空余时间”来补全之前没有做好的笔记。这一个方法同时提示我们，某个点如果没有记下来时，不要以放弃后面的内容为代价来花费时间记笔记，只要心里留个印象就可以了，等后面适当的时机再补上。

5.利用清晰的结构减少查看笔记的时间

记录笔记的最终目的是做题。因此，记录了笔记而自己都看不懂，或者花大量时间翻看笔记，都是得不偿失的做法。特别是做口语笔记的时候，你的preparation time是非常宝贵的。因此，平时锻炼note taking时，要注意有自己的结构。在记录综合作文听力时，可以把草稿纸对折然后一边是reading的观点，另一边是lecture的观点。