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Ancient EgyptMain article: Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt was a long-standing civilization in northeastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River, reaching its greatest extent in the second millennium BC, during the New Kingdom. It reached from the Nile Delta in the north, as far south as Jebel Barkal at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. Extensions to the geographic range of ancient Egyptian civilization included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Western body (focused on the several oases).BabylonMain article: BabylonBabylon (in Arabic: بابل; in Syriac: ܒܒܙܠ in Hebrew:בבל) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia (modern Al Hillah, Iraq), the ruins of which can be found in present-day Babil Province, about 80km south of Baghdad. The form Babylon is the Greek variant of Akkadian Babilu (bāb-ilû, meaning "Gateway of the god(s)", translating Sumerian KA.DINGIR.RA). It was the "holy city" of Babylonia from around 2300 BC, and the seat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 612 BC. In the Bible, the name appears as בבל (Bavel), interpreted by Genesis 11:9 to mean "confusion", from the verb balal, "to confuse". Babylon was an important city, both politically and aesthetically. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.Ancient IndiaFurther information: History of India The history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent from 3300 to 1700 BC. This Bronze Age civilization was followed by the Iron Age Vedic period, which witnessed the rise of major kingdoms known as the Mahajanapadas. In two of these, in the 6th century BC, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born.ChinaFurther information: History of China The history of China is told in traditional historical records that refer as far back as the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors about 5,000 years ago, supplemented by archaeological records dating to the 16th century BC. China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to around 1500 BC. Chinese civilization originated with city-states in the Yellow River valley. 221 BC is the commonly accepted year when China became unified under a large kingdom or empire. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to control the large territory.

Egypt Country, Middle East, northeastern Africa. Area: 385,229 sq mi (997,739 sq km). Population (2005 est.): 70,457,000. Capital: Cairo. The people are largely Egyptian Arabs. Language: Arabic (official). Religions: Islam (official; predominantly Sunni); also Christianity. Currency: Egyptian pound. Egypt occupies a crossroads between Africa, Europe, and Asia. The majority of its land is in the arid western and eastern deserts, separated by the country's dominant feature, the Nile River. The Nile forms a flat-bottomed valley, generally 5 – 10 mi (8 – 16 km) wide, that fans out into the densely populated delta lowlands north of Cairo. The Nile valley (in Upper Egypt) and delta (Lower Egypt), along with scattered oases, support all of Egypt's agriculture and have virtually all of its population. Egypt has a developing, mainly socialist, partly free-enterprise economy based primarily on industry, including petroleum production, and agriculture. It is a republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. It is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations. Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, beginning a period of cultural achievement and a line of native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Egypt's ancient history is divided into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 332 BC. The pyramids date from the Old Kingdom, the cult of Osiris and the refinement of sculpture from the Middle Kingdom, and the era of empire and the Exodus of the Jews from the New Kingdom. An Assyrian invasion occurred in the 671 BC, and the Persian Achaemenids established a dynasty in 525 BC. The invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC inaugurated the Macedonian Ptolemaic period and the ascendancy of Alexandria as a centre of learning and Hellenistic culture. The Romans held Egypt from 30 BC to AD 395; later it was part of the Byzantine Empire. After the Roman emperor Constantine granted tolerance to the Christians in 313, a formal Egyptian (Coptic) church emerged. Egypt came under Arab control in 642 and ultimately was transformed into an Arabic-speaking state, with Islam as the dominant religion. Held by the Umayyad and 'Abbasid dynasties, in 969 it became the centre of the Fatimid dynasty. In 1250 the Mamluk dynasty established a state that lasted until 1517, when Egypt fell to the Ottoman Empire. An economic and cultural decline ensued. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1914 and received nominal independence in 1922, when a constitutional monarchy was established. A group of army officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the monarchy in 1952. A union with Syria to form the United Arab Republic (1958 – 61) failed. Following three wars with Israel (see Arab-Israeli wars), Egypt, under Nasser's successor, Anwar el-Sadat, made peace with the Jewish state, thus alienating many fellow Arab countries. Sadat was assassinated by Islamic extremists in 1981 and was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak, who continued to negotiate peace. Although Egypt took part in the coalition against Iraq during the First Persian Gulf War (1991), it later began peace overtures with countries in the region.自己酌情删改吧

Explore: travel in or through (an unfamiliar country or area) in order to learn about or familiarize oneself with it.Ancient: belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence.Prosperous: successful in material terms; flourishing financially.Storey: floor, levelBeneath: extending or directly underneath, typically with close contact.;at a lower level or layer than.Fragment: a small part broken or separated off something.Remains: the parts left over after other parts have been removed, used, or destroyed.资料来源：字典

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