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自考英语翻译重点笔记总结

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自考英语翻译重点笔记总结

10.solution n. 解决办法 solve v. 解决 1)The loan was only a temporary solution to the country's financial difficulties.(借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。) 2)After a day's careful thought, he came up with a good solution. (经过一天的仔细考虑,他才想出一个好办法。) 3)We should work together on the solution of our national problems. (我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。) 4)I really don't know how to solve the problem. (我真不知道如何解决这个问题。) 5)They found a new way of solving the problem. (他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。) (请注意用solution这个名词时,通常用a solution to a problem表示“问题的解决办法。”。) 11.adapt v. 使适应,使适合;改写 1)We should adapt our thinking to the new conditions. (我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。) 2)Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment. (一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。) 3)Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style? (你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗?) 4)They adapt a novel for the screen. (他们把小说改编为电影。) 请注意adapt 和adopt的区别,adopt意为“采用;收养”。 1)They are going to adopt new techniques in raising silkworms. (他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。) 2)A little girl was adopted into the family. (一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。) 12. perfect adj. 完美的;完全的 v. 使完美,改善 1)He speaks perfect English. (他说一口地道的英语。) 2)The actor is perfect for the part. (由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。) 3)He is in perfect health. (他身体十分健康。) 4)He is a perfect stranger. (他是个完全陌生的人。) 5)They decided to send their son to England to perfect his English. (他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。) 13. acceptable adj. 可以接受的 accept v. 接受 1)This proposal is acceptable to all. (这个建议大家都能接受。) 2)Tom received an acceptable marks on the test. (汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。) 3)Don't accept everything you see on TV as true. (别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。) 4)I didn't expect him to accept my suggestion. (我没指望他接受我的建议。) 5)The plan has won wide acceptance among the people. (这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。) 6)He nodded in delighted acceptance. (他愉快地点头表示赞同。) 14. evidence n. 发现;(调查或研究)结果;根据 evident adj. 明显的 1)Do you have any evidence for this statement? (你这样说有任何根据吗?) 2)There are evidences that somebody has been living here. (迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。) 3)It is evident that we do not understand each other. (显然,我们彼此不了解。) 4)He spoke with evident disappointment. (他带着明显的失望说话。) 5)We can say with good evidence that their work is one of the best. (我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是的。) 15. determine v. 决定;确定 determined adj. 下决心的 determination n. 决心;结论 1)He has determined on a course of action. (他已决定了行动计划。) 2)The police wanted to determine all the facts. (警察想查明全部事实。) 3)His father is determined to quit smoking. (他父亲决心戒烟。) 4)He made his determination after he read the test report. (他在看了化验报告后下了结论。) 5)Mr. Smith is a man of determination. (史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。) 16. growth n. 生长 grow v. 生长 1)The growth in tourism is really astonishing. (旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。) 2)The rapid growth of world population is creating more and more problems. (世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。) 3)His hair has grown too long. (他的头发长得太长了。) 4)Friendship grew between them. (他们之间产生了友情。) 5)You will grow used to it. (你会渐渐对此习惯的。) 本课主要构词法 Affixation 词缀法 1. 形容词后缀 -able disagreeable acceptable 2. 副词后缀 -ly scientifically previously entirely frequently 3. 名词后缀 -ion imagination solution 4. 反义词前缀 un- unknown unpleasant 本课简介 在“Scientific Attitudes”这篇课文中,作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时,科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见;尊重别人的观点;凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。 人物背景 1.Benjamin Franklin:富兰克林(1706-1790年),美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最的人物,参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验,并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育,全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电,从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。 2.Thomas Edison:爱迪生(1847-1931年),美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一,拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利,还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。 3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体,并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转,否定地心说。 4.Louis Pasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的,创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等,挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。 5.Edward Jenner:金纳(1749-1823年),英国医生,牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认,并传播到欧美大陆及全世界,使天花的病死率大为下降。

Unit22(第65讲—第67讲) 19. positive adj. 确定的;积极地,肯定地 positively adv. 确定地,明确地;积极地,肯定地 1) He was frightened by the results of his blood test, for all tested items show positive reactions.(验血结果把他吓坏了,每一个项目都显示阳性反应。) 2) I'm positive about it.(对这点我有绝对把握。) 3) They longed for a positive answer.(他们渴望得到肯定的答复。) 4) You should adopt a more positive attitude toward life.(对生活你应该采取更积极的态度。) 5) He never answered my questions positively.(他从不肯定地回答我的问题。) 20. aspect n. 方向;外表 1) They considered the plan in all its aspects.(他们全面地考虑了这一计划。) 2) His face had a frightening aspect.(他的脸色很吓人。) 21. emerge v. 出现 1) The sun emerged from behind a cloud.(太阳从云朵后面出来了。) 2) Different ideas have emerged.(不同意见出现了。) 3) A modern industrial city is now emerging.(一个现代化的工业城市正在兴起。) 本课简介 人人都知道健康的重要,但人们对于参加健身活动的态度如何呢?本文作者通过许多具体的事例告诉我们,人们对于参加健身活动有许多认识上的误区,因而有必要重新审视自己在这一问题上的态度和做法。 人们对于健康活动有哪些看法呢?一些学生认为,留出时间来健身是浪费时间,健身活动并不比学打桥牌对他更有用,学业和前程才是最重要的。还有人认为健身固然重要,但实在没有时间健身。也有人说自己已经够健康了,保持现状应该没有问题。另外有些人则抱怨没有运动设施,也无法从他人那儿得到什么帮助,或者觉得运动后的浑身汗味令他们不舒服。 以上种种皆是不愿意进行健身活动的人们的看法,那么对于那些原意进行健身活动的人们来说,他们的认识和做法也并非没有问题。有人说,我跑步是因为宿舍里的每一个人都在晚上跑步。也有人说,我运动时每消耗3500卡热量就能减掉一磅体重,圣诞节前我只有十磅要减了。还有人说,这个周末天气凉爽,星期六看来是个好日子。另外,健身只是为了长寿也是常见的看法。 你的认识是否类似于上述某种观点?请记住健康虽不一定保证长寿,但能有助于你快乐地生活每一天。 本课主要语言点 1. Recently we were told by a student that setting aside time for improving his physical fitness would be a total misuse of his working hours. that引导的是一个宾语从句,在这个从句中,动名词短语setting aside time…做主语,此类结构在英语中很常见。如: 1) He told me that getting up early in the morning was hard for him.(他告诉我早起对他来说很困难。) 2) The teacher said that cheating on exams was on the increase in many schools.(那位老师说在许多学校考试作弊现象在增长。) 3) My brother told me that setting up his own company would not be totally impossible.(我兄弟对我说建立他自己的公司并不是一件完全不可能的事。) set aside 意思是to reserve or keep sth. for a special use or purpose (留出、拨出);set aside也可表示overturn(驳回、取消),disregard(不顾)。如: 1) He decided to set aside 50 yuan every month so that he could buy a used bike.(他打算每个月留出50块钱以便能买辆二手自行车。) 2) His parents asked him to set aside 30 minutes every morning reading English.(他父母要求他每天早晨留出30分钟读英语。) 3) The government set aside thirteen per cent of the money for health and education.(政府拨出这笔钱地百分之十三用于健康和教育。) 4) The original verdict was eventually set aside by the Supreme Court.(原先地裁决最终被法庭驳回。) 5) We must set aside all formality and another try.(我们必须不拘形式再试一次。) a / the misuse of sth.意思是 use sth. in an incorrect or improper manner(误用、滥用)。如: The misuse of company assets brought about heavy losses.(滥用公司财产造成了严重损失。) 在词汇部分我们讲到mis-是一个前缀,常指things being done badly or wrongly. 如:understand-misunderstand , print-misprint等等。 2. He assured us that he would be no better served by a fitness program than by learning to play bridge. 本句中地no是一个副词,用在副词比较级地前面,表示“并不、毫不”。no也可以在形容词比较级地前面。如:no more than, no less than, no longer than,no farther than 等等。 1) I could no more play piano than you.(我和你一样不会弹钢琴。) 2) This place is no better than slum.(这地方与贫民窟差不多。) better是副词well的比较级形式,served是个过去分词,可用作形容词,如: better organized, better prepared, better managed等等。 assure是个及物动词,意思是“使确信、使放心”,主要用法是: 1) assure sb. of sth. He assured me of the feasibility of the plan.(他使我确信这个计划是可行的。) 2) assure sb. that…… I assured my mother that I would handle the problem.(我向母亲保证我能处理这个问题。) 请注意区别assure,ensure,insure和secure这四个动词。 assure指以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定发生,多用assure sb. of / that在结构中;ensure意为确保某种行动或动因的结果一定会发生,后面可以跟sth.或that从句,但不能带双宾语;insure意思是“给…保险”;secure的意思是make safe(使安全)。 1) He assured me that Dr. Baker would come.(他向我保证贝克博士会来。) 2) To ensure the child's quick recovery, the doctor gave him three different medicines.(为了保证孩子尽快康复,医生给了他三种不同的药物。) 3) The house is insured against fire.(这房子保了火灾险。) 4) They tried their best to secure the bridge from further attack.(他们尽力保护桥梁免受进一步的攻击。) 3. College and his preparation for a career were his only priorities.请注意区prepare 和prepare for的区别。 prepare sb. or sth. 指make them ready for an event or action that will happen in the future,如: We have to prepare our lessons carefully.(我们得仔细备课。) prepare for an event or action指get oneself ready for it; make plans for it so that it and prepared when it happens, 如: The children washed out hands and prepared for the meal.(孩子们洗好手准备吃饭。) 名词preparation通常用在短语make preparations for和in preparation for当中,如: 1) They were making preparations for the old man's funeral.(他们在为老人的葬礼做准备。) 2) We will have to collect new material in preparation for the experiment.(我们得收集新资料为实验作准备。) priority指 give priority to和 take / has priority当中。如: 1)This project has priority over all others.(这个项目比所有其他项目都更受重视。) 2)Education is given first priority in their family.(教育在他们家是予以先考虑的问题。) 4. This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means we know it to be. see sth. as意思是“把…看作为”,我们以前学过不少类似的短语,如:regard…as,look upon…as,think of…as,view…as等等。 being physically fit意思是“身体健康”。 an end rather than the means意思是“是一种目的而不是达到目的的方法”。 rather than意思是“而不是”。 1)He was seen as the most capable person in the company.(人们认为他是公司最能干的人。) 2)We saw her silence as consent.(我们把她的沉默看作为同意。) 3)To be physically fit is our greatest wish for grandfather.(身体健康是我们对爷爷的希望。) 4)You need to do more exercise if you want to be physically fit.(如果你想身体健康,就需要进行更多的锻炼。) 5)He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.(他千里迢迢来到中国不是为了赚钱,而是为了增进友谊。) 5. His opinion is one of the many feelings, pro or con, that people hold about their personal involvement in a physical fitness program. pro和con在本句中作形容词用,pro的意思是for(赞成),con的意思是against(反对)。pro or con在句子中作后置定语,修饰名词feeling.后置定语在英语中也很常见。如: 1) Countries, big or small, should be equal.(国家无论大小都是平等的。) 2) He studied in a room, clean and tidy.(他在干净整齐的房间里学习。) (在上述例句中,两个成对的或反对的形容词,用and或or连接,共同修饰一个名词。这是形容词作后置定语的一种用法。) 1)The active involvement of thousands of people in the election campaign surprised him.(成千上万的人积极参与竞选活动令他惊奇。) 2) He avoids involvement in politics.(他避免卷入政治。) 6. Certainly some of there individuals may have physical limitations that make activity extremely difficult, and others are engaged in time-consuming activities that until finished do not permit opportunities for recreation. that make activity extremely difficult是一个定语从句,修饰physical limitations. Be engaged in sth. 意思是be involved in sth.(使从事,使忙于),如: 1)They were engaged in the study of soil conservation.(他们在从事土壤保持的研究。) 2) It is inappropriate for him to engage in this activity.(他从事这一活动是不合适的。) 7.…I'll have no difficulty staying that way. have (no) difficulty doing sth.(做某事有/无困难),也可以用have (no) trouble doing sth.。如: 1)He has no difficulty understanding the Chinese film.(看懂那部中国电影他没有困难。) 2)I had a lot of trouble getting back to sleep after I answered the phone call.(接过电话后,我无法再入睡。) 8.…you may have made a commitment to a physical fitness program that might be rather narrow in scope. make (a) commitment to 意思是make a firm promise(作出),或者involvement(投入)。 Narrow in scope意思是范围很窄,很狭隘。我们接触过在形容词后面加介词in再加名词的机构,如similar in appearance(外表相像)。 9.What could I achieve if I were really in top physical condition? 本句中用了虚拟语气,从句中用过去时(be动词用were),主句中用could或should / would / might加动词原形,表示的是与现在事实相反的假设,如: 1)If he were on time, we wouldn't have to wait for him.(如果他能准时,我们就不用等他了。) 2) If they had time now, they would come to see us.(如果他们现在有时间,他们就来看我们了。) in top physical condition 意思是“身体很健康”。如: The old man is in top (very good, excellent…) physical condition though he is already 76.(老人虽已七十六岁,但身体非常健康。) 10. In the final analysis, we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you will live longer, it can help you enjoy the years you do live. in the final analysis意思是ultimately(归根结底),如: They realized in the final / last analysis that their job was to tell public the facts.(他们认识到他们的工作归根结底是把事实公诸于众。) guarantee的意思是保证,担保,后面可跟名词;to do或that从句。如: 1) Wealth doesn't guarantee happiness.(财富不能保证快乐。) 2)They guaranteed to finish the work in two hours.(他们保证在两个小时内完成这项工作。) 3)I guarantee that they will win the game.(我保证他们会赢这场比赛)。 do在句中起强调作用。 本课主要短语(phrases and expressions) 1.set aside 2.a misuse of 3.no better than 4.prepare for / make preparations for 5.be physically fit 6.be seen as 7.rather than 8.pro or con 9.involvement in / be/become/get involved in 10. in pursuit of 11. be engaged in 12. have (no)difficulty doing sth. 13. get support from 14. make commitment to 15. narrow in scope 16. approach to 17. in top physical condition 18. be capable of 19. keep in mind 20. in the final analysis Text B people and colors 短语表达 1. in general In general, girls do better on test about vocabulary than boys. In general, there are two different ideas about where to go. 2. remind sb. of sth. The way he walks reminds me of his father. The picture reminds me of the days I spent in the countryside. 3. associate with People usually associate the underground with something evil. They like to associate with people from all walks of life. 4. react to I cannot imagine how the audience will react to his speech. Young children react to the color of an object before they react to its shape.

Unit1 Text A How to be a successful language learner? 本课主要单词 1. successful adj. 成功的 He is a successful writer. (他是一个有成就的作家。) He hopes he will be successful this time. (他希望他这次能够成功。) success n. 成功 Their film is a great success.(他们的影片很成功。) We are sure of success. (我们一定能成功。) succeed v. 成功 I succeeded in getting the job. (我成功地得到了这份工作。) She succeeded in passing the exam. (她考试及格了。) 2. adult adj. & n. 成年的,成熟的;成年人 These adult films are not suitable for children.(这些成人电影,儿童不宜观看。) Don''t worry too much about him, he is an adult now.(别为他过分担心,他是成年人了。) 3. disagree vi. 有分歧,不同意;不符,不一致 agree vi. 同意 I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事,我跟你的意见不同。〕 These figures disagree with last week''s results.(这些数据与上周的结果不符。) I agree with what you said. (我同意你所说的。) She agreed to the plan.(她赞成这个计划。) We haven''t agreed on the date of the meeting.(我们还没商定会议的日期。) agreement n. 同意;协议 disagreement n. 不同意 We haven''t reached an agreement yet.(我们还没达成协议。) There was no disagreement, and the proposal was accepted.(没有不同意见,这个建议被接受了。) (请注意:前缀dis-通常可以加在动词,名词,形容词前面,构成反意词。例如:dissatisfy,disorder,disable. 后缀-ment加在动词的后面,构成名词。例如:arrangement,argument 等。) 4. statement n. 声明,陈述 (由动词state 加名词后缀-ment构成) Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. (他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。) Do you believe the witness''s statement? (你相信证人的陈述吗?) (请注意动词与名词的搭配:issue a statement, make a statement) 5. guarantee n. & v. 保证,担保,保修 He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could.(他保证他会尽快还钱。) The washing machine is guaranteed for five years.(这台洗衣机保用5年。) (请注意guarantee做动词的用法:guarantee sth.,guarantee that, guarantee against / from ) 6. intelligent adj. 聪明的,明智的 He made an intelligent decision.(他做出了明智的决定。) Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.(人类远比动物聪明。) Intelligence n. 聪明,智力 She prided herself on her intelligence.(她为自己的聪明感到自豪。) Intelligently adv. 聪明地,明智地 They dealt with the problem intelligently.(他们明智地处理了这个问题。) 7. conversely adv. 相反地 Some are wealthy but unhappy; conversely, others are happy but not wealthy. (有的人富有但不快乐,相反,另一些人快乐但不富有。) converse adj. 相反的 I hold the converse opinion.(我的观点相反。) converse v. 交谈,谈话 He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English.(他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。) 8. similar adj. 相似的,类似的 The two animals are similar to each other in appearance.(这两只动物外表很相似。) similarity n. 相似,类似 Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.(他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。) 9. independent adj. 独立的,自主的 (这个词的词根是depend,在depend的后面加上后缀 -ent可以构成形容词,加上 -ence则可以构成名词;在dependent,dependence前面加上前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。) depend v. 依靠,依赖 dependence n. 依靠,依赖 dependent adj. 依靠的,依赖的 independence n. 独立,自主 India won its independence in 1947.(印度于1947年赢得了独立。) 10. clue n. 线索,提示 The police searched all the houses but found no clues.(警察搜索了所有的房屋,但是没有发现任何线索。) (注意用法:find /give a clue to sth.) 11. conclusion n. 结论,推论 conclude v. 断定,决定 (注意用法:come to a conclusion,jump at a conclusion,draw a conclusion,reach a conclusion) What conclusions did you come to?(你得出了什么结论?) 12. communicate v. 交流,交际,通讯 communication n. 交流,通讯 communicative adj. 爱说话的 To communicate with him is no easy job, as he is not a communicative person.(他是一个不爱说话的人,与他交流可不容易。) Speech and writing are man''s most important methods of communication.(说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。) 13. inexact adj. 不正确的,不精确的 与independent一样,该词是由形容词 exact加前缀in- 构成的。 14. incomplete adj. 不完整的 complete adj.& v. 完整的;完成 This is an incomplete sentence, please add the omitted part and make it complete. 〔这是一个不完整的句子,请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕 I don''t think I can complete the work in 2 hours. 〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕 15. purpose n. 目的,意图,用途 purposeful adj. 有目的的,有意图的 purposefully adv. 有目的地,蓄意地 The purpose of the meeting was to discuss his proposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕 He let out the information purposefully to you.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕 16. regularly adv. 经常地,定期地 regular adj. 经常的,定期的 irregular adj. 不规则的,无规律的 If you review your lessons regularly, you will do well on tests. 〔如果你定期复习功课,就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕 17. technique n. 技术,技巧,手艺 Good study techniques help him to be one of the straight A students in his class. 〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕 18. outline v.& n. 概括;大纲,提纲;轮廓 He listened carefully as I outlined my reasons.〔在我简述我的原因时,他认真地听着。〕 The English teacher asked us to write a brief outline of the story. 〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕 He saw the outline of the house in the moonlight.(在月光下,他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。) 本课主要词缀 1. 名词后缀 -ment agreement, statement 2. 名词后缀 -ation, -ion, -sion communication, completion, conclusion 3. 名词后缀 -ity similarity, regularity 4. 名词后缀 -ence intelligence, independence 5. 形容词后缀 -ful successful, purposeful 6. 副词后缀 -ly conversely, regularly, purposefully 7. 反义词前缀 in inexact, incomplete, independent 8. 反义词前缀 dis disagree, discover 本课简介 How to Be a Successful Language Learner 是一篇典型的说明文。此类文章通常以逻辑顺序安排材料,作者要回答HOW或WHY方面的问题。在说明文的阅读与写作中,要注意抓主题句以及使文章内容启承转合的常用词句。 本课中,作者从一句引言入手,先谈了人们对语言学习的看法,然后阐述了自己对学好语言的看法。文章条理十分清楚,对我们学写说明文很有帮助。 本课语言点 1. Learning a language is easy. 这是一个 主语+动词+表语 (SVP)句型。句中learning a language为动名词短语,在句子中做主语。再如: Forgetting the past means betrayal.(忘记过去就意味着背叛。) 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 阅读英语比讲英语容易。 (Reading English is easier than speaking it.) 2) 集邮是我弟弟的爱好。(Collecting stamps is my little brother''s hobby.) 2. Even a child can do it. even在句中作副词用,加强语气,表示“甚至(…也),连(…都)”。如:He even didn''t trust his best friend.(他甚至不信任他的朋友。) 请注意even与 even if / though的区别并翻译下面的句子: 1) 这个我连听都没听过。(I haven''t even heard of it.) 2) 即使花了数天时间复习,他也没能考好。(He didn''t do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing.) 3. Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 句中who are learning a second language为定语从句,修饰先行词most adults,再如: The man who wrote this book is a teacher.(写这本书的人是一位教师。) 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。 (The boy who is in a blue jacket is our monitor.) 2) 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。 (The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.) 句中的would是助动词,表示“可能”,“(将)会”。例如: A picnic without you wouldn''t be fun.(野餐没你参加会很没意思。) 助动词would的用法很多,概括起来主要有如下几种: 1) 表示过去将来时:I felt confident that everything would be all right. 2) 表示意愿:I asked him not to do it, but he wouldn''t listen to me. 3) 表示习惯性:Every evening, we would go for a walk along the river. 4) 表示虚拟,假设,条件:If you had come earlier, you would have seen him. 5) 表示婉转地请求或建议:Would you look after my cat while I am away?

自考英语翻译考试重点笔记总结

自考英语翻译题复习备考技巧 一、重点把握书上的内容 考试是以书本的知识为主要依据,特别是书的一些重点篇目。本书多年以来的考试侧重点在经济、政治、法律、科技、文化这样几个主题上,一般来说,文学的两个单元考试的内容最少,但是这两个单元每年也都是有题的。所以,如果在没有时间再复习其他单元的情况下,还是以经济,政治,法律这三个单元为重点突破口,包括书上的课文和练习,以及练习册上的练习。 二、紧跟考点制定复习策略 把书上的东西完全弄懂,技巧掌握一些,课外的翻译适当的训练,积极认真准备词汇,这样这门考试肯定可以通过。词汇和结构谁更重要?其实真正的翻译考试是重在语法和结构,但是近两年以来的考试,大家可以发现有点类似于高级英语当中词义辨析,而且结构题越来越少。这个重大转变一定要牢记在心。 三、灵活的处理课外考点 其实这是一个老生常谈的事情,以前显得没有这么重要,原因在于课外的内容特别少,但是这两年随着课外知识的越来越多,让大家也是很头疼。我想只要大家能把书上的内容弄得特别清楚,那么一般的翻译文章都不会有书上的那么难。而且一二两大题都是选择题,这其中又有很多的技巧可言。书上的翻译原句中多含有两个以上的考点,但是课外的句子一般只有一个考点,而且这种考点无非就是词汇意思的掌握和简单的句与句之间的联系。而句与句之间的关系我曾经说过就是时间、原因、并列、让步这几个,不会再难了。第三题的词汇翻译都是集中在政治,经济,文化,法律和环保这几个领域中的。 所以大家在看课后的一些专有名词的时候需要格外的关注,而且两年以来政治词汇考得特别多,今年会不会还考这些词很难说。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策,点击底部咨询官网,免费领取复习资料:

自考学位英语要考什么内容?

自考学位英语考试采用闭卷的形式,客观题占65%,主观题占35%,考试时间为120分钟。

自考学位英语的考试内容基本上包含以下几个部分:

1、词汇和语法。

这个部分考查的是基础知识,自考考生在复习的时候要注意单词的积累和语法的总结,每天重复记忆单词和语法知识点,不断扩充自己的词汇量。

2、阅读理解和完形填空。

这一部分就是考查自考考生对句子的理解,自考考生需要运用到语法的知识和句子的翻译技巧。

不仅要理解句子的意思,还要联系上下文,推理和判断出句子中隐含的信息。

3、英汉互译。

在自考学位英语考试中,翻译更注重于句子的本来意思,自考考生们在翻译的时候要注意符合汉语的用法习惯,确保句子的通顺与连贯,不要遗漏关键词。

4、写作。

写作可以运用最常见的写法:总、分、总,也就是开头简单说明来意,中间解释细节,最后总结+祝福。

自考考生在下笔之前要打好草稿,理清思路。

在考前可以多看看一些好词好句。

注意:

自考学位英语是没有听力和口语考试的。

免费领取自考学习资料、知识地图:

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自考商务英语翻译重点笔记总结

商务英语翻译的技巧总结

商务英语的技巧其实有很多的,适合自己的才是最好的,下面我给大家整理了商务英语翻译的技巧总结,欢迎阅读!

1.顺序翻译法

所谓顺译法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务英语中,当语句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时,此类语句与汉语的表达方式较一致"可按原文的顺序译出。

2.反译法

英汉两种语言结构存在很大差异。英语重心在前,汉语重心在后,汉语长句采用总结式。

多把信息点放在后面,越往后越重要。如果一个句子既有叙事又有表态"汉语就把叙事部分放在前。

表态部分放在后$英语则相反,常常把表态部分放在句首,译成汉语时则将其放在句末"从而形成反译,一些带有否定意义的词。

3.词义引申翻译法

词义引申翻译法,就是根据上下文的内在联系,通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,运用一些符合汉语习惯的表达法,选用确切的汉语词句,将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。

从词义角度看,引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申。从句法层面来看,引申可分为逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞引申、概念范围的调整。

将词义做抽象化引申是指对原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。

将此一具体化引申就是指,将代表抽象概念或者属性的词来表达一种具体事物的时候,用具体化的事物来表达,还其具体的本来面目,使读者一目了然。

逻辑引申就是在翻译的过程中,由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯,因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系,对该词、短语或整个句子从其本意出发,由表及里,运用符合目的语习惯的表现法,选用确切的词句,将原文内容的实质准确的`表达出来。

语义引申就是把原文中的弦外之音补益出来,就属于语用学引申的手法。

语用学是非语义学的语用意义,一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示,它是非规约性的、潜在的;受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义,换句话说,它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景,从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。

除此之外还有修辞引申、概念等引申的翻译方法。

4.凝练翻译法

商务英语中部分语句的结构复杂,信息量大,单凭一种方法很难翻译到位。

翻译这类语句时,要根据具体情况,理清修饰语和中心词的关系以及修饰语内部各个成分之间的关系。

把各种方法合理地综合运用、灵活处理,既忠实地再现原文内容,又保证译文通顺,表达准确,句子流畅。从语言特点上看,英语为形合,而汉语则为神合。

5.词类转换翻译法

转换是指商务英语翻译中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。

由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系都有差异,在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。

为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则,在商务英语翻译中需要运用词类和表现方法的转换翻译技巧。

商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果,往往多使用被动句,这与汉语的表达大不相同。

因此,英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式,而需要依据汉语的习惯用法,从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。

商务英语翻译原则

1.翻译力求专业化

这主要是由于商务英语涉及的是贸易、商务、营销财务等理论和实物都很强,呈现出的语言专业性也强。

对于一些比较熟悉的、经常要求用到的商务英语词汇的缩略词,如:提单bill of lading——B/L,世界银行the World Bank——WB,世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization.—— WTO等等;有一些是economic policy 经济政策,holding company 控股公司,devaluation (货币)贬值等的常用词汇;还有一些是在商务贸易的发展过程中不断增加的词汇,consolidated debt 合并债务,TPL(第三方物流),cyber-payment (电子支付),这些新词丰富了商务英语的内容。

2.翻译内容准确严谨

翻译实际上就是把信息以不同的语言再现出来,因此从事商务英语的翻译工作也要关注商务英语的翻译忠实性。

只有这样才能达到使双方明确地了解到其中的要求和原则,在此基础上所做的沟通才具有实质性的意义。

显而易见的是商务英语中出现的数字的翻译,是一个非常重要的内容,而且一旦翻译者出现疏忽就可能产生不可估量的损失。

在商务英语翻译中,要把源语言用准确、忠实的信息用目标语言所表达出来,并且能够让读者在阅读的时候,获得与原文内容相等的信息,也就是信息等值。

翻译者在翻译的过程中要用词准确、概念清晰,特别是单位和数码要精确,与其他的语言表达形式相比,商务英语更加注重内容的 准确和忠实,这样才能够使整个翻译达到使用的目的。

05355商务英语翻译试卷第1套I. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points for each)1. Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.A. 如果处理不当,墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏,毁掉装修和家具。B. 如果处理不当,墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构、装修以及家具造成大面积破坏和损害。C. 如果处理不当,墙内的潮湿气体准时可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏,毁掉装修和家具。D. 如果处理不当,墙内的潮湿气体准时可能会对房屋的结构、装修以及家具造成大面积破坏。2. This contract is entered into as of the seventh day of March, 2002, by and between Lonk Co. Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the United States of America (hereinafter called the "Purchaser"), and Wingo Co. Group, a corporation organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China ( hereinafter called the "Seller"). A. 2002年3月7日,本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称甲方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称乙方]订立。B. 本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称甲方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称乙方]之间于2002年3月7日订立。C. 本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称买方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称卖方]之间于2002年3月7日订立。D. 2002年3月7日,本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称买方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称卖方]订立。3. Multinational bank's services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker's acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.A. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开立银行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行欧洲货币债券。B. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。C. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开立银行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行欧洲货币债券。D. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。4. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of US$30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time. A. 卖方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便卖方及时提取款项。B. 卖方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便买方及时提取款项。C. 买方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款共计30000美元,以便卖方可以及时提取该笔货款。D. 买方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款30000美元,以便卖方可以及时提取该笔货款。5. China’s compliance with an intellectual-property accord is seen as a keen test of its sincerity in abiding by WTO rules.A. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的监测手段。 B. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议,被视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的试金石。C. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议已经视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的试金石。D. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议,被视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的监测手段。 6. The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, and increased living standards.A. 新的繁荣表现为一段时间持续较长的旺盛的需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了改善。B. 新的繁荣可能表现为持续时间较长的旺盛需求、大量的就业机会,生活水平也得到了提高。C. 新的繁荣表现为一段时间持续较长的旺盛的需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了提高。D. 新的繁荣表现为一段持续时间较长的旺盛需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了改善。 7. Shippers are requested to note particularly the exceptions and conditions of this bill of lading with reference to the validity of the insurance upon their goods. A. 承运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的免责事项和条件。 B. 承运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的例外和条件。C. 托运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的例外和条件。D. 托运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的免责事项和条件。8. The seller must supply the goods in conformity with the contract of sale, together with such evidence of conformity as may be required by the contract. A. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖合同所规定的货物,如合同有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。B. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖所规定的货物,如合同有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。C. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖合同所规定的货物,如有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。D. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖所规定的货物,如另有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。9. The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door. Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences. A. 打开门,等候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。B. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间领地,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。C. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住处供您选择。D. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。10. Unemployment in America (as of mid-1990) was running near 5.25 percent. That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.A. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。按以往充分就业的标准比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。B. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。按以往的标准,这个比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。C. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。以往充分就业的标准比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。D. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。以往的标准,这个比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。II. Phrase Translation from English to Chinese (20 points, 1 point for each)1. unfavorable balance of trade 2. bank portfolio 3. housing mortgages 4. barter trade 5. bills and forms 6. fiscal year 7. cargo insurance 8. carrying vessel 9. clean payment credit 10. clearance sale 11. accounting systems 12. comparative advantage 13. economic incentives 14. financial statements 15. bills of exchange 16. captioned goods 17. floating policy 18. international specialization 19. straight B/L 20. under separate cover III. Translation Improvement from English to Chinese. For each English sentence, there is one or more errors in the translation provided. Please underline the error or errors, and then write the whole of your improved version in the space provided below. (20 points, 2 points for each)1. 原文:Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.译文:商事很赚钱,大部分电台和电视台都靠这部分收入而生存。改进译文:广告是很赚钱的生意,大部分电台和电视台都靠广告费收入而生存2. 原文:Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted, however. 译文:然而,关于会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济疲软的衰退的担心仍然持续着。改进的译文:然而,人们仍然担心会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济疲软的衰退。3. 原文:Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.译文:承包商依据适当的法律或分包合同在对拥有的任何权力不带成见的条件下,应该有权扣留或暂缓支付在不同情况下应由承包商支付给分包商的任何全部或部分金额。改进的译文:在不影响按适用法律或分包合同享有任何权利的情况下,承包商有权扣留或暂缓支付承包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。4. 原文:Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. 译文:商务指生产、分配、销售等一切活动的组合,通过它们利润和经济盈余将被创造。改进的译文:商务是指生产、分配、销售等一切活动的组合,通过这些活动能创造利润和经济盈余。5. 原文:Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others.译文:狄格森公司是一家国际营销公司,专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫剂、煤炭、农产品以及许多其他产品。改进的译文:狄格森公司是一家国际贸易公司,专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫剂、煤炭、农产品以及许多其他产品6. 原文:We regret the four of the items enquired for in your Fax are unfortunately not available for export.译文:很遗憾,贵方传真所询商品有4项无货可供。改进的译文:很遗憾,贵方传真所询的4项商品均无货可供。7. 原文:Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of non-affiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects. 译文:若没有来自国外的直接投资,公司也可以通过出口和进口、非分支机构国外公司的许可、技术销售、国外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式来从事国际商务活动。改进的译文:若没有对国外进行直接投资,公司也可以通过出口和进口、非分支机构国外公司的许可、技术销售、国外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式来从事国际商务活动。8. 原文:The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 译文:工程的目的是要创造有用的物品,使它们更好、更便宜、更充足。改进的译文:工程的目的是要创造有用的物品,使其质量更好、价格更便宜、数量更充足。9. 原文:It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.译文:那时,世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了,各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。改进的译文:在这种情况下, 世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了,各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。10. 原文:The Contract is in octuplicate, four in the Chinese language and four in the English language.译文:本合同一式8份,中文4份,英文4份。改进的译文:本合同一式8份,中英文版本各4份。IV. Business letter Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)SUNRISE GARMENT COMPANY25 Dongfeng Boulevard, Tianjin 300026 P.R.C.June 22, 2000Ms. Margaret ZengerDirector, Purchasing DivisionPan America Farment, Inc.529 Randaph DriveNew Orleans, Louisiana 70167USADear Ms. Zenger;Thank you for your enquiry of June 5. We are pleased to know that you are interested in our raincoats.Our Rainbow range is popular not only because of its light weight but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:100 Rainbow coats, men's, medium at $ 6.00 each $600.00100 Rainbow coats, men's, small at $ 5.50 each $550.00100 Rainbow coats, women's, medium at $ 5.00 each $500.00100 Rainbow coats, women’s, small at $ 4.50 each $450.00 $2,100.00Less 10 percent trade discount $210.00FOB Xingang Tianjin $1,890.00Freight $69.00Insurance $14.50 $1,973.50We will ship your order within three or four weeks after receiving it.We feel you may be interested in some of our other products and enclose a descriptive booklet for your reference.We look forward to receiving your order.Sincerely,Yi YuanSales ManagerV. Contract translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earth¬quakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labour, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.参考译文:本协议任何一方未能履行基本协议规定的义务或有所延误,如果是由于发生该方无法控制的事件所造成的,则在此范围内不构成对本协议的违反,也不得引起任何赔偿损失的要求。这类事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括:政府的行为,自然界的行为,工人罢工或联合行动、火灾、水灾、爆炸、战争、暴乱、风暴、地震、事故,社会公敌的行为,叛乱,起义,破坏,传染病,隔离控制,劳动力、原材料或物资短缺,承包者或分包者未履约,禁运、运输方面未能履约或延误,任何政府或国家、下属各部门、机构或组织的条例、规定、命令或指示,任何有管辖权的法院的命令商务英语翻译第1套 答案和参考译文VI. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points for each)1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. BVII. Phrase Translation from English to Chinese (20 points, 1 point for each)1. unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差2. bank portfolio 银行资产3. housing mortgages 住房按揭 4. barter trade 易货贸易5. bills and forms 单据与表格6. fiscal year 财政年度7. cargo insurance 货物保险8. carrying vessel 装货船只9. clean payment credit光票付款信用证10. clearance sale 清仓削价销售11. accounting systems 会计制度12. comparative advantage 比较优势13. economic incentives 经济动机14. financial statements 财务报表,财务决算,财政决算15. bills of exchange 汇票16. captioned goods 标题/上述货物17. floating policy 统保单18. international specialization 国际分工19. straight B/L 记名提单20. under separate cover 另函

商务英语翻译必看技巧

现如今,整个世界融为了一个整体,各个国家之间的贸易往来逐渐丰富,目前在国际间最通用的就是英语。商务英语要求翻译者更加的精确、对等,因为商务英语中会涉及到很多文件、条款等信息,所以必须要精确。只有这样才能达到双方活动的顺利进行。尤其在我国,中西方文化差异较大,更应该注意这方面的问题。一字之差就容易铸成大错。所以,做好商务英语的翻译工作尤为重要。

一、商务英语的文体特征

1.思维具有逻辑性,朴实无华

正式体英语的从句层次复杂,句子长度通常高于非正式英语。

长句分词、独立主格结构 的频繁使用是书面语体的典型特征,它们适合于表达多层次的复杂的逻辑关系,可以充分完 整地表达相互关联的意义,这种效果是短句无法达到的。

由于商务函电常要表示某些条款相 互成立、互为条件,或对某些一连串的具有因果关系的事件进行叙述,因此,这种语体就非 常适合这种要求。例如:

The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party A’s plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the complete ion of Party A’s plant including the completion of inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.?

这是某英文合同文体中的一个句子。这个诗歌并列句,句中主语是work,and连接两个谓 语(shall be commenced和shall be completed)。

2.频繁使用正式书面语体句型

2.表述简单清楚

商务英语是商务活动的工具,通过阅读文献可以发现:商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范 、正式的词。

这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的,因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、 效率,使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少,内容上直截了当。

偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍,因而不受欢迎。

商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨,很少使 用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。

了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上 的差异有助于实现语言交际的适合性和得体性。

3.模糊性的句法,善用祈使句?

商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁,但模糊语言的适当使用,能起到积极的效果。

语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面,还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。

采用模糊性句法并不代表缺乏语言能力,相反,它是语言交流的一个必不可少部分。

为提高商务英语的客观准确性,应避免将不确定的事实或数据表达得清楚完整;同样,出于商务谈判的外 交策略,某些观点也不宜太过具体和明确.

在某些场合适当地运用一些模糊表达,对调节贸 易双方紧张关系、缓和尴尬局面、进行自我保护等具有相当积极的意义。

由于函电涉及的双方为贸易伙伴,地位是平等的。

因此,一方如果希望另一方采取某种 行为,一般都不使用祈使句型,而用陈述句表示自己的愿望,至于对方是否采取这种行动则 留待对方定夺。

这种行文在商务函电中非常广泛。以下例句都起到了普通文体中祈使句的功 能,但它们的语气却十分委婉,能达到礼貌的效果。例如:?

It would be appreciated if you could send us your shipping instructions.

Your confirmation on this point would be appreciated.

在书面交际中,注意礼貌是很重要的。

为了体现礼貌原则,交际者常采用对方立场,以 示对对方的尊重和理解,从而使对方容易接受自己的主张。

因此,外贸信函中多用第二人称 (you) 或第二人称物主代词加名词 (your+ n) 作主语,少用第一人称 ( I , we) 作主语, 或常使用被动态,省略第一人称 ( I , we) 充当的行为主体。

二、商务英语的语言特点

1.擅长使用专业术语

这主要是由于商务英语涉及的是贸易、商务、营销财务等理论和实物都很强,呈现出的语言专业性也强。

对于一些比较熟悉的、经常要求用到的商务英语词汇的缩略词,如:提单bill of lading——B/L,世界银行the World Bank——WB,世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization.—— WTO等等;有一些是economic policy 经济政策,holding com/#pany 控股公司,devaluation (货币)贬值等的常用词汇;还有一些是在商务贸易的发展过程中不断增加的词汇,consolidated debt 合并债务,TPL(第三方物流),cyber-payment (电子支付),这些新词丰富了商务英语的内容。

2.内容严谨结构复杂

用词要准确严谨,词语的意义与其使用的语境密切相连,并与其存在的文化息息相关。

语境不同,词汇的意义也有差别。译者在翻译的过程中选词要准确,概念表达要确切,数码与单位要精确’,要忠实、准确地将源语言的信息用目标语言表达出来,做到原文读者获得的'信息与译文读者获得的信息内涵相等。

商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果"往往多使用被动句"这与汉语的表达大不相同$因此" 英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式"而需要依据汉语的习惯用法"从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。

3.涉猎广范,具有实用性

商务英语的语言形式、词汇、以及内容等方面与专业知识密切相关,它承载着商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息,对专业词汇的精确使用是商务语言在词汇使用上的最大特点商务英语翻译常用技巧商务英语翻译常用技巧。

例如:sole license(排他性许可证)和exclusive license(独占性许可证),两者各有精确的含义,不能随意交换使用。

前者表示在许可证交易中,技术受让方在协议有效期间,在协定的地区内,对许可证项下的技术具有独占权,不许授予第三方,只许在规定地区内使用该技术和出售该产品的许可证;而后者则表示,许可方不得再把同样内容的使用许可证协议受该地域内的任何第三方,就连许可人自己也不得在该地区使用该项技术(胡庚申,2001:154)。

又如:anti-dumping measures (反倾销措施),quota-free products (非配额生产)investment in non-productive projects (非生产性投资),clearance sale (清仓削价销售),closed cargo (列入表定运费的货物)等等。

4.常使用缩略词

在商务英语翻译过程中所采用的译名、概念、术语等在任何时候都应保持统一。

不允许将同一概念或术语随意变换译名,不统一的译名必然造成误解,使读者对译文不知所云。

作为一名商务译者,对相关专业知识要有相当的了解,才不至于误译,给有关双方造成纠纷和损失。

在翻译的过程中要注意正确使用商务专业术语,缩略语及出现在不同领域中的专业新词语。

三、翻译方法

1.顺序翻译法

所谓顺译法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务英语中,当语句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时,此类语句与汉语的表达方式较一致"可按原文的顺序译出。

2.反译法

英汉两种语言结构存在很大差异。英语重心在前,汉语重心在后,汉语长句采用总结式。

多把信息点放在后面,越往后越重要。如果一个句子既有叙事又有表态"汉语就把叙事部分放在前。

表态部分放在后$英语则相反,常常把表态部分放在句首,译成汉语时则将其放在句末"从而形成反译,一些带有否定意义的词。

3.词义引申翻译法

词义引申翻译法,就是根据上下文的内在联系,通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,运用一些符合汉语习惯的表达法,选用确切的汉语词句,将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。

从词义角度看,引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申。从句法层面来看,引申可分为逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞引申、概念范围的调整。

将词义做抽象化引申是指对原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。

将此一具体化引申就是指,将代表抽象概念或者属性的词来表达一种具体事物的时候,用具体化的事物来表达,还其具体的本来面目,使读者一目了然。

逻辑引申就是在翻译的过程中,由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯,因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系,对该词、短语或整个句子从其本意出发,由表及里,运用符合目的语习惯的表现法,选用确切的词句,将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。

语义引申就是把原文中的弦外之音补益出来,就属于语用学引申的手法。

语用学是非语义学的语用意义,一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示,它是非规约性的、潜在的;受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义,换句话说,它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景,从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。

除此之外还有修辞引申、概念等引申的翻译方法。

4.凝练翻译法

商务英语中部分语句的结构复杂,信息量大,单凭一种方法很难翻译到位。

翻译这类语句时,要根据具体情况,理清修饰语和中心词的关系以及修饰语内部各个成分之间的关系。

把各种方法合理地综合运用、灵活处理,既忠实地再现原文内容,又保证译文通顺,表达准确,句子流畅。从语言特点上看,英语为形合,而汉语则为神合。

5.词类转换翻译法

转换是指商务英语翻译中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。

由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系都有差异,在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。

为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则,在商务英语翻译中需要运用词类和表现方法的转换翻译技巧。

商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果,往往多使用被动句,这与汉语的表达大不相同。

因此,英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式,而需要依据汉语的习惯用法,从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。

四、商务英语翻译原则

1.翻译力求专业化

这主要是由于商务英语涉及的是贸易、商务、营销财务等理论和实物都很强,呈现出的语言专业性也强。

对于一些比较熟悉的、经常要求用到的商务英语词汇的缩略词,如:提单bill of lading——B/L,世界银行the World Bank——WB,世界贸易组织 World Trade Organization.—— WTO等等;有一些是economic policy 经济政策,holding company 控股公司,devaluation (货币)贬值等的常用词汇;还有一些是在商务贸易的发展过程中不断增加的词汇,consolidated debt 合并债务,TPL(第三方物流),cyber-payment (电子支付),这些新词丰富了商务英语的内容。

2.翻译内容准确严谨

翻译实际上就是把信息以不同的语言再现出来,因此从事商务英语的翻译工作也要关注商务英语的翻译忠实性。

只有这样才能达到使双方明确地了解到其中的要求和原则,在此基础上所做的沟通才具有实质性的意义。

显而易见的是商务英语中出现的数字的翻译,是一个非常重要的内容,而且一旦翻译者出现疏忽就可能产生不可估量的损失。

在商务英语翻译中,要把源语言用准确、忠实的信息用目标语言所表达出来,并且能够让读者在阅读的时候,获得与原文内容相等的信息,也就是信息等值。

翻译者在翻译的过程中要用词准确、概念清晰,特别是单位和数码要精确,与其他的语言表达形式相比,商务英语更加注重内容的 准确和忠实,这样才能够使整个翻译达到使用的目的。

五、商务英语翻译的概括

商务英语涉及范围很广,包括的种类也十分多。大部分跟国际商务活动有关的例如:国际贸易、会计、金融等方面所用到的英语都属于商务英语的范围。

它涉及的领域主要包括对外贸易、招商引资、国际旅游、海外投资以及国际运输等方面。

除了领域广泛之外,它还包括许多专业的英语例如:广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、包装英语等。

因此,伴随着国际贸易的范围不断的扩大,越来越多的人,开始加入到翻译的这一事业之中。

对商务英语的翻译,在很长时间以来备受关注,商务英语翻译工作也是一项十分复杂的工作,由于其用途的广泛性和特殊要性,就决定了商务英语的翻译工作不能仅仅局限于传统的翻译中务词汇和具有较好的商务语法基础,这些是一个翻译者应该具备的原则和技巧,不能仅仅依靠“信、达、雅”的翻译要求来完成商务英语的翻译工作,必须依照商务文件的愿意,把它翻译的既能清楚的表达意义,又能够符合商务双方的语言习惯商务英语翻译常用技巧职业英语。在翻译的过程中一定要从实际情况出发,做到具体问题具体分析。

六、总结

综上所述,商务英语有自己的语言特点,翻译时有自己的原则遵循。

词汇和句子是商务英语的基础要素,抓住商务英语词汇和句式上的特点,采取恰当的翻译方法,能有效规范商务英语的翻译,提高交流效率,进而更好地促进国际贸易和国际交流活动的发展。

进一步了解商务英语的语言特点与翻译原则有助于我们对商务英语的本质、功能进一步认识,并推动商务英语的学习与实际应用。

翻译商务英语文本时我们应从总体上把握,理论结合实际,从而有效的避免因为语言翻译失误而造成重大经济损失,把翻译工作做好。

商务英语涉及语言、交际技巧、商务知识、文化背景等因素,有其独特的语言特色。

词汇和句子是商务英语的基础要素,抓住商务英语词汇和句式上的特点,采取恰当的翻译方法,能有效规范商务英语的翻译,提高交流效率,进而更好地促进国际贸易和国际交流活动的发展。

进一步了解商务英语的语言特点与翻译技巧有助于我们对商务英语的本质、功能进一步认识,并推动商务英语的学习与实际应用。

自考英语翻译重点笔记

14. … they look for such a chance. 句中的such是前置限定词,可放在可数或不可数名词前,如: 1) I've never seen such beautiful scenery.(我从没见过这样美丽的景色。) 2) He didn't expect that the audience would give him such a response.(他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。) 3) She didn't feel like going out on such a cold day.(她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。) 从下面的句子中可以看出so与such的区别,so是副词,通常用来修饰形容词或副词: 1) The question was so difficult that nobody could answer it. (这个问题太难了,没人能回答。) 2) His eyesight was so poor that he couldn't see anything clearly. (他的视力不好,什么也看不清。) 3) He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him. (他跑得那么快,没有人能赶上他。) 15. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 不定式短语to learn to think in the language是句子的真正主语。it常常被用来代替不定式,在句子中充当形式主语,而把真正的主语移到句子后面去,这样使句子显得比较平稳。为了说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,便在不定式前加for引起的短语。又如: 1) It is not at all difficult for him to understand the poem. 2) It is necessary for us to lend him a helping hand at this time. more important than是形容词比较级形式,请翻译下面的句子: 1) 汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。(Tom is older than Mary.) 2) 这本书比那本书更有趣。(This book is more interesting than that one.) 3) 我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。(There are more students in our class than in theirs.) 16. … you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. 句中所用的时态为现在完成进行时,表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。又如: 1) He has been working for a whole day. 2) They have been watching TV for two hours. 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 老李已经在南京生活了二十年。(Lao Li has been living in Nanjing for 20 years.) 2) 雨下多久了?(How long has it been raining?) 3) 我等了他一个多小时了。(I have been waiting for him for more than an hour.) 17. … if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above. less than用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。又如:It would be less than fair to put all the blame on him.(把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。) 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 父亲对他的成绩不太满意。(Father was less than satisfied with his performance.) 2) 这个计划远不够完美。(The plan was a good deal less than perfect.) do well to do sth. 的意思是“…做”,如:She would do well to go away from these dishonest people.(她远离这些不诚实的人。) 本课主要词组 1. disagree with 2. be different from 3. succeed in 4. offer sth. to sb. 5. as much as 6. practice doing sth. 7. be similar to 8. first of all 9. depend on 10. instead of 11. wait for 12. look for 13. learn from 14. communicate with 15. be willing to 16. be interested in 17. in order to 18. on the other hand 19. less than 20. do well to do sth. 本课主要句型 A. 动名词做主语 1) Learning a language is easy. 2) Learning a language is a very difficult task. B. 定语从句 1) Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 2) Some people who are intelligent and successful in their fields… 3) They are good guessers who find clues and form their own conclusions. 4) They find people who speak the language… 5) …they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. C. it 做形式宾语 1) …some people…find it difficult to succeed in… 2) They find it easy to practice using the language regularly… D. it 做形式主语 1) It is more important for them to learn to think… 2) It is necessary for them to learn the language… Text B Language 1. not only…but also (不但……而且) 例:To some people language learning is not only time-consuming, but also difficult. You can find the place not only with the help of a map, but also by asking the way. 2. up and down (上上下下,前前后后) 例:His eyes moved up and down the rows of people, looking for the escaped prisoner. He walked up and down the street, not knowing what decision he should make. 3. neither…nor (既不……也不) 例:Neither you nor I should be responsible for this accident. This book is neither interesting nor instructive. 4. mean to do sth.(打算做某事,想要做某事) 例:I meant to say “sorry” to him, but he didn't want to listen. He didn't mean to hurt you. 5. not at all(一点也不) 例:I am not at all tired. He was not at all frightened by the strange noise. 6. consist of(由……组成) 例:Our class consists of 20 boys and 26 girls. The medical team consists of 3 doctors and two nurses.

4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法,阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组: 1) 十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2) 五百年 five hundred years 数百年 hundreds of years 3) 两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4) 三百万美元 three million dollars 数百万美元 millions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from 意为“与…不同”,如:My opinion is different from yours.(我的观点与你的观点不同。) 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组: Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词,different 是形容词,difference是名词。 6. … find it difficult to succeed in language learning. … find it difficult to succeed in other fields. 句中的it是形式宾语(formal object),真正的宾语(real object)是不定式to succeed in language learning,此类用法在英语中很常见,请注意掌握。如:At first I found it difficult to remember all these new words.(开始我感到记住这些单词很难。) 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 (The noise outside made it difficult for me to go on with my work.) 2) 他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。 (They consider it a waste of time to argue any further.) 3) 她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。 (She thought it right to tell Xiao Wang the truth.) 7. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners. 本句中注意掌握动词offer的用法,请看下面的例句: 1) He offered me a cup of tea after I sat down. (我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。) 2) What suggestions would you like to offer to those young teachers? (对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗?) 3) This shop offers all kinds of stationery.(这家商店供应各种文具。) 4) The old man offered me 100 yuan for the used bike. (那个老人向我出价100元买这辆旧自行车。) 5) She offered to help me with my English.(她表示愿意帮我学英语。) 句中的advice为不可数名词,其后不加s,正如课本第六页注解3所说,有许多东西在汉语中是可数的,在英语中却是不可数的。如news, information, paper 等,若要表示“一个”这类概念,就必须加a piece of这类定语,例如: a piece of news a piece of advice a sum of money a piece of bread 8. Read as much as you can. 句中的much 是副词,用副词作同等比较时,可以用as … as和so … as 这种结构,如: 1) Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.(尽量多阅读,你的词汇量就会扩大。) 2) We must arrange everything as well as we can.(我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。) 3) Please give me a call as soon as possible.(请尽早给我打电话。) 4) I don't speak English so well as you.(我英语讲得没你好。) 9. Practice speaking the language every day. practice 在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词,而在英国英语中,practice是名词,动词的拼写则是practise. 作动词用时,其后只能跟动名词,不能跟不定式。如:It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.(在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。) 10. Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. that successful language learners are similar in many ways 是宾语从句。在非正式场合下that引导宾语从句时可省略。如:I think (that) you are right. 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 小男孩承认是他打碎了窗玻璃。 (The little boy admitted that he broke the window.) 2) 大量证据表明他是有罪的。(Plenty of evidence shows that he is guilty.) 3) 我保证将会给他更多的帮助。(I promised that I would give him more help.) 11. … they discover their own way to learn the language. to learn the language 不定式做定语,例如:Is it the best way to solve the problem?(这是解决问题的方法吗?) 请翻译下面的句子: 1) 他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。(He has no courage to say that he is ignorant.) 2) 这将是一个交流思想的好机会。(This will be a good opportunity to exchange ideas.) 3) 他们在会上没有发言权。(They had no right to speak at the meeting.) 12. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and rules for themselves. 动词不定式to explain和名词 teacher构成复合结构,作wait for的宾语,称为复合宾语。此类用法在英语中很常见,例如: 1) I'll get someone to repair the bike for you.(我去找人来帮你修自行车。) 2) He wants you to call him in the afternoon.(他要你下午给他打电话。) 3) The teacher is waiting for the students to answer the questions. (老师在等学生们回答问题。) 4) You can count on him to give you full support.(你放心,他会给你全力支持。) 请注意 instead of 与 instead 的区别: 1) Instead of staying at home watching TV, he went out for a walk. He didn't stay at home watching TV, instead he went out for a walk. 2) Instead of having milk for breakfast, he had a cup of coffee. He didn't have milk for breakfast, instead he had a cup of coffee. 13. When they guess wrong, they guess again. wrong常常作形容词或动词用,而本句中的wrong则作副词用。请注意下面句子中wrong的词类: 1) He was annoyed that he had been given some wrong information.(wrong adj.错误的) 2) I knew I had wronged her terribly when I gave her all the complaints.(wrong v. 冤枉) 3) The whole class burst into laughter when the teacher pronounced her name wrong.(wrong adv.错,不对)

Unit7(第20讲—第22讲) 本课主要构词法 affixation (词缀法) 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural,industrial,traditional,social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中,作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义,但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析,从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage, … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用,在名词前面不加定冠词the,意思相当于“with regard to”,“according to”。请看下面的例句: 1) He is an Englishman by birth. (他祖籍英国。) 2) He is a teacher by profession. (他以医生为职业。) 3) By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class, but he never looked down upon the working-class people. (按其出生和所受的教育,托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层,但他从来不轻视劳动人民。) relate是一个动词,在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句: 1)It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. (人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。) 2)It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来,对你的帮助也许会更大。) relate还可解释为叙述;有关,涉及;相处得好 1) He related us a story vividly. (他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。) 2) His talk related to the international situation. (他的讲话涉及国际形势。) 3) He relates very well to his classmates. (他和同学们相处得很好。) related可以做形容词用,意思是“有联系的,相关的。” 1) These four people are closely related to each other. (这四个人联系紧密。) 2) He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. (他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。) 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor, …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句,修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下,遗传”,如: 1) His family were descended from an Indian tribe. (他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。) 2) Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. (达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。) descend to 的意思是“屈尊,降低;转而说到” 1) The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. (那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。) 2)Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。) common是一个形容词,意思是“共有的,共同的;普通的”,请看例句: 1)No doubt, this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. (毫无疑问,这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。) 2)How could you have no idea about this common knowledge? (对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。) 3)They have no common interests. (他们没有共同的爱好。) 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother, a father, and their children, … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组,意思是“把…看作…”,如: 1) He often thinks of himself as a genius. (他常把自己看作为天才。) 2) The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. (黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。) 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如: regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others, having a family simply means having children. 本句中,having a family做主语,mean为谓语动词,having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时,在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词,如: 1)Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. (接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。) 2)A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. (增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。) 当mean作“意欲,打算”解释时,在它的后面通常跟不定式,如: 1)I didn't mean to offend you. (我无意冒犯你。) 2)I meant to give you the book yesterday, but I forgot it. (我原打算昨天把书给你的,但我忘了。) 5. Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法,在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词,意思是“然而”。如:Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. (弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱,而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。) while在不同的语境中有不同的意思,请翻译下面的句子,注意while的词义。 1)They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.(在巴黎期间,他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。) 2)He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. (在跟她交谈时,他看了几次表。) 3)One group of children are quiet, while the second group was very active. (一组孩子很安静,而第二组孩子非常活跃。) 4)While I have sympathy for these people, I think they are guilty. (尽管我同情这些人,但我觉得他们有罪。) 5)We will succeed while we don't lose hope. (只要我们不失去希望,我们就会成功。) 6. No matter if it is young or old, large or small traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句,更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外,no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有:no matter what, no matter who, no matter whose, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句: 1) No matter what happens, please let me know. (无论发生什么事,请让我知道。) 2) No matter who telephones, tell him I'm out. (无论谁来电话,告诉他我出去了。) 3) No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. (无论我多努力,我总不能成功。) 4) No matter whether you believe it or not, it's truth. (无论你信不信,那总是事实。) 5) No matter where you go, I will follow you. (无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。) 6) No matter which book you like you can have it. (无论你喜欢哪本书,你都可以拿去。) 7) No matter whose money it is, we can't spend it so carelessly. (无论是谁的钱,我们都不能这样随意地花) 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下: 1) Whatever happens, please let me know. 2) Whoever telephones, tell him I'm out. 3) However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. 4) Wherever you go, I will follow you. 5) Whichever book you like, you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词,意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together, helping and sharing 是定语从句,修饰that feeling of belonging, of love and security. 8. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词,有承接上文的作用,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密,有些接近连词。请看例句: 1) This, however, is not your fault. (但这不是你的错。) 2) I'd like to go with you, however, my hands are full. (我很想和你一起去,可是我忙不过来。) 句中的with是一个介词,意思是“随着”,请看例句: 1)With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too.(随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改造。) 2)With the development of science and technology, the society is changing rapidly.(随着科学技术的发展,社会在迅速地改变。) with是一个十分常用的介词,请看下面的句子,注意with的用法和词意: 1)Who will go with you? (谁和你一起去?) 2)The teacher is very strict with us. (老师对我们很严格。) 3)At the news we all jumped with joy. (听了这个消息,我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。) 4)He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. (他想一举两得。With意为“用,以”,译法可灵活。) 5)China is a country with a large population. (中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有,带有”) 6)He finished this work with great difficulty. (他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。) 7)He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. (他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构:with+名词+过去分词,做方式状语。) 8)What's wrong with you? (你怎么了?with意为“就…来说”) 9)With your knowledge and experience, you are sure to find a good job. (以(凭)你的知识和经验,你肯定会找到一份好工作。) 10)With all his shortcomings, he was a nice person. (尽管他有缺点,他还是个不错的人。) 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语,除了用in order to 以外,还可以用so as to,也可以把in order,so as省去,只用不定式。请看例句: 1)He decided to study harder (so as ) to catch up with the others. (他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。) 2)He ran out in a hurry (in order) to catch the last bus. (为了赶上末班车,他匆匆向外跑去。) 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词,通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果,也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有:so,consequently,as a result 等等。请看例句: 1)It rained, therefore the football match was put off. (天下雨,所以足球比赛延期了。) 2)He is too careless, as a result he failed the exam. (他太粗心,所以考试没及格。) 3)He was ill for about a month, consequently he lagged behind his classmates.(他病了一个月,因此落在了同学后面。) as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词,表示“当…时”。请看例句: 1)As time goes on, you'll like this place better. (随着时间的推移,你会更喜欢这个地方。) 2)As he talked on he got more and more excited. (他谈着的时候,越来越兴奋。) 本课中还有: 1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2)As social scientists study these two new family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词,在表达“谈论某人(某事)”时,talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句: 1)What are you talking about? (你们在谈什么?) 2)They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. (他们正谈论去看张先生的事。) 3) What do you mean when you talk about culture? (你谈论文化时指的是什么?) Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money, on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition (to) In addition, there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread, we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got, Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club, in contrast, reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion, the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you?

自考商务英语翻译重点笔记汇总

05355商务英语翻译试卷第1套I. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points for each)1. Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.A. 如果处理不当,墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏,毁掉装修和家具。B. 如果处理不当,墙内潮气最终可能会对房屋的结构、装修以及家具造成大面积破坏和损害。C. 如果处理不当,墙内的潮湿气体准时可能会对房屋的结构造成大面积破坏,毁掉装修和家具。D. 如果处理不当,墙内的潮湿气体准时可能会对房屋的结构、装修以及家具造成大面积破坏。2. This contract is entered into as of the seventh day of March, 2002, by and between Lonk Co. Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the United States of America (hereinafter called the "Purchaser"), and Wingo Co. Group, a corporation organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China ( hereinafter called the "Seller"). A. 2002年3月7日,本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称甲方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称乙方]订立。B. 本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称甲方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称乙方]之间于2002年3月7日订立。C. 本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称买方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称卖方]之间于2002年3月7日订立。D. 2002年3月7日,本合同由依照美国法律成立的龙科有限公司[以下简称买方]和依照中华人民共和国法律成立的文果集团公司[以下简称卖方]订立。3. Multinational bank's services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker's acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.A. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开立银行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行欧洲货币债券。B. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。C. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开立银行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行欧洲货币债券。D. 跨国银行提供的服务包括开立信用证、买卖外汇、开证行承兑、接受欧洲货币储存、提供欧洲货币贷款以及发行推销欧洲货币债券。4. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of US$30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time. A. 卖方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便卖方及时提取款项。B. 卖方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便买方及时提取款项。C. 买方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款共计30000美元,以便卖方可以及时提取该笔货款。D. 买方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过出口银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款30000美元,以便卖方可以及时提取该笔货款。5. China’s compliance with an intellectual-property accord is seen as a keen test of its sincerity in abiding by WTO rules.A. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的监测手段。 B. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议,被视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的试金石。C. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议已经视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的试金石。D. 能否遵守国际知识产权协议,被视为检验中国有无诚意遵守世界贸易组织规则的监测手段。 6. The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, and increased living standards.A. 新的繁荣表现为一段时间持续较长的旺盛的需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了改善。B. 新的繁荣可能表现为持续时间较长的旺盛需求、大量的就业机会,生活水平也得到了提高。C. 新的繁荣表现为一段时间持续较长的旺盛的需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了提高。D. 新的繁荣表现为一段持续时间较长的旺盛需求、大量就业机会,生活水平也得到了改善。 7. Shippers are requested to note particularly the exceptions and conditions of this bill of lading with reference to the validity of the insurance upon their goods. A. 承运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的免责事项和条件。 B. 承运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的例外和条件。C. 托运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的例外和条件。D. 托运人必须特别注意本提单内与货物保险效力有关的免责事项和条件。8. The seller must supply the goods in conformity with the contract of sale, together with such evidence of conformity as may be required by the contract. A. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖合同所规定的货物,如合同有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。B. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖所规定的货物,如合同有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。C. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖合同所规定的货物,如有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。D. 卖方有责任供应符合买卖所规定的货物,如另有规定,尚须提供货物符合合同的要求的凭证。9. The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door. Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences. A. 打开门,等候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。B. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间领地,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。C. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住处供您选择。D. 打开门,恭候着您的就是梦寐以求的家。无论您企盼的是一座乡间宅第,抑或是一间摩天大楼的顶屋,翻开下面几页就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您选择。10. Unemployment in America (as of mid-1990) was running near 5.25 percent. That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.A. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。按以往充分就业的标准比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。B. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。按以往的标准,这个比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。C. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。以往充分就业的标准比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。D. 1990年年中美国的失业率近5.25%。以往的标准,这个比例偏高,没有达到充分就业。但就整体来说问题并不严重。II. Phrase Translation from English to Chinese (20 points, 1 point for each)1. unfavorable balance of trade 2. bank portfolio 3. housing mortgages 4. barter trade 5. bills and forms 6. fiscal year 7. cargo insurance 8. carrying vessel 9. clean payment credit 10. clearance sale 11. accounting systems 12. comparative advantage 13. economic incentives 14. financial statements 15. bills of exchange 16. captioned goods 17. floating policy 18. international specialization 19. straight B/L 20. under separate cover III. Translation Improvement from English to Chinese. For each English sentence, there is one or more errors in the translation provided. Please underline the error or errors, and then write the whole of your improved version in the space provided below. (20 points, 2 points for each)1. 原文:Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.译文:商事很赚钱,大部分电台和电视台都靠这部分收入而生存。改进译文:广告是很赚钱的生意,大部分电台和电视台都靠广告费收入而生存2. 原文:Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted, however. 译文:然而,关于会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济疲软的衰退的担心仍然持续着。改进的译文:然而,人们仍然担心会出现虽不那么严重但仍能使经济疲软的衰退。3. 原文:Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.译文:承包商依据适当的法律或分包合同在对拥有的任何权力不带成见的条件下,应该有权扣留或暂缓支付在不同情况下应由承包商支付给分包商的任何全部或部分金额。改进的译文:在不影响按适用法律或分包合同享有任何权利的情况下,承包商有权扣留或暂缓支付承包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。4. 原文:Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. 译文:商务指生产、分配、销售等一切活动的组合,通过它们利润和经济盈余将被创造。改进的译文:商务是指生产、分配、销售等一切活动的组合,通过这些活动能创造利润和经济盈余。5. 原文:Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others.译文:狄格森公司是一家国际营销公司,专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫剂、煤炭、农产品以及许多其他产品。改进的译文:狄格森公司是一家国际贸易公司,专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫剂、煤炭、农产品以及许多其他产品6. 原文:We regret the four of the items enquired for in your Fax are unfortunately not available for export.译文:很遗憾,贵方传真所询商品有4项无货可供。改进的译文:很遗憾,贵方传真所询的4项商品均无货可供。7. 原文:Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of non-affiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects. 译文:若没有来自国外的直接投资,公司也可以通过出口和进口、非分支机构国外公司的许可、技术销售、国外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式来从事国际商务活动。改进的译文:若没有对国外进行直接投资,公司也可以通过出口和进口、非分支机构国外公司的许可、技术销售、国外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式来从事国际商务活动。8. 原文:The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant. 译文:工程的目的是要创造有用的物品,使它们更好、更便宜、更充足。改进的译文:工程的目的是要创造有用的物品,使其质量更好、价格更便宜、数量更充足。9. 原文:It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system. Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.译文:那时,世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了,各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。改进的译文:在这种情况下, 世界各国又恢复浮动汇率就不足为奇了,各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。10. 原文:The Contract is in octuplicate, four in the Chinese language and four in the English language.译文:本合同一式8份,中文4份,英文4份。改进的译文:本合同一式8份,中英文版本各4份。IV. Business letter Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)SUNRISE GARMENT COMPANY25 Dongfeng Boulevard, Tianjin 300026 P.R.C.June 22, 2000Ms. Margaret ZengerDirector, Purchasing DivisionPan America Farment, Inc.529 Randaph DriveNew Orleans, Louisiana 70167USADear Ms. Zenger;Thank you for your enquiry of June 5. We are pleased to know that you are interested in our raincoats.Our Rainbow range is popular not only because of its light weight but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:100 Rainbow coats, men's, medium at $ 6.00 each $600.00100 Rainbow coats, men's, small at $ 5.50 each $550.00100 Rainbow coats, women's, medium at $ 5.00 each $500.00100 Rainbow coats, women’s, small at $ 4.50 each $450.00 $2,100.00Less 10 percent trade discount $210.00FOB Xingang Tianjin $1,890.00Freight $69.00Insurance $14.50 $1,973.50We will ship your order within three or four weeks after receiving it.We feel you may be interested in some of our other products and enclose a descriptive booklet for your reference.We look forward to receiving your order.Sincerely,Yi YuanSales ManagerV. Contract translation from English to Chinese (20 points)Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earth¬quakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labour, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.参考译文:本协议任何一方未能履行基本协议规定的义务或有所延误,如果是由于发生该方无法控制的事件所造成的,则在此范围内不构成对本协议的违反,也不得引起任何赔偿损失的要求。这类事件在不局限于上述一般概念的前提下包括:政府的行为,自然界的行为,工人罢工或联合行动、火灾、水灾、爆炸、战争、暴乱、风暴、地震、事故,社会公敌的行为,叛乱,起义,破坏,传染病,隔离控制,劳动力、原材料或物资短缺,承包者或分包者未履约,禁运、运输方面未能履约或延误,任何政府或国家、下属各部门、机构或组织的条例、规定、命令或指示,任何有管辖权的法院的命令商务英语翻译第1套 答案和参考译文VI. Multiple Choice (20 points, 2 points for each)1. A 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. B6. B 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. BVII. Phrase Translation from English to Chinese (20 points, 1 point for each)1. unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差2. bank portfolio 银行资产3. housing mortgages 住房按揭 4. barter trade 易货贸易5. bills and forms 单据与表格6. fiscal year 财政年度7. cargo insurance 货物保险8. carrying vessel 装货船只9. clean payment credit光票付款信用证10. clearance sale 清仓削价销售11. accounting systems 会计制度12. comparative advantage 比较优势13. economic incentives 经济动机14. financial statements 财务报表,财务决算,财政决算15. bills of exchange 汇票16. captioned goods 标题/上述货物17. floating policy 统保单18. international specialization 国际分工19. straight B/L 记名提单20. under separate cover 另函

商务英语翻译有什么有效可行的方法?想知道的小伙伴看过来,下面由我为你精心准备了“商务英语翻译方法总结归纳”仅供参考,持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的资讯!

一、顺序翻译法

所谓顺译法就是按照原文的顺序组织译文。在商务英语中,当语句陈述的是一连串的动作并按发生的时间安排或逻辑关系排列时,此类语句与汉语的表达方式较一致"可按原文的顺序译出。

二、反译法

英汉两种语言结构存在很大差异。英语重心在前,汉语重心在后,汉语长句采用总结式。多把信息点放在后面,越往后越重要。如果一个句子既有叙事又有表态"汉语就把叙事部分放在前。表态部分放在后$英语则相反,常常把表态部分放在句首,译成汉语时则将其放在句末"从而形成反译,一些带有否定意义的词。

三、词义引申翻译法

词义引申翻译法,就是根据上下文的内在联系,通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,运用一些符合汉语习惯的表达法,选用确切的汉语词句,将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。

从词义角度看,引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申。从句法层面来看,引申可分为逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞引申、概念范围的调整。将词义做抽象化引申是指对原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。将此一具体化引申就是指,将代表抽象概念或者属性的词来表达一种具体事物的时候,用具体化的事物来表达,还其具体的本来面目,使读者一目了然。

逻辑引申就是在翻译的过程中,由于直译某个词、短语乃至整个句子会使译文不通顺以及不符合目的语的表达习惯,因而就要根据上下文的逻辑关系,对该词、短语或整个句子从其本意出发,由表及里,运用符合目的语习惯的表现法,选用确切的词句,将原文内容的实质准确的表达出来。

语义引申就是把原文中的弦外之音补益出来,就属于语用学引申的手法。语用学是非语义学的语用意义,一般都不通过词汇、语法手段表示,它是非规约性的、潜在的;受话人凭借交际能力来理解这种语用意义,换句话说,它是结合交际对方、交际目的和交际情景,从说话人词语中引申出来的意义。

除此之外还有修辞引申、概念等引申的翻译方法。

四、凝练翻译法

商务英语中部分语句的结构复杂,信息量大,单凭一种方法很难翻译到位。翻译这类语句时,要根据具体情况,理清修饰语和中心词的关系以及修饰语内部各个成分之间的关系。把各种方法合理地综合运用、灵活处理,既忠实地再现原文内容,又保证译文通顺,表达准确,句子流畅。从语言特点上看,英语为形合,而汉语则为神合。

五、词类转换翻译法

转换是指商务英语翻译中语言的词性和表现方法的改变。由于英语和汉语的表达习惯、句子结构和词的搭配关系都有差异,在翻译中往往难以做到词性和表现方法的一致。为了适应译文语言的表达习惯和语法规则,在商务英语翻译中需要运用词类和表现方法的转换翻译技巧。

商务英语中为了达到委婉表达的效果,往往多使用被动句,这与汉语的表达大不相同。因此,英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达方式,而需要依据汉语的习惯用法,从丰富的句式和辅助词语中挑选一些适当的手段来表现出原文的被动含义。

一、直译和意译

所谓直译,是既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译;所谓意译,是不受原文词语的限制,不拘泥于原文句子的结构,用不同于原文的表达方式,把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中,由于题材基本上是关于自然科学和社会科学的文章,所以我们遵循的方法是:能直译就直译,既能直译又能意译的以直译为主,不能直译的采用意译,一般情况下直译与意译相结合。

二、 增译

作为翻译的一个普遍原则,译者不应该对原文的内容随意增减。不过,由于英汉两种语言文字之间存在着巨大差异,在实际翻译中,为了忠于原文,不能减损意思的表达。例如1994年真题中有这样一个词组“great man of genius”,许多考生翻译成了“天才”或者“伟人”,只取其一,都被酌情扣分,译文应是“天才(的)伟人”,这样才算忠于原文。又如2001年真题中出现的“doll”,不能翻译成“玩具”,而必须翻译成“玩具娃娃”才能得分。所以,在考研翻译中,不妨奉行“只加不减原则”,当然也不要加得太多,把一句简单的“I can't sleep”翻译成“长夜漫漫,无心睡眠”就万万不可。但是,如果在文中遇到了省略句,那就必须“只加不减”。例如1998年真题出现的这个句子:“It's the farthest that the scientists can see into the past.”就必须翻译成:“这是科学家看到的最远的过去(的景象)。”又如这句:“We don't retreat, we never have and never will.”就翻译成:“我们不后退,我们从没有后退过,将来也决不会后退。”所以,为了在保证信息覆盖率的基础上,使译文通顺流畅,符合汉语的表达习惯,一般都采用“只加不减”原则。

三、 转译

在翻译过程中,由于汉语和英语两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异,有时必须改变原文某些词语的词性或句子成分才能有效地传达原文的准确意思。这就涉及到转译法。转译法分为两种:词性的转换和句子成分的转换。

四、 商务英语翻译需要注意事项

作为英语的一个功能性变体,商务英语在语言方面有其显著特色,主要表现为几个方面:

商务英语的语言形式、词汇以及内容等方面与专业密切相关。

1. 商务英语的用词明白易懂、正式规范、简短达意、语言平实。

2. 商务英语句子结果通常较为复杂,句式规范,文体正式。

3. 商务英语在陈述事物时往往具体、明确,绝不能含糊其辞、不着边际,应力戒笼统、抽象。

一、转换句子

1. 语音方面,把主动语态变成被动语态,或者把被动语态变成主动语态。

2. 词性方面,用介词、形容词、副词、名词等代替原动词,用动词、形容词、代词代替名词,用短语、副词代替形容词。

3.造句方面,用谓语、定语、状语、宾语代替主语,用谓语、主语、定语改变谓语,或用主语、状语改变定语。

4.句型方面,可以将简单句与复杂句互换,复合句与复合句互换,或将定语从句转换成状语从句。

二、拆分

我们可以采取完全相反的策略:把一个长而难的句子分解成简短的句子,并运用适当的补充词。最后,要注意根据中国人的习惯来调整语序,不仅要能听懂而且避免出现一些语法问题。

三、合并

组合翻译法是将几个短句或简单句组合在一起,形成一个复合句,这种复合句在汉英翻译中经常出现,如最后翻译成定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等。这是因为汉语句子喜欢所谓的“形散而神不散”,即句子结构松散,但意义紧密相连,所以为了表达出这种效果,汉语一般用简单句来写。另一方面,英语更加正式和结构化,所以它倾向于使用复杂句和长句。因此,在汉译英时注意介词、连词和分词的使用。

四、 省略

这与原来的翻译方法是相反的,这种翻译方法要求删除不符合汉语或英语的表达方式、思维习惯或语言习惯的部分,这样翻译出来的句子才不会显得笨重。

五、表述简单清楚

商务英语是商务活动的工具,通过阅读文献可以发现:商务英语常用简洁、易懂、规范 、正式的词。

这一特点是由国际商务交际的性质决定的,因为国际商务交际非常讲究效益、 效率,使用常用的词语便于交易双方的理解和接受;修饰语少,内容上直截了当。

偏僻的词汇可能会增加双方沟通障碍,因而不受欢迎。

商务英语的词汇选择讲究精炼、严谨,很少使用口语化的、非正式的、生僻、不规范的词或行话。

了解口语词语和书卷词语在文体风格上的差异有助于实现语言交际的合适性和得体性。

六、模糊性的句法,善用祈使句

商务英语要求准确完整、清楚简洁,但模糊语言的适当使用,能起到积极地效果。

语言的模糊性不仅仅体现在词义层面,还应是具体商务活动中句法所表达意义的模糊性。

采用模糊性句法并不代表缺乏语言能力,相反,它是语言交流的一个必不可少部分。

国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语:FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色书10-11页)考点:国际商务贸易的主要类型(major types of international business) A.Trade(贸易): a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade ) b. service trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade) B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资) b. portfolio investment (证券投资) C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营) b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1. 随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2. BOT是 “交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货) creditor country ( 债权国) (紫色书25页)考点:国民生产总值和国内生产总值 (GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its populationTriad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United States B. Western Europe C. Japan D. Canada翻译练习:1. 国民生产总值和国内生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。GNP and GDP indicate a country’s total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national income.2. 欧盟作为三方组合的一个分支,在使我们的市场多元化方面起着相当重要的作用EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our marketLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商务术语: tariff rates(关税率) settlement (协议) cartel (卡特尔) free trade area NAFTA(North American Free Trade Agreement北美自由贸易协定) 紫色书41页考点:1. 地区一体化的主要目标 (Major objectives of regional integration)To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members2. 地区经济一体化的四个层次( Four levels of regional economic integration)A. Free trade area (自由贸易区)----经济一体化程度低,内部团结,但各成员对外采用各自的贸易政策B. Customs Union (关税同盟)---所有成员对外都实行相同的贸易政策C. Common market (共同市场)---共同的对外政策,生产要素也在各成员国间流动D. Economic union( 经济联盟)----经济一体化程度最高, 共同的对外政策,生产要素也 . 在各成员国间流动, 统一协调各国在经济金融领域的 国内政策,统一货币 3. 掌握EU (欧洲联盟) , APEC(亚太经济合作组织). OPEC (石油输出国组织) 翻译练习:1. 共同市场具有使商品, 服务,劳动力甚至资本,技术在各成员国之间自由流通的特点.The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2. 欧盟是一个机构齐全的实体,其历史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952.Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商务术语:Shareholders(股东), board of directors(董事会), parent company(母公司), affiliate(子公司), day-to-day running(日常管理), multinational corporation(跨国公司), home country(母公司所在国), host country(东道国)紫色书63-64页考点:1. 经济全球化的基本特征和优劣势:A. Basic feature:a. free flow of commodity,capital, technology,service and information b. optimized allocation of resources(资源优化配置)B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic development b. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global b. not balanced benefits3. 跨国公司 (multinational corporations)A. organization---parent and affiliates (组织----母公司与子公司)B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread (广阔的地域分布) c. needs ,goals and roles (需要, 目标和作用): profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporation b. global corporation c. transnational corporation d. world company4. 翻译:a. 经济全球化使得各国经济更容易受到全球各地不利事件的伤害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b. 安全对任何一个跨国企业而言都极为重要,因为没有安全,跨国企业组织的生存便无法保证。Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNE’s survival can never be assured.Lesson 5-6 International Trade (1) (2)商务术语: services(劳务), primary commodities(初级产品), absolute advantage(绝对利益), comparative advantage(比较利益), quota(配额), customs union(关税同盟), ad valorem duty(从价税), specific duties(从量税), drawback(退税), MFN(最惠国待遇), non-tariff barrier(非关税壁垒).紫色书: 90页 110页考点:1. 国际贸易的定义(definition):It refers to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2. 国际贸易的两个缘由( Two reasons for international trade)a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb. international specialization(国际专业化)3. 国际专门化的两个理论(Two theories for international specialization)a. The theory of absolute advantage(绝对利益理论):a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labour)b. The theory of comparative advantage(相对对利益理论):Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of producing both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4. 关税壁垒和非关税壁垒( tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers)a. tariff barriers: export duty(进口税), import duty(出口税), ----specific duties 从量税 ad valorem duty. 从价税 Compound duty 混合税b. non-tariff barriers: quotas----the most common form of non-tariff barriers5. 翻译练习a. 比较优势理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb.关税壁垒是限制贸易最常见的形式 Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction.Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商务术语:EDI (电子数据交换),customers clearance (结关),dispatch (发运),ICC(国际商会)Roll-on-roll-off(滚装滚卸), incoterms (国际贸易通则),FOB(起运港船上交货价), CFR (成本加运费价),CIF (成本加运费加保险费价) 紫色书132-133页考点:1.《国际贸易术语解释通则》的必要性和目的 The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade and avoid uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3. 三个最常用术语 (The three most commonly used terms)FOB: Free on Board 装运港船上交货CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加运费CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本,保险费,加运费翻译练习:a. 折扣是指卖方按照商品的原价给买方以一定比率的价格减让Discount means that sellers offer to buyers a certain percentage of reduction on the original price.b. 买卖双方在制定合同时,如果有理解一致的具体规则可供参照,他们就肯定能简单可靠地确定各自的责任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Lesson 8 Business Contract商务术语:Inquiry(询盘,询价), quotation(报价单), validity period(有效期), offer(发盘), counter-offer(还盘), offeree(收盘人), sales confirmation(销售确认书), Consignment(寄售), fore majeure(不可抗力), business line(业务范围), contract proper(合同正文), article number(货号).紫书150-151页考点:1.合同的定义(definition)A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties2.谈判过程及签定合同(the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract)inquiry--quotation---> offer and acceptance-counter-offer3.合同的种类(The types of contracts)a. sales contractb.purchase contractc.sales confirmation4. 合同的构成(the setting up of a contract)a. the title (合同名称)b. the contract proper(合同正文)c. The signature of the contracting parties(缔约双方签字)d. The stipulations on the back of the contract(合同背面的规定)翻译练习:a. 在实盘情况下,我们通常保留有效期三天 In case of firm offers, we usually keep our offers open for three daysLesson 9 Modes of Trade商务术语:Counter trade(对销贸易), hyperinflation(极度通货膨胀), Reichstock(德国国家银行),protectionism(贸易保护主义),Clearing system(票据交换制度), net positions(净头寸), compensation trade(补偿贸易), barter(易货贸易), counter purchase(互购贸易)Buyback(回购贸易), centrally planned economies(中央计划经济国家), processing trade(加工贸易), consignment(寄售贸易), leasing trade(租赁贸易),aution(竞卖/拍卖), agency(代理) 174-175页考点:1.对销贸易的主要优点(major advantages of counter trade)a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc, reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsd.bypassing international price agreemente. helping countries with debt problems to import goods3. 对销贸易的缺点(the drawbacks of counter trade)a. very risky business (conceal the real prices and costs of transactions)b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism翻译练习a. “互相捆绑”是易货贸易,回购贸易和互惠贸易的共同特征“Bundling” is the feature common to barter, counter purchase and buyback.b. 作为一种捆绑贸易,对销贸易一般是在成熟市场经济国家和市场机制不完善的国家间发生的贸易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution..Lesson10 International Payment商务词汇: debtor(债务人), debit(收方/借方), financial standing(财务状况), credit worthiness(信誉), periodic payment(分期付款), cash in advance(预付现金),usance draft(远期汇票), documentary draft(跟单汇票), clean draft(光票), documentary collection(跟单托收), D/P(付款交单), D/A(承兑交单).194-195页考点:1. 国际贸易支付的复杂性(the complexity of payment in international trade):Mutual trust is hard to build. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc.2. 在一定条件下的两种支付方法:a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance (预付现金和部分预付现金) b.open account(记账交易) 3. 汇票(the draft/ bill of exchange)a. definition: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the futureb. sign draft and usance draft (即期汇票和远期汇票)c. clean draft (光票:汇票不附单据) and documentary draft (跟单汇票:随同汇票一起的有相关的单据,如提单,发票,保险单)4. 跟单拖收 (documentary collection)a. D/P: 付款交单: documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb. D/A: 承兑交单: documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter翻译练习:a. 许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的,汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to payb. 即期汇票要求受票人见到汇票后立即付款A sight draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Lesson11-12 Credit (1),(2)商务术语:Applicant (申请人), opening bank(开证行), corresponding bank(关系行), advising bank(通知行), confirming bank(保兑行). Reimburse(付款), unit price(单价), partial shipment(分批装运). Clean credit(光票信用证), revocable credit(可撤消信用证), irrevocable credit(不可撤消信用证). Maturity(到期日,偿还日), capital turnover(资金周转率), face value(面值), discount(贴现), deferred payment(延期付款), revolving credit(循环信用证). 紫色书220页 345页考点:1.信用证独特的具有代表性的特征 The bilateral security—双边保证2.信用证的相关当事人及其在信用证业务中的作用---联系淘宝的例子 A. the applicant (开证) B. the opening bank(开证行) C. the advising bank(通知行) D. the negotiating bank(议付行) E. the confirming bank(保兑行)4. 信用证的局限性(limitation)a. inability to provide absolute securityb. being more expensive than other forms of payment翻译练习1. 信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国际支付提供便利The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthness of the bank.2. 信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易,然而它并不能给缔约双方提供绝对安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties.Lesson13 Major Documents Required in World Trade商务术语:Documents(单据), take delivery of (提货), bill of lading(提单). Consignee(收获人), air bill(空运提单), cargo receipt(铁路运单), commercial invoice(商业发票), certificate of quality(品质证书). Insurance policy(保险单) 紫色书上269页考点:1,主要单据 (major types of documents)a. commercial invoice 商业发票b. packing list 装相单c. the bill of lading 提单d.insurance policy and insurance certificate 保险单和保险证书e.various certificate 其它各种证书翻译练习:1. 提单的签发日期绝不能晚于信用证所规定的时间The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit2. 货物一装上船,请即电告收发人You are requested to notify the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.Lesson14 International Transportation商务术语:Finished products (制成品), deregulation(撤消管制规定), productivity(生产率), cost economies(成本节约), intermediate products(中间产品), natural product provinces(产品自然领域), Inventory(存货,库存), freight transportation(货物运输) 紫色书292页考点:1.五种主要运输方式 The five major modes of transportation Water ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air2.改变运输业的四大因素 The four factors that are substantially changing transportationa. transportation deregulationb. just-in-time inventory systemsc. competition based on high level of customer serviced. globalization of business翻译练习:a.在当前市场竞争十分激烈的情况下,出口商必须加快货运,以快取胜At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can beat their competitors by speeding up shipment.b.运输对工业社会的发展和运行起着至关重要的作用Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.Lesson15-16 Insurance (1), (2)商务术语:Insured(保户), Insurer(承保人), margin(保险金), underwriter(保险商), pool(共同款项), cargo insurance(运输保险), marine insurance(海上保险), indemnity(赔偿), ruin(损失), insurable interests(可保险权), principle of utmost faith(最大诚信原则), forwarding charge(远期费用) 紫色书 307,322页考点:1.保险的定义(definition)’It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk 2.保险的三个主要原则(Three main principles of insurance)a. insurable interestb. utmost good faithc. indemnity两个辅助原则(two sub-principle of insurance)a. contributionb. suborgation翻译练习:a. 货物保险通常有火险, 海上保险和意外事故保险 Cargo insurance includes fire, marine and accident insurance.b. 没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的。而任何根据这类合同提出的所赔都不会受理An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertainedLesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate商务术语:Change of rate(汇率),gold standard(金本位),reserve currency(储备货币), clean float(自由浮动),dirty float(有干预浮动),discount(贴现),medial rate(中间价)考点:1汇率(exchange rate)A. fixed exchange rateB. flexible exchange rateC. major factors influencing exchange rate: a international balance of payment b.inflation c.interest rateD. Common measures for intervention in exchange rate a. buying or selling foreign currency b. raising or lowering discount rate c. foreign exchange control翻译练习: 尽管国际收支账面平衡,但在有错误与遗漏项目时,差额是非常庞大的,每一项都会有盈余或赤字,如果在3年或5年期间盈余抵消了亏损.则仍然认为国际收支是平衡的。While the balance of payment is always in accounting balance,the odds are astronomical that it would be so without the statistical discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case, but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five year period the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits.从18-20课,商务术语请参照紫色书上每课后面的商务词汇复习,记一些常见的Lesson 18 International Financial Organization重点: 1.The world bank group(世界银行集团)a.组成: IBRD, IDA, IFC, IMF.MIGAb.目标: to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries2.IBRD(国际复兴开发银行)a. source of capital: member countriesb.financing of its lending operation: from the world capital marketsc.target countries: developing countries at more advanced leveld,basic rules governing its operation: for productive purpose/ repayment3. IDA(国家开发协会): targets: the poorer developing countries, basic rules governing its operation: no interests4. IFC(国际金融公司):Function: to assist the economic development of less-developed countries5. MIGA(多边投资担保机构):Mandate:to encourage equity investment and other direct investment flows to developing countries6.IMF(国际货币基金组织)a.the importance of the quotab.function:providing temporary financing for countries suffering cyclical,seasoned or random shocks that would weaken its currency.翻译练习:不同于世界银行,国际开发协会无法从竞争的资本市场上筹集资金,取而代之的是它靠发达国家和一些欠发达国家捐赠的资金。Unlike the world bank, the IDA cannot raise capital in competitive capital markets and depends instead on subscription donated by the developed countries and some undeveloped countries.Lesson19-22(刚上课不久, 简概)1.对外直接投资的主要因素 major factors for undertaking FDI 紫书3792.对外直接投资的形式 forms of FDI 紫书3823. 政券交易所的作用 the role of stock exchange 紫书401国内普通股市包括的三个市场 Three areas for the Domestic Equity Market紫书402-4034. WTO与 GATT 的区别 紫书4225, WTO与China( achievements and challenges) 紫书424-4266贸发会的目标 objectives of UNCTAD 紫书4537贸发会的组织 organization of UNCTAD紫书454祝发家考试成功!

一.商务英语翻译:口译技巧

1.顺序法

顺序法指代的就是译者要按照原文的词汇顺序去翻译。在商务英语翻译的过程中,当一句话所陈述的是一连串按照时间顺序发生或者有相关逻辑的动作时,此时的口译翻译法便可以按照原文的英文词汇按顺序翻译。

2.反译法

由于英语和汉语的语言组织机构的不同,一般英语的中心会在句前段,而汉语则会以一种总结是的陈述,把中心放在句后段,因此大家在口译的过程中,还需要判断句子的重点,利用反译法把句子的核心按照汉语的习惯顺序翻译出来。

二.商务英语翻译:笔译技巧

1.凝练法

由于商务英语笔译中会出现很多信息量较大、结构也比较复杂的句型,很难用一种翻译技巧去翻译到位,因此面对这一类的语句笔译,大家首先要学会理清主谓以及修饰语之间的成分关系,然后再用各种方法合理的综合运用,保证译文的通顺。

2.词类转换法

词类转换主要是指词性以及表现方法的变化,由于中文和英语的搭配差异性,很难能够让词性以及表现方式一致,因此为了适应译文语言的表达及语法习惯,大家在翻译的过程中要灵活使用词汇转换法,以达到译文的准确性。

以上就是小编整理的商务英语翻译必备技巧。不管是口译还是笔译,商务英语翻译还是比较难掌握的,因此一定要熟悉并且灵活运用各种翻译技巧,这样才能让自己的商务英语翻译变得更加专业化。更多关于英语翻译学习的基础入门知识、能力提升技巧、实用英语方面的相关内容,小编会持续更新。祝愿各位都能认真学习。

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