Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.
Unit4（第11讲—第13讲） 3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子： 1） The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。） 2） Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.（过度吸烟影响了他的健康，严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。） 3） Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.（心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。） 4） We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。） 5） 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。（The change in position greatly affected his income.） 6） 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。（What he said had little effect on the audience.） 4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember. that引导的定语从句修饰information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember. 不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子： 1） Einstein was easy to get along with.（爱因斯坦很容易相处。） 2） To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.（对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。） 3） The water in this river is not fit to drink.（这条河里的水不适合饮用。） 4） This question is very difficult to answer.（这个问题很难回答。） make sense 的意思是“有意义；可理解”。请看下面的句子： 1） No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.（无论你怎么读，我都不理解这个句子。） 2） What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.（读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。） 3） His explanation makes no sense to his students.（学生们不理解他的解释。） 5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. 动词不定式to remember在句中做定语，修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子： 1） You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.（你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。） 2） He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早来的诺言。） 3） They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.（他们有克服所有困难的决心。） 4） We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.（我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。） make a difference 的意思是“有关系；有影响；起作用”。请看下面的句子： 1） What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.（他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。） 2） Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你参与我们的工作，情况就不一样了。） 3） Money won't make much difference to him.（钱对他起不了多大作用。） 4） I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.（我不喜欢那房子的外观，但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。） 6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 句中的better是副词well的比较级形式，意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子： 1） This story is better written than that one.（这个故事写得比那个好。） 2） This room is better furnished than that one.（这间屋子装饰得比那间好。） 3） This team is better trained than that one.（这个队训练得比那个队好。） 4） This job is better paid than that one.（这份工作的报酬比那份高。） information是一个不可数名词，不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句： 1） There are many ways of obtaining information.（获得信息的途径很多。） 2） So far I haven't got any information about the game.（我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。） 3） I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.（我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。） 7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”，它与be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句： 1） The United States consists of 50 states.（美国由50个州组成。） 2） The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.（英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。） 3） Their team is made up of 6 team members.（他们队由6名队员组成。） 4） Our class is made up of 45 students.（我们班由45名同学组成。） a bit在句中的意思是“一点，一些”，它可以用在形容词的前面， 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句： 1） I am a bit tired today.（我今天有点累。） 2） He said he was bit hungry.（他说他有点饿。） 3） Your article is a bit long for our paper. （你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。） 4） He gave the bird a bit of water. （他给了鸟儿一点水。） 5） I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.（如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。） 6） I only know a bit of Spanish. （我只懂一点点西班牙语。） 8. Categorizing is another means of organization. 句中的means是一个名词，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句： 1） The quickest means of travel is by plane. （最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。） 2） Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. （自行车是最方便的交通工具。） 3） Email is a modern means of communication. （电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。） 4） He means what he says. （他说话算数。） 5） Forgetting the past means betrayal. （忘记过去就意味着背叛。） 9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows： group into在句中的意思是“把…分组；把…归类”。请看例句： 1） We can group the animals into several types. （我们可以把这些动物归成几类。） 2） Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.（把类型相似的单词归类，记起来就更容易了。） as follows 的意思是“如下”，请看例句： 1） The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：） 2） The results are as follows： （结果如下：） 10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately. refer to这一词组的意思很多，我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及；指”。请看下面的句子： 1） In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.（在第二章中，我还会提到这一点的。） 2） The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.（我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。） 3） The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.（作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。） we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句，前者修饰material，后者修饰something.请看例句： 1） The book you gave me is very interesting.（你给我的那本书很有趣。） 2） The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.（他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。） 3） The information you gathered is of great help to me.（你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。） 句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”，请看例句： 1） His talk mainly related to environmental protection.（他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。） 2） This regulation relates only to children under 12.（这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。） 11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. striking在句子中做形容词用，意思是“显著的，引人注目的”，请看例句： 1） They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.（在5年的时间里，他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。） 2） Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.（海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。） 3） I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.（我不能确定他这次能否成功，其只是觉得他明显信心不足。） to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语，修饰the items.请看例句： 1） There are a lot of things to be done.（有很多事要做。） 2） Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend？（你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗？） 3） This was the first project to be designed John's brother. （这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。） 12. In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words. subject在本句中做名词用，意思是“受试者，实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多，请看例句，注意subject的词义： 1） The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。（今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。） 2） The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.（老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。） 3） How many subjects are you taking this semester？（这学期你选几门课？） 4） He became the subject for ridicule.（他成了人们取笑的对象。） 5） Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.（兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。） 6） He is a Chinese subject.（他是中国国民。） 7） This sentence doesn't have a subject.（这个句子没有主语。） subject还常常做动词或形容词用，请看例句： 1） The country was once subjected to foreign rule.（这个国家曾一度受外国统治。） 2） Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.（台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。） 3） We are all subject to the laws of nature.（我们都要受自然规律的支配。） 4） The child is very subject to coughs.（这孩子动不动就咳嗽。） 5） All men are subject to death.（人总有一死。） while 在句子中做连词用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一个多义词，请注意下面例句中while 的意思： 1） Strike while the iron is hot.（趁热打铁。） 2） He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.（他一边听收音机，一边做作业。） 3） He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.（他很健谈，而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。） 4） While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.（这个老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜欢。） 5） You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.（只要你不失去信心，你迟早会成功。） using imagery分词做状语，表示方式，请看例句： 1） They stood there waiting for the bus. 2） She had to work standing up. 13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. 划线部分是该句的主要成分，forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语，can help做谓语，us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。 斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构，做方式状语，修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image. 不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构，做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见，在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句： 1） Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗？） 2） He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想让你下午去见他。） 3） Father encouraged him to study harder.（父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。） 4） I will get someone to help you.（我去找个人来帮你。） “with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见，请看例句： 1） With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（随着这个问题的解决，计划正顺利进行。） 2） Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.（这么多人注视着她，于她而言，站在那儿是一种折磨。） 本课主要词组及句型 词组： 1. focus on 2. a number of 3. at all levels 4. make sense 5. make a difference 6. in random order 7. consist of 8. group into 9. as follows 10. needless to say 11. refer to 12. relate…to 13. associate with 14. compare with 句型： A.定语从句 1） Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory. 2） Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember 3） There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. 4） Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 5） Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. B. 动名词做主语 1） Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 2） Categorizing is another means of organization. 3） Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. Text B Short-term Memory 短语表达 1. at a later time Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time. I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time. 2. in contrast （with / to） Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent. His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness. 3. look up I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？ Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word. 4. be unable to I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand. He was unable to provide us with more information. 5. be released from He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years. He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease. 6. be rewarded with The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers. If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.
Unit1 Text A How to be a successful language learner？ 本课主要单词 1. successful adj. 成功的 He is a successful writer. （他是一个有成就的作家。） He hopes he will be successful this time. （他希望他这次能够成功。） success n. 成功 Their film is a great success.（他们的影片很成功。） We are sure of success. （我们一定能成功。） succeed v. 成功 I succeeded in getting the job. （我成功地得到了这份工作。） She succeeded in passing the exam. （她考试及格了。） 2. adult adj. & n. 成年的，成熟的；成年人 These adult films are not suitable for children.（这些成人电影，儿童不宜观看。） Don''t worry too much about him， he is an adult now.（别为他过分担心，他是成年人了。） 3. disagree vi. 有分歧，不同意；不符，不一致 agree vi. 同意 I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事，我跟你的意见不同。〕 These figures disagree with last week''s results.（这些数据与上周的结果不符。） I agree with what you said. （我同意你所说的。） She agreed to the plan.（她赞成这个计划。） We haven''t agreed on the date of the meeting.（我们还没商定会议的日期。） agreement n. 同意；协议 disagreement n. 不同意 We haven''t reached an agreement yet.（我们还没达成协议。） There was no disagreement， and the proposal was accepted.（没有不同意见，这个建议被接受了。） （请注意：前缀dis-通常可以加在动词，名词，形容词前面，构成反意词。例如：dissatisfy，disorder，disable. 后缀-ment加在动词的后面，构成名词。例如：arrangement，argument 等。） 4. statement n. 声明，陈述 （由动词state 加名词后缀-ment构成） Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. （他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。） Do you believe the witness''s statement？ （你相信证人的陈述吗？） （请注意动词与名词的搭配：issue a statement， make a statement） 5. guarantee n. & v. 保证，担保，保修 He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could.（他保证他会尽快还钱。） The washing machine is guaranteed for five years.（这台洗衣机保用5年。） （请注意guarantee做动词的用法：guarantee sth.，guarantee that， guarantee against / from ） 6. intelligent adj. 聪明的，明智的 He made an intelligent decision.（他做出了明智的决定。） Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.（人类远比动物聪明。） Intelligence n. 聪明，智力 She prided herself on her intelligence.（她为自己的聪明感到自豪。） Intelligently adv. 聪明地，明智地 They dealt with the problem intelligently.（他们明智地处理了这个问题。） 7. conversely adv. 相反地 Some are wealthy but unhappy； conversely， others are happy but not wealthy. （有的人富有但不快乐，相反，另一些人快乐但不富有。） converse adj. 相反的 I hold the converse opinion.（我的观点相反。） converse v. 交谈，谈话 He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English.（他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。） 8. similar adj. 相似的，类似的 The two animals are similar to each other in appearance.（这两只动物外表很相似。） similarity n. 相似，类似 Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.（他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。） 9. independent adj. 独立的，自主的 （这个词的词根是depend，在depend的后面加上后缀 -ent可以构成形容词，加上 -ence则可以构成名词；在dependent，dependence前面加上前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。） depend v. 依靠，依赖 dependence n. 依靠，依赖 dependent adj. 依靠的，依赖的 independence n. 独立，自主 India won its independence in 1947.（印度于1947年赢得了独立。） 10. clue n. 线索，提示 The police searched all the houses but found no clues.（警察搜索了所有的房屋，但是没有发现任何线索。） （注意用法：find /give a clue to sth.） 11. conclusion n. 结论，推论 conclude v. 断定，决定 （注意用法：come to a conclusion，jump at a conclusion，draw a conclusion，reach a conclusion） What conclusions did you come to？（你得出了什么结论？） 12. communicate v. 交流，交际，通讯 communication n. 交流，通讯 communicative adj. 爱说话的 To communicate with him is no easy job， as he is not a communicative person.（他是一个不爱说话的人，与他交流可不容易。） Speech and writing are man''s most important methods of communication.（说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。） 13. inexact adj. 不正确的，不精确的 与independent一样，该词是由形容词 exact加前缀in- 构成的。 14. incomplete adj. 不完整的 complete adj.& v. 完整的；完成 This is an incomplete sentence， please add the omitted part and make it complete. 〔这是一个不完整的句子，请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕 I don''t think I can complete the work in 2 hours. 〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕 15. purpose n. 目的，意图，用途 purposeful adj. 有目的的，有意图的 purposefully adv. 有目的地，蓄意地 The purpose of the meeting was to discuss his proposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕 He let out the information purposefully to you.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕 16. regularly adv. 经常地，定期地 regular adj. 经常的，定期的 irregular adj. 不规则的，无规律的 If you review your lessons regularly， you will do well on tests. 〔如果你定期复习功课，就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕 17. technique n. 技术，技巧，手艺 Good study techniques help him to be one of the straight A students in his class. 〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕 18. outline v.& n. 概括；大纲，提纲；轮廓 He listened carefully as I outlined my reasons.〔在我简述我的原因时，他认真地听着。〕 The English teacher asked us to write a brief outline of the story. 〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕 He saw the outline of the house in the moonlight.（在月光下，他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。） 本课主要词缀 1. 名词后缀 -ment agreement， statement 2. 名词后缀 -ation， -ion， -sion communication， completion， conclusion 3. 名词后缀 -ity similarity， regularity 4. 名词后缀 -ence intelligence， independence 5. 形容词后缀 -ful successful， purposeful 6. 副词后缀 -ly conversely， regularly， purposefully 7. 反义词前缀 in inexact， incomplete， independent 8. 反义词前缀 dis disagree， discover 本课简介 How to Be a Successful Language Learner 是一篇典型的说明文。此类文章通常以逻辑顺序安排材料，作者要回答HOW或WHY方面的问题。在说明文的阅读与写作中，要注意抓主题句以及使文章内容启承转合的常用词句。 本课中，作者从一句引言入手，先谈了人们对语言学习的看法，然后阐述了自己对学好语言的看法。文章条理十分清楚，对我们学写说明文很有帮助。 本课语言点 1. Learning a language is easy. 这是一个 主语＋动词＋表语 （SVP）句型。句中learning a language为动名词短语，在句子中做主语。再如： Forgetting the past means betrayal.（忘记过去就意味着背叛。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 阅读英语比讲英语容易。 （Reading English is easier than speaking it.） 2） 集邮是我弟弟的爱好。（Collecting stamps is my little brother''s hobby.） 2. Even a child can do it. even在句中作副词用，加强语气，表示“甚至（…也），连（…都）”。如：He even didn''t trust his best friend.（他甚至不信任他的朋友。） 请注意even与 even if / though的区别并翻译下面的句子： 1） 这个我连听都没听过。（I haven''t even heard of it.） 2） 即使花了数天时间复习，他也没能考好。（He didn''t do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing.） 3. Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 句中who are learning a second language为定语从句，修饰先行词most adults，再如： The man who wrote this book is a teacher.（写这本书的人是一位教师。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。 （The boy who is in a blue jacket is our monitor.） 2） 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。 （The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.） 句中的would是助动词，表示“可能”，“（将）会”。例如： A picnic without you wouldn''t be fun.（野餐没你参加会很没意思。） 助动词would的用法很多，概括起来主要有如下几种： 1） 表示过去将来时：I felt confident that everything would be all right. 2） 表示意愿：I asked him not to do it， but he wouldn''t listen to me. 3） 表示习惯性：Every evening， we would go for a walk along the river. 4） 表示虚拟，假设，条件：If you had come earlier， you would have seen him. 5） 表示婉转地请求或建议：Would you look after my cat while I am away？
Unit1 Text A How to be a successful language learner？ 本课主要单词 1. successful adj. 成功的 He is a successful writer. （他是一个有成就的作家。） He hopes he will be successful this time. （他希望他这次能够成功。） success n. 成功 Their film is a great success.（他们的影片很成功。） We are sure of success. （我们一定能成功。） succeed v. 成功 I succeeded in getting the job. （我成功地得到了这份工作。） She succeeded in passing the exam. （她考试及格了。） 2. adult adj. & n. 成年的，成熟的；成年人 These adult films are not suitable for children.（这些成人电影，儿童不宜观看。） Don''t worry too much about him， he is an adult now.（别为他过分担心，他是成年人了。） 3. disagree vi. 有分歧，不同意；不符，不一致 agree vi. 同意 I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事，我跟你的意见不同。〕 These figures disagree with last week''s results.（这些数据与上周的结果不符。） I agree with what you said. （我同意你所说的。） She agreed to the plan.（她赞成这个计划。） We haven''t agreed on the date of the meeting.（我们还没商定会议的日期。） agreement n. 同意；协议 disagreement n. 不同意 We haven''t reached an agreement yet.（我们还没达成协议。） There was no disagreement， and the proposal was accepted.（没有不同意见，这个建议被接受了。） （请注意：前缀dis-通常可以加在动词，名词，形容词前面，构成反意词。例如：dissatisfy，disorder，disable. 后缀-ment加在动词的后面，构成名词。例如：arrangement，argument 等。） 4. statement n. 声明，陈述 （由动词state 加名词后缀-ment构成） Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. （他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。） Do you believe the witness''s statement？ （你相信证人的陈述吗？） （请注意动词与名词的搭配：issue a statement， make a statement） 5. guarantee n. & v. 保证，担保，保修 He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could.（他保证他会尽快还钱。） The washing machine is guaranteed for five years.（这台洗衣机保用5年。） （请注意guarantee做动词的用法：guarantee sth.，guarantee that， guarantee against / from ） 6. intelligent adj. 聪明的，明智的 He made an intelligent decision.（他做出了明智的决定。） Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.（人类远比动物聪明。） Intelligence n. 聪明，智力 She prided herself on her intelligence.（她为自己的聪明感到自豪。） Intelligently adv. 聪明地，明智地 They dealt with the problem intelligently.（他们明智地处理了这个问题。） 7. conversely adv. 相反地 Some are wealthy but unhappy； conversely， others are happy but not wealthy. （有的人富有但不快乐，相反，另一些人快乐但不富有。） converse adj. 相反的 I hold the converse opinion.（我的观点相反。） converse v. 交谈，谈话 He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English.（他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。） 8. similar adj. 相似的，类似的 The two animals are similar to each other in appearance.（这两只动物外表很相似。） similarity n. 相似，类似 Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities.（他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。） 9. independent adj. 独立的，自主的 （这个词的词根是depend，在depend的后面加上后缀 -ent可以构成形容词，加上 -ence则可以构成名词；在dependent，dependence前面加上前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。） depend v. 依靠，依赖 dependence n. 依靠，依赖 dependent adj. 依靠的，依赖的 independence n. 独立，自主 India won its independence in 1947.（印度于1947年赢得了独立。） 10. clue n. 线索，提示 The police searched all the houses but found no clues.（警察搜索了所有的房屋，但是没有发现任何线索。） （注意用法：find /give a clue to sth.） 11. conclusion n. 结论，推论 conclude v. 断定，决定 （注意用法：come to a conclusion，jump at a conclusion，draw a conclusion，reach a conclusion） What conclusions did you come to？（你得出了什么结论？） 12. communicate v. 交流，交际，通讯 communication n. 交流，通讯 communicative adj. 爱说话的 To communicate with him is no easy job， as he is not a communicative person.（他是一个不爱说话的人，与他交流可不容易。） Speech and writing are man''s most important methods of communication.（说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。） 13. inexact adj. 不正确的，不精确的 与independent一样，该词是由形容词 exact加前缀in- 构成的。 14. incomplete adj. 不完整的 complete adj.& v. 完整的；完成 This is an incomplete sentence， please add the omitted part and make it complete. 〔这是一个不完整的句子，请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕 I don''t think I can complete the work in 2 hours. 〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕 15. purpose n. 目的，意图，用途 purposeful adj. 有目的的，有意图的 purposefully adv. 有目的地，蓄意地 The purpose of the meeting was to discuss his proposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕 He let out the information purposefully to you.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕 16. regularly adv. 经常地，定期地 regular adj. 经常的，定期的 irregular adj. 不规则的，无规律的 If you review your lessons regularly， you will do well on tests. 〔如果你定期复习功课，就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕 17. technique n. 技术，技巧，手艺 Good study techniques help him to be one of the straight A students in his class. 〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕 18. outline v.& n. 概括；大纲，提纲；轮廓 He listened carefully as I outlined my reasons.〔在我简述我的原因时，他认真地听着。〕 The English teacher asked us to write a brief outline of the story. 〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕 He saw the outline of the house in the moonlight.（在月光下，他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。） 本课主要词缀 1. 名词后缀 -ment agreement， statement 2. 名词后缀 -ation， -ion， -sion communication， completion， conclusion 3. 名词后缀 -ity similarity， regularity 4. 名词后缀 -ence intelligence， independence 5. 形容词后缀 -ful successful， purposeful 6. 副词后缀 -ly conversely， regularly， purposefully 7. 反义词前缀 in inexact， incomplete， independent 8. 反义词前缀 dis disagree， discover 本课简介 How to Be a Successful Language Learner 是一篇典型的说明文。此类文章通常以逻辑顺序安排材料，作者要回答HOW或WHY方面的问题。在说明文的阅读与写作中，要注意抓主题句以及使文章内容启承转合的常用词句。 本课中，作者从一句引言入手，先谈了人们对语言学习的看法，然后阐述了自己对学好语言的看法。文章条理十分清楚，对我们学写说明文很有帮助。 本课语言点 1. Learning a language is easy. 这是一个 主语＋动词＋表语 （SVP）句型。句中learning a language为动名词短语，在句子中做主语。再如： Forgetting the past means betrayal.（忘记过去就意味着背叛。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 阅读英语比讲英语容易。 （Reading English is easier than speaking it.） 2） 集邮是我弟弟的爱好。（Collecting stamps is my little brother''s hobby.） 2. Even a child can do it. even在句中作副词用，加强语气，表示“甚至（…也），连（…都）”。如：He even didn''t trust his best friend.（他甚至不信任他的朋友。） 请注意even与 even if / though的区别并翻译下面的句子： 1） 这个我连听都没听过。（I haven''t even heard of it.） 2） 即使花了数天时间复习，他也没能考好。（He didn''t do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing.） 3. Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 句中who are learning a second language为定语从句，修饰先行词most adults，再如： The man who wrote this book is a teacher.（写这本书的人是一位教师。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 穿蓝色夹克的那个男孩是我们的班长。 （The boy who is in a blue jacket is our monitor.） 2） 你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。 （The book that you lent me yesterday is very interesting.） 句中的would是助动词，表示“可能”，“（将）会”。例如： A picnic without you wouldn''t be fun.（野餐没你参加会很没意思。） 助动词would的用法很多，概括起来主要有如下几种： 1） 表示过去将来时：I felt confident that everything would be all right. 2） 表示意愿：I asked him not to do it， but he wouldn''t listen to me. 3） 表示习惯性：Every evening， we would go for a walk along the river. 4） 表示虚拟，假设，条件：If you had come earlier， you would have seen him. 5） 表示婉转地请求或建议：Would you look after my cat while I am away？
3. Diamonds are made from carbon. 由……制成，可以用be made from和be made of两个词组来表达。但是be made from通常指制成品已看不出原材料是什么，而be made of可以看出该物品由什么材料制成的。如： 1） Paper is made from some plants. （纸是由某些植物制成的。） 2） This beer is made from grain. （这种啤酒是用粮食酿制的。） 3） The houses were made of brick. （这些房屋是砖造的。） 4） This toy is made of cotton. （这个玩具是布做的。） 4. Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. extreme在句中做形容词用，意思是“极度的”，如： 1） Extreme cold can wake a hibernating animal. （极度的寒冷能使正在冬眠的动物苏醒。） 2） They will have to endure extreme discomfort in winter. （冬天时，他们将不得不忍受极度的不适。） change…into意思是“把…转变为…”，如： 1） Water changes into vapour when heated. （水加热后转变为蒸气。） 2） Go to the bank and you can easily change these dollars into RMB. （你去银行就能很容易地把这些美元换成人民币。） 5. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot， liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. 请注意such与so之间的不同用法。such后面接名词，而so后面接形容词或副词。如： 1） I don't believe he could make such a mistake. （我相信他不会犯这样的错误的。） 2） How can you go out on such a rainy day？ （在这样的雨天里，你怎么能出门？） 3） He spoke so fast that I couldn't follow. （他说话太快，我听不懂。） 4） I'm so glad you could come. （你能来我真高兴。） mass在本句中的意思是“（聚成一体的）团、块”，比如： 1） a mass of hot air（一团热气） 2） a mass of sand（一堆沙） 3） Rain occurs when a mass of warm air is laden with water. （一团云聚集大量的水蒸气就形成了雨。） Mass也可以做形容词用，意思是“群众的”、“大量的”，如： 1） a mass meeting （群众大会） 2） mass education （大众教育） 3） mass media （大众传媒） 4） Mass production could very well cut the cost. （大规模生产可以降低成本。） 6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust. It is thought that…是一个很常用的句型，类似的句型在英语中很多，比如： 1） It is / was， has been…， reported that… 2） It is / was， has been…， stated that… 3） It is / was， has been…， pointed out that… 4） It is / was， has been…， mentioned that… 5） It is / was， has been…， believed that… 7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed. B. The first known area was in India， where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. 定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句，B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句，修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子，注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开： 1） Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit？ （附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗？） 2） This is the place where we met yesterday. （这是我们昨天碰头的地方。） 3） The small town， where he once worked， has turned to be a modern city. （他曾经工作过的那座小城，已经变成现代化的城市了。） 8. In the 1600's…（十七世纪） In the 1720's…（十八世纪二十年代） In the 1800's…（十九世纪） 请注意年代的表达方法，以上的年代也可以表达为in the 1600s； in the 1720s； in the 1800s.如果我们要表达“在十七世纪初（中、末）期”，则可以说in the early（mid， late） 1600's/1600s. 9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe. become / be popular with / among是一个常用词组，意思是“受…欢迎”，请看下面的句子： 1） These Chinese handicrafts are very popular with foreign friends. （这些中国工艺品很受外国朋友的喜爱。） 2） His novels are popular among young people. （他的小说很受年轻人的喜爱。） 3） Classical music is popular among more and more people. （古典音乐受到越来越多的人的喜爱。） 10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2，500 yeas of mining the stones. Supply在句子中做名词用，意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用，意思是“供给，提供”。请看下面的句子： 1） Economic stability can be reached if demand and supply are in balance. （如果供求关系平衡的话，就能实现经济的稳定。） 2） Many materials are in short supply. （许多材料供应不足。） 3） The increasing world population will put a strain on food supply. （不断增长的世界人口将对粮食供应带来重负。） 4） You have to supply him with an answer. （你得给他提供一个答案。） 5） Most towns are supplied with tap-water and electricity. （大多数城镇都有自来水和电力供应。） run out是一个常用词组，意思是“用完，用尽”。请看例句： 1） Time is running out. We have to hurry. （时间快到了，我们得快点。） 2） My patience is running out. （我快要耐不住了。） 3） His luck seemed to have run out. （他的好运似乎结束了。） 我们也可以用run out来表达类似的意思，但run out of的主语应该是“某人”。如： 1） They have run out of money， so they have to find a job. （他们钱用完了，所以得找一份工作。） 2） I have run out of ink. （我的墨水用完了。） 11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds. -ful通常加在名词后面，构成形容词，如care-careful，help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一个名词，意思是“一把”，在单词部分，我们已经提到过，英语中有不少这样的词，如： 1） He gave me a basketful of beaches. （他给了我满满一篮子桃子。） 2） She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. （她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。） 3） Tom is carrying an armful of books. （汤姆抱着一捆书。） sort out是一个常用词组，意思是“整理，分类”，如： 1） Sort out those of bigger size and put them in a box. （把大点的整理出来，放在盒子里。） 2） It took quite a while to sort out all our luggage. （把我们所有的行李整理好花了不少时间。） bottom在句子中做名词用，意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思。请看例句： 1） There is some deposit in the bottom of the teapot. （茶壶底部有些沉淀物。） 2） At the bottom of the mountain， there is a beautiful village. （在山脚下有个美丽的村子。） 3） I felt grateful to you from the bottom of my heart. （我衷心地感谢你。） 4） Bottoms up. （干杯。） 12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20，000 years ago. where they were formed是where引出的名词性从句，作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子： 1） He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. （他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。） 2） She hasn't made up her mind as to where she should go for the holiday. （她还没有决定到哪儿去度假。）
10.solution n. 解决办法 solve v. 解决 1）The loan was only a temporary solution to the country's financial difficulties.（借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。） 2）After a day's careful thought， he came up with a good solution. （经过一天的仔细考虑，他才想出一个好办法。） 3）We should work together on the solution of our national problems. （我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。） 4）I really don't know how to solve the problem. （我真不知道如何解决这个问题。） 5）They found a new way of solving the problem. （他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。） （请注意用solution这个名词时，通常用a solution to a problem表示“问题的解决办法。”。） 11.adapt v. 使适应，使适合；改写 1）We should adapt our thinking to the new conditions. （我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。） 2）Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment. （一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。） 3）Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style？ （你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗？） 4）They adapt a novel for the screen. （他们把小说改编为电影。） 请注意adapt 和adopt的区别，adopt意为“采用；收养”。 1）They are going to adopt new techniques in raising silkworms. （他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。） 2）A little girl was adopted into the family. （一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。） 12. perfect adj. 完美的；完全的 v. 使完美，改善 1）He speaks perfect English. （他说一口地道的英语。） 2）The actor is perfect for the part. （由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。） 3）He is in perfect health. （他身体十分健康。） 4）He is a perfect stranger. （他是个完全陌生的人。） 5）They decided to send their son to England to perfect his English. （他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。） 13. acceptable adj. 可以接受的 accept v. 接受 1）This proposal is acceptable to all. （这个建议大家都能接受。） 2）Tom received an acceptable marks on the test. （汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。） 3）Don't accept everything you see on TV as true. （别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。） 4）I didn't expect him to accept my suggestion. （我没指望他接受我的建议。） 5）The plan has won wide acceptance among the people. （这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。） 6）He nodded in delighted acceptance. （他愉快地点头表示赞同。） 14. evidence n. 发现；（调查或研究）结果；根据 evident adj. 明显的 1）Do you have any evidence for this statement？ （你这样说有任何根据吗？） 2）There are evidences that somebody has been living here. （迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。） 3）It is evident that we do not understand each other. （显然，我们彼此不了解。） 4）He spoke with evident disappointment. （他带着明显的失望说话。） 5）We can say with good evidence that their work is one of the best. （我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是的。） 15. determine v. 决定；确定 determined adj. 下决心的 determination n. 决心；结论 1）He has determined on a course of action. （他已决定了行动计划。） 2）The police wanted to determine all the facts. （警察想查明全部事实。） 3）His father is determined to quit smoking. （他父亲决心戒烟。） 4）He made his determination after he read the test report. （他在看了化验报告后下了结论。） 5）Mr. Smith is a man of determination. （史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。） 16. growth n. 生长 grow v. 生长 1）The growth in tourism is really astonishing. （旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。） 2）The rapid growth of world population is creating more and more problems. （世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。） 3）His hair has grown too long. （他的头发长得太长了。） 4）Friendship grew between them. （他们之间产生了友情。） 5）You will grow used to it. （你会渐渐对此习惯的。） 本课主要构词法 Affixation 词缀法 1. 形容词后缀 -able disagreeable acceptable 2. 副词后缀 -ly scientifically previously entirely frequently 3. 名词后缀 -ion imagination solution 4. 反义词前缀 un- unknown unpleasant 本课简介 在“Scientific Attitudes”这篇课文中，作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时，科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因，只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见；尊重别人的观点；凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。 人物背景 1.Benjamin Franklin：富兰克林（1706－1790年），美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最的人物，参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验，并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育，全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电，从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。 2.Thomas Edison：爱迪生（1847－1931年），美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一，拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利，还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。 3.Galileo：伽利略（1564－1642年），意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体，并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转，否定地心说。 4.Louis Pasteur：巴斯德（1822－1895年）法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的，创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等，挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。 5.Edward Jenner：金纳（1749－1823年），英国医生，牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认，并传播到欧美大陆及全世界，使天花的病死率大为下降。
外贸的哦谈谈如何提高英语写作能力 关键词：英语写作能力 原则 方法 引言：英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一，英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化。Swain（1985）提出“可理解输出”假设，认为包括写在内的语言产生性运用有助于学习者检验目的语句法结构和词语的使用，促进语言运用的自动化，有效地达到了语言习得的目的。通过写作，英语知识不断得到巩固并内在化，有利于英语技能的全面发展。但是，英语写作又是广大英语学习者最感头痛的问题之一，且容易被教师忽视，笔者以为如何提高英语写作能力值得我们认真研究。本文就此谈谈初浅的看法。 一、提高英语写作能力的原则 （一）渐进性原则。要坚持“句—段—篇”的训练程序，由易到难，循序渐进。在英语写作的初始阶段，要始终注意培养学生良好的写作习惯，狠抓基本功训练。在学生掌握了基本句型并能写出简单句子后，再要求学生根据一些体例写出小段的文章。在段落写作中要引导学生分析段落的结构、段落的中心句、句与句之间的逻辑关系、写作手法等，这样有利于下一步一篇文章的写作。在文章写作中要教会学生如何构思文章、如何运用正确的写作技巧等。 （二）多样性原则。要坚持训练形式的多样化及写作文体的多样性。从形式上而言，可以用回答提问的口头作文，也可以用续写故事；可以改写课文，也可以仿写课文；可以写提纲训练谋篇布局，也可以写拓展段训练发散思维……。从文体上而言，可以写说明文、议论文、记叙文，也可以写书信、便条、通知等实用文体。 (三)结合性原则。要坚持听说读训练和写训练相结合。根据语言习得理论，学习者在学习时常先通过听和读吸取语言知识，从而了解别人的思想，再通过说和写来表达自己的思想，让别人了解自己。大量的听说训练能促进读写能力的提高。因此，写与听说读紧密结合，进行多元化的能力训练，可使学生的各项能力互相影响、互相渗透、互相促进。 （四）控制性原则。要坚持写作前的指导，控制学生的汉语语言思维，发展英语语言思维。语言学习在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非随心所欲地自由表达。教师要加强写作前的指导，可给出范文让学生模仿，以熟悉其语篇结构。同时要控制其汉语语言思维，尽可能让学生习惯英语语言思维，以便于学生学习和掌握地道、正确的英语。 （五）持久性原则。要坚持长期、正确的写作训练。英语写作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事，而是一个长期的、艰巨的、渐进的过程。这就要求教师、学生都要有充分的思想准备，要有坚韧不拔的意志和必胜的信心。 二、提高英语写作能力的方法。 （一）通过积累词汇量，提高英语写作能力。犹如土木砖石是建筑的材料一样，词汇是说话写作的必需材料，也是制约写作能力提高的瓶颈。可以想象，如果要写一个句子，10个单词有8个单词拼写错误或拼写不出，有2 个单词用法不当，又怎么能清楚地表达自己的思想呢？因此，在平时的教学中要强调学生记忆单词，记住单词的拼读、用法、意思等。记忆单词的方法有很多，各人有各人的记忆方法和习惯，可因人而异。教师可通过要求学生朗读单词、听写单词、默写单词、遣词造句、词汇竞赛等多种方法促进学生记单词。记忆单词是一个长期的反复的过程，要长期地坚持下去，才能不断积累大量的词汇，为英语写作打下坚实的基础。 （二）通过扩大阅读量，提高英语写作能力。古人云“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，这是汉语的一种学习方法，同样可借鉴于英语写作。多阅读是学生增加接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增长智力的一种途径，同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种好方法，有利于促进英语写作能力的提高。在阅读训练中，教师要注意以下问题：一是指导阅读方法，分析文章结构、中心思想、段落中心句、写作方法等，帮助学生掌握各类文章的结构及写作方法。二要精读与泛读相结合，通过推敲优秀的文章来学会写作方法和选词用词；通过大量的泛读来吸取信息量，扩大词汇量。三要扩大阅读量。提供阅读的材料涉及面要广，才能不断扩大学生的知识面，使学生适应各种题材的写作。 （三）通过提高听说能力，提高英语写作能力。英语听说读写四种能力是相互影响、相互促进的，提高听说能力必定会促进写作能力的提高。要提高听说能力关键在于创设一个良好的英语环境。教师要尽可能地用英语授课，多开展专门的听说训练，同时开展丰富多彩的课外英语活动，让学生沉浸在英语海洋中去领略、去体会、去使用英语，久而久之，学生自然能使用正确的、地道的英语进行交谈与写作。 （四）通过重视写作过程，提高英语写作能力。长期以来，英语写作成果教学法（THE PRODUCT APPROACH）在我国居于主导地位，教师根据写作的终成品来判断写作的成败，重视写作的技术性细节（如格式、拼写、语法等），忽视写作过程的指导。根据D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的连通论（Connectionism)理论，写作包括写前阶段、具体写作、文章修改三个基本过程，这三个过程并非是线性排列，而是循环往复，穿插进行的。教师只有重视加强对写作三个过程的指导，才能更好地提高英语写作能力。在写作前阶段，教师重在指导学生如何挖掘题材，训练发散性思维，以及如何选择材料、谋篇布局等。在具体写作中，教师重在指导学生如何紧扣主题、运用正确的写作方法等。在文章修改中，教师重在指导学生如何修改语法及用词的错误。 （五）通过多写英语摘要，提高英语写作能力。英语摘要是把一篇文章的要点摘录出来，用自己的语言使之独立成一篇短文，这不是简单的摘录，而是忠于原文意思的再创作。写英语摘要有利于学生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章结构，从而提高学生的逻辑思维能力和谋篇布局能力。 （六）通过发展英语语言思维能力，提高英语写作能力。英语写作是运用已掌握的内在化语言知识和表达方法，通过思维进行外在化输出的创作，因此英语语言思维能力在英语写作中作用非凡。对于我国学生而言，在英语写作中易受汉语语言思维的影响，难以直接用英语语言进行思维，不利于英语写作能力的提高，因此发展其英语语言思维能力尤为重要。教师要注意对学生的英语语言思维进行多方位、多角度的训练：要采取各种方法训练学生英语语言思维的广阔性、深刻性、发散性和创造性；要教会学生用英语思考问题、回答问题；要从训练形象思维开始，逐步过渡到抽象思维训练；在课文讲解中要尽可能不用汉语翻译而用英语解释，消除汉语思维的影响；要努力创设良好的英语环境，在英语交际中发展英语思维能力。 写好英语段落的三个标准 首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。 1、统一性 一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例： Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico. 本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country.文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I ，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevant sentences（不相关语句）而丢分，值得引起注意。再看一个例子： My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby. 本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby. 从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。 2、完整性 正象我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如： Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression. 本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如： It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it. 段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段： It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming “Help”？ 3、连贯性（coherence） 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。 1）、意连 段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。 A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement） We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast； we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in； the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. 本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”， “closing at nine o'clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine——”）。 B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement）。例如： From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land. 本段的写法是由远及近，从远处（“from a distance”）写起，然后“get closer”，再到（“ten feet away”），最后是“inside the pagoda”……当然，按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。根据需要，也可以由近及远，由表及里等等。 C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement） a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance） If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess. 这一段谈的是表达能力，它的重要性与职业，身份有关，从“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”，最后是“most important”。 b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply. 这一段谈的是a writer's carelessness，先给出一个general statement作为主题句，然后通过5个 ”perhaps”加以例证。 c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement） I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers. 本段的主题句是段首句，它仅提出一个问题：为什么两只猫会被搞混。然后对两者进行比较，末句才下结论。 2）、形连 行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。请读下面这一段文字并找出文中用以承上启下的词语： Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them； however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， during his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 本文中起承上启下的词语有两种，一种是转换词语（transitional words or phrases），另一种是起转换作用的其他连接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.后者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有词汇105个，所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词，约占该段总词汇量的四分之一。由此可见，掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。 一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了。我们看下面一个例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 本段中除了第6句开头出现一个起过渡作用的”it”之外，没有使用其他的过渡词语。这样，文中出现许多重复的词语，全段读起来也显得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的过渡词语来修饰的话，这一段就成了下面一个流畅连贯的段落： Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds； writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences. 4、有损连贯性的几种情况： 考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误： 1、不必要的改变时态，比如： In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway. 2、不必要的改变单复数，比如： Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships. 3、不必要的改变人称，比如： Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge. 因此写作中，一定要注意时态，人称以及数的变化是否正确，要注意保持一致。
看一下这个网站吧，有你想要的资料的． 自考英语专科资料导航 ： 自考英语本科资料导航： 参考资料：英语易bbs.yingyuyi.com
本身这门课不难，建议如果底子很差，就像考4-6级一样，背诵点常用的句式什么的，另外多写点，字漂亮清楚些，55分以上老师都会让你过
1应考的时就背模板，根据历年真题，把作文题体分类，然后创造自己的模板。2把枝干往进套，一定要写好开头结尾。3每段的第一句和最后一句，商务英语要注意专业词语，背背专业词语，买本书，专门分析历年真题的，看看写作是怎样分析的。4要改编别人给的模板，变成你一个人仅有的模板，写作只能这样才能在短期得高分。
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考英语二教材笔记，自考英语二官方教材的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！自考英语二到底考些什么？英语二题型分布为：综合填空(完型填空)20道，每题0.5分，共10分；阅读理解5篇文章，25题,每题2分共50分；英语翻译：英语翻译成中文15分。英文写作两篇：大作文和小作文总共25分。英语二考试难度是在英语四、六级之间。如何学好自考英语二 下面6个步骤帮你解决1、教材准备。首先大家如果有需要，可以买一本英语二的教材，也可以借别人的过来参考一些。2、考试大纲。考试大纲是很重要的，复习的策略是把考试大纲规定的单词背好，涉及到英语二的基础语法一定要弄懂。根据大纲来复习，要求识记和掌握的重点背下来，就可以有好的成绩。3、单词记忆。单词背诵主要以考试大纲为蓝本。而且单词背诵要贯穿始终，每天都要坚持背点，多重复日积月累才会收到良好效果。4、历年真题。真题也是很重要的一方面，做题要选择英语(二)历年真题。因为真题的含金量最大，考生可以通过历年真题了解到考试重点和题型分布。对于以前做过的题目，不妨回头再做，有的题隔一段时间再做，可以加强复习效果。在做完历年真题后把答案在教材书上找出来。因为自考试题是从题库中出来的，往往会反复考到，只要把这些题目都背下来，一般及格没有问题。5、另外在做真题的同时，还要选择一些适合的模拟题来做。模拟题一定要找适合自考水平的题，如果选择太难或太易的题，对于英语(二)考试没有太大的作用。通过做题要掌握解题技巧，摸清出题思路，达到熟能生巧。6、在复习的同时还需要积累一些课外知识，这对提高阅读理解解题能力有较大帮助。例如，考生如果有时间就要多看看与自考难易程度相当的文章。不过也不能选择难度太大的，可以看些《大学英语》、《英语沙龙》等有英汉对照的刊物来看。请问这个是非英语专业本科自考的指定教材吗？没错，同路人。谁那里有自考劳动法的复习笔记？我还想问一下，用旧的笔记没什么大事?教材变版本后，其实内容差不多，以前的额资料还是能用的自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
【免费定制学历提升方案和复习资料： 】高等教育自学考试英语二是必考科目，很多人报考英语二都觉得有难度，下面小编为大家整理自考《英语二》必考高频词汇及短语整理，供参考。自学考试必备词汇及短语1. blessing n. 祝福,祷告2. complain vi. 抱怨,悲叹,控诉3. remind v. 提醒 vt. 使想起,提醒4. victim n. 受害者,牺牲5. depression n. 沮丧,萧条6. unrest n. 不安的状态, 动荡的局面7. illegal adj. 不合法的,非法的 n. 非法移民8. immigrant n. 移民, 侨民 adj. 移民的9. trafficking n.（人或车等）交通流量,不正当生意（走私） v.做生意（多指违法的）, 游览10. contribute vt. 捐助,投稿 vi. 投稿,贡献,是原因之一11. quit v. 离开,辞职,停止12. bring in 介绍，带进，引入，赚取，判决13. look forward to vt. 展望(期待)14. prepare for 为...做准备15. believe in 相信, 信任16. reward n. 报酬,报答,赏金 vt. 给...报酬,奖赏17. tragic adj. 悲剧的, 悲惨的18. passion n. 激情,热情19. crucial adj. 关键的,决定性的20. privileged adj.有特权的, 特许的21. motivation n. 动机22. prioritize vt. 把 ... 区分优先次序23. pattern n. 图案, 式样, 典范 v. 以图案装饰; 仿造, 模仿24. strategy n. 战略, 策略25. routine n. 例行公事, 常规，无聊 adj. 常规的, 例行的，乏味的26. locally adv. 地方性地, 局部性地, 位置上27. unique adj. 独一无二的, 独特的, 稀罕的28. survive vt. 比…活得长,幸免于难,艰难度过 vi. 活着, 继续存在29. client n.顾客； 当事人； 诉讼委托人； [计算机]客户端30. finance n. 财政, 资金 vt. 给...提供资金, 负担经费31. obligation n. 义务, 责任32. landscape n. 风景,山水,风景画 v. 美化…的景观,进行造园工程33. exceed vt. 超过, 胜过, 超出界限 vi. 领先34. assume vt. 假定, 设想, 承担; (想当然的)认为35. alleviate vt. 减轻,使...缓和36. seasoned adj. 经验丰富的37. various adj. 各种各样的38. professional adj. 职业(上)的,专业的 n. 专业人员39. lie in 在于40. get up 起床，起立41. seek out vt. 寻出(挑出)42. in place 在适当的位置43. apply for 申请自考《英语二》高频词汇大全自学考试英语二作文复习资料Lesson five first principlesWhat do u learn about laura?Why were her parents so proud of her?Laura was a slim，dark-haired girl of fourteen. she was smart and a pupil at Green Valley Academy. Christmas Day was coming，laura wanted a ballerina dress as a gift from her parents to attend some parties. But when laura‘s mother told her about her father’s unemployment，she understood them and said she didn‘t care about presents or parties. During the time when the family spent Christmas Day at the farm，laura seemed to radiate happiness. It was laura’s obvious pleasure that had a wonderful Christmas Day. Therefore，laura‘s parents were proud of her.Lesson six The beauty of BritainBritain is a small but beautiful country .One of its charms lies in its variety with the territory of 240500 square kilometers，it has mountains，plains and lakes as other countries. Someone perhaps says that the mountains there are only mountains in miniature . Although those mountains are small，they all have the air of great mountains .Another characteristic of Britain is its happy surprise. A traveler will kept being pleasantly astonished by the landscape. On a rolling plain，you might suddenly noticed mountains with step slopes ahead. In a highly developed industrial district，he would see out of expectation a rough wilderness. But the most impressing would be the happy compromise between Nature and Man，country and city .This characteristic is obvious in suburbs where the inhabitants can not only enjoy the civilization of the city，but also live a comfortable country gentlemen‘s life .报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
一、词汇学习 自考英语二是有词汇要求的，3800个单词和750个词组，但是大家也要清楚一点，并不是说只要背下单词和词组就行了的，光有这些肯定是不够的。词汇的学习也是一个积累的过程，学词汇有两个方向，一个是要在词汇学习的时候印象深刻，一个词能够串出一串来，比如同义词、反义词、近义词，应该把有关联的词相互记忆;另一个方向就是反复的朗读和背诵，大声的读出来加深记忆，然后温故而知新，这样反反复复，相信能够取得不错的效果。 二、课本学习 英语课本是一个不可忽视的部分，首先我们应该吧课本都吃透了，然后再在考前的至少一个月时间内，将课本从头到尾复习一遍，牢牢掌握课本知识。 同时课文后面的练习题也要认真做，在历年10月份英语二考试中看，从书中出题的比例很大，甚至最后一道英译汉也是从课文中选取的。所以我们一定要重视课本。 三、真题学习 相信这个环节对于大多数考生来说都是必不可少的，真题也是一个非常重要的因素，因为通过真题，各位考生们可以官网报道，一些考试重点和题型分布，真题的含金量是很大的。 对于真题也要掌握好方法，对于像完型填空、阅读理解等和书上内容无关的题型，只有多做练习才能提高成绩。所以做题量也是一个重要因素。通过做题要掌握解题技巧，摸清出题思路，达到熟能生巧。 同时在做真题时还要适当做一些模拟题来进行练习。模拟题一定要找适合自考水平的题，不然对于英语二考试是没有太大作用的。此外大家也可以进行考场时间的模拟，比如说考场考试时间是两个半小时，那么大家就用两个半小时做完试题，然后再对一下答案看看自己能够得多少分。 四、语法学习 语法是最关键的一个点，了解语法之后才能将所学知识串联在一起，在英语二考试中，像虚拟语气，谓语动词、非谓语动词，各种从句等都是重点。觉得哪部分不清楚，大家一定要及时回到课本中再熟悉，拾遗补漏。但是语法的学习不能死学，一定要把记和练结合在一起才能更好的学习。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
Unit4（第11讲—第13讲） 3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. affect 是动词，意思是“影响”。常常会有一些英语学习者把动词affect和名词effect混淆，请注意下面的句子： 1） The drought would surely affect the harvest.（这场干旱肯定会影响到收成。） 2） Excessive smoking affected his health， bad coughs often made it difficult to breathe.（过度吸烟影响了他的健康，严重的咳嗽使他难以呼吸。） 3） Psychologists believe that colors have a definite effect on people.（心理学家认为颜色对人肯定有影响。） 4） We could all see the effects of the illness on him.（我们都能看出那场病在的身上的影响。） 5） 职务的变化使他的收入大受影响。（The change in position greatly affected his income.） 6） 他的话对听众没有任何影响作用。（What he said had little effect on the audience.） 4. Information that doesn't make any sense to you is difficult to remember. that引导的定语从句修饰information； 主句是Information is difficult to remember. 不定式to remember 用在做表语用的形容词后面作状语。请看下面的句子： 1） Einstein was easy to get along with.（爱因斯坦很容易相处。） 2） To many foreigners， Chinese is hard to learn.（对许多外国人来说汉语很难学。） 3） The water in this river is not fit to drink.（这条河里的水不适合饮用。） 4） This question is very difficult to answer.（这个问题很难回答。） make sense 的意思是“有意义；可理解”。请看下面的句子： 1） No matter how you read it， this sentence doesn't make any sense to me.（无论你怎么读，我都不理解这个句子。） 2） What the writer wanted to express in his book doesn't make any sense to the readers.（读者们无法理解作者在书中所要表达的意思。） 3） His explanation makes no sense to his students.（学生们不理解他的解释。） 5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. 动词不定式to remember在句中做定语，修饰名词ability.请看下面的句子： 1） You should have confidence in your ability to fulfill the task.（你们应对自己完成认务的能力有信心。） 2） He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.（他遵守了一大早来的诺言。） 3） They have the determination to overcome all the difficulties.（他们有克服所有困难的决心。） 4） We could see her anxiety to solve the problem.（我们能看出她急于解决这个问题。） make a difference 的意思是“有关系；有影响；起作用”。请看下面的句子： 1） What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.（他说的话不会对我做决定产生任何影响。） 2） Your participation in the work will make a great difference.（你参与我们的工作，情况就不一样了。） 3） Money won't make much difference to him.（钱对他起不了多大作用。） 4） I didn't like the appearance of the house， but the location and price made all the difference.（我不喜欢那房子的外观，但它的位置和价格起了重要作用。） 6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 句中的better是副词well的比较级形式，意思是“更好地”。请看下面的句子： 1） This story is better written than that one.（这个故事写得比那个好。） 2） This room is better furnished than that one.（这间屋子装饰得比那间好。） 3） This team is better trained than that one.（这个队训练得比那个队好。） 4） This job is better paid than that one.（这份工作的报酬比那份高。） information是一个不可数名词，不能在其后加“-s”。请看例句： 1） There are many ways of obtaining information.（获得信息的途径很多。） 2） So far I haven't got any information about the game.（我至今还没有得到有关比赛的任何消息。） 3） I am sure this piece of information will be of great value to them.（我肯定这一消息对他们会很有价值。） 7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 在第一单元的Text B中我们已经对consist of有所了解。这一词组的意思是“由…组成”，它与be made up of；be composed of 的意思相近，但consist of 不用被动语态。请看例句： 1） The United States consists of 50 states.（美国由50个州组成。） 2） The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.（英国由大不立颠和北爱尔兰组成。） 3） Their team is made up of 6 team members.（他们队由6名队员组成。） 4） Our class is made up of 45 students.（我们班由45名同学组成。） a bit在句中的意思是“一点，一些”，它可以用在形容词的前面， 但是不能用在名词的前面。在名词前面必须用a bit of.请看下面的例句： 1） I am a bit tired today.（我今天有点累。） 2） He said he was bit hungry.（他说他有点饿。） 3） Your article is a bit long for our paper. （你的文章对我们的报纸来说有点长了。） 4） He gave the bird a bit of water. （他给了鸟儿一点水。） 5） I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.（如果你能给我一点宝贵建议我会很感激的。） 6） I only know a bit of Spanish. （我只懂一点点西班牙语。） 8. Categorizing is another means of organization. 句中的means是一个名词，意思是“方式；手段”，它不是动词mean的第三人称单数。请看下面的例句： 1） The quickest means of travel is by plane. （最快的旅行方式是乘飞机。） 2） Bicycle is the most convenient means of transport. （自行车是最方便的交通工具。） 3） Email is a modern means of communication. （电子邮件是一种现代通讯方式。） 4） He means what he says. （他说话算数。） 5） Forgetting the past means betrayal. （忘记过去就意味着背叛。） 9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows： group into在句中的意思是“把…分组；把…归类”。请看例句： 1） We can group the animals into several types. （我们可以把这些动物归成几类。） 2） Group the words into similar categories and they will be more easily to remember.（把类型相似的单词归类，记起来就更容易了。） as follows 的意思是“如下”，请看例句： 1） The full text reads as follows： （全文如下：） 2） The results are as follows： （结果如下：） 10. Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it tosomething we remember accurately. refer to这一词组的意思很多，我们在单词部分已做过讲解。该词组在本句中的意思是“涉及；指”。请看下面的句子： 1） In the second chapter I will refer to this point again.（在第二章中，我还会提到这一点的。） 2） The numbers in my article refer to the footnotes.（我文章中的数目字指的是注脚。） 3） The author referred to his grandfather several times in his story.（作者在他的故事中几次提到他的祖父。） we want to remember 和we remember accurately都是省略了that的定语从句，前者修饰material，后者修饰something.请看例句： 1） The book you gave me is very interesting.（你给我的那本书很有趣。） 2） The news he told me disturbed all of us greatly.（他告诉我的那个消息使我们大家深感不安。） 3） The information you gathered is of great help to me.（你收集的那些信息对我很有帮助。） 句子中的it指的是the material.relate…to 在句子中的意思是“与…有关系”，请看例句： 1） His talk mainly related to environmental protection.（他的讲话主要是关于环境保护的。） 2） This regulation relates only to children under 12.（这一规则仅适用于12岁以下儿童。） 11. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. striking在句子中做形容词用，意思是“显著的，引人注目的”，请看例句： 1） They made a striking commercial success within 5 years.（在5年的时间里，他们在商业上取得了惊人的成功。） 2） Helen's facial features bore a striking resemblance to her mother's.（海伦的面部特征与她的母亲十分相像。） 3） I am not sure whether he can make it this time. I just feel he has a striking lack of confidence.（我不能确定他这次能否成功，其只是觉得他明显信心不足。） to be remembered不定式的被动形式做定语，修饰the items.请看例句： 1） There are a lot of things to be done.（有很多事要做。） 2） Are you going to the press conference to be held this weekend？（你准备参加本周末举行的记者招待会吗？） 3） This was the first project to be designed John's brother. （这是约翰的哥哥设计的第一个工程。） 12. In one study， subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery， while the second group used repetition to learn the words. subject在本句中做名词用，意思是“受试者，实验对象”。Subject这个词的词义很多，请看例句，注意subject的词义： 1） The subject of today's discussion is “Population and Education”。（今天讨论的题目是“人口与教育”。） 2） The teacher explained in details the subject of the story to the whole class.（老师把故事的主题详细讲给全班同学听。） 3） How many subjects are you taking this semester？（这学期你选几门课？） 4） He became the subject for ridicule.（他成了人们取笑的对象。） 5） Rabbits and mice are often subjects for medical experiments.（兔和鼠常被用作医学实验的对象。） 6） He is a Chinese subject.（他是中国国民。） 7） This sentence doesn't have a subject.（这个句子没有主语。） subject还常常做动词或形容词用，请看例句： 1） The country was once subjected to foreign rule.（这个国家曾一度受外国统治。） 2） Taipei was subjected to serious earthquakes last year.（台北去年遭受了严重的地震灾害。） 3） We are all subject to the laws of nature.（我们都要受自然规律的支配。） 4） The child is very subject to coughs.（这孩子动不动就咳嗽。） 5） All men are subject to death.（人总有一死。） while 在句子中做连词用，意思是“而，然而”。while也是一个多义词，请注意下面例句中while 的意思： 1） Strike while the iron is hot.（趁热打铁。） 2） He listened to the radio while he was doing his homework.（他一边听收音机，一边做作业。） 3） He is talkative while his twin brother is of few words.（他很健谈，而他的孪生兄弟则少言寡语。） 4） While the old man is respected， he is not well liked.（这个老人很受尊敬，但不太受喜欢。） 5） You will succeed sooner or later while you don't lose heart.（只要你不失去信心，你迟早会成功。） using imagery分词做状语，表示方式，请看例句： 1） They stood there waiting for the bus. 2） She had to work standing up. 13. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. 划线部分是该句的主要成分，forming an integrated image动名词短语做主语，can help做谓语，us to preserve a memory做复合宾语。 斜体部分是一个“with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构，做方式状语，修饰动名词短语forming an integrated image. 不定式与名词或代词构成复合结构，做动词宾语的现象在英语中很常见，在前几讲中我们也遇到过。再请看几个例句： 1） Would you like Tom to go with you？（你愿意汤姆和你一起去吗？） 2） He wants you to see him in the afternoon.（他想让你下午去见他。） 3） Father encouraged him to study harder.（父亲鼓励他更加努力学习。） 4） I will get someone to help you.（我去找个人来帮你。） “with + 名词 + 过去分词”的独立结构在英语中也很常见，请看例句： 1） With the problem solved， the plan is going on smoothly.（随着这个问题的解决，计划正顺利进行。） 2） Standing there is a torture to her， with so many eyes fixed on her.（这么多人注视着她，于她而言，站在那儿是一种折磨。） 本课主要词组及句型 词组： 1. focus on 2. a number of 3. at all levels 4. make sense 5. make a difference 6. in random order 7. consist of 8. group into 9. as follows 10. needless to say 11. refer to 12. relate…to 13. associate with 14. compare with 句型： A.定语从句 1） Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory. 2） Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember 3） There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. 4） Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. 5） Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. B. 动名词做主语 1） Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. 2） Categorizing is another means of organization. 3） Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory. Text B Short-term Memory 短语表达 1. at a later time Go ahead with your work， I will give you a call at a later time. I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time. 2. in contrast （with / to） Helen is very talkative. In contrast， her elder sister is silent. His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness. 3. look up I don't remember Tom's telephone number， will you please look it up in the telephone book for me？ Look up the dictionary for the meaning of this new word. 4. be unable to I am really sorry that I was unable to give you a call beforehand. He was unable to provide us with more information. 5. be released from He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years. He was released from a hospital last week after treatment for a disease. 6. be rewarded with The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers. If the rat could find the right door， it would be rewarded with food.
Unit7（第20讲—第22讲） 本课主要构词法 affixation （词缀法） 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural，industrial，traditional，social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中，作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义，但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析，从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage， … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用，在名词前面不加定冠词the，意思相当于“with regard to”，“according to”。请看下面的例句： 1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英国。） 2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以医生为职业。） 3） By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people. （按其出生和所受的教育，托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层，但他从来不轻视劳动人民。） relate是一个动词，在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句： 1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。） 2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理论和实践联系起来，对你的帮助也许会更大。） relate还可解释为叙述；有关，涉及；相处得好 1） He related us a story vividly. （他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。） 2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的讲话涉及国际形势。） 3） He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同学们相处得很好。） related可以做形容词用，意思是“有联系的，相关的。” 1） These four people are closely related to each other. （这四个人联系紧密。） 2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。） 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下，遗传”，如： 1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。） 2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。） descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；转而说到” 1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。） 2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。） common是一个形容词，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，请看例句： 1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫无疑问，这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。） 2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。） 3）They have no common interests. （他们没有共同的爱好。） 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组，意思是“把…看作…”，如： 1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作为天才。） 2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。） 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如： regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others， having a family simply means having children. 本句中，having a family做主语，mean为谓语动词，having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时，在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词，如： 1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。） 2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。） 当mean作“意欲，打算”解释时，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如： 1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我无意冒犯你。） 2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把书给你的，但我忘了。） 5. Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法，在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱，而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。） while在不同的语境中有不同的意思，请翻译下面的句子，注意while的词义。 1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期间，他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。） 2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交谈时，他看了几次表。） 3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一组孩子很安静，而第二组孩子非常活跃。） 4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （尽管我同情这些人，但我觉得他们有罪。） 5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我们不失去希望，我们就会成功。） 6. No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句，更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句： 1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （无论发生什么事，请让我知道。） 2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （无论谁来电话，告诉他我出去了。） 3） No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （无论我多努力，我总不能成功。） 4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （无论你信不信，那总是事实。） 5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。） 6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （无论你喜欢哪本书，你都可以拿去。） 7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （无论是谁的钱，我们都不能这样随意地花） 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下： 1） Whatever happens， please let me know. 2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out. 3） However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. 4） Wherever you go， I will follow you. 5） Whichever book you like， you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词，意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定语从句，修饰that feeling of belonging， of love and security. 8. However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词，有承接上文的作用，可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密，有些接近连词。请看例句： 1） This， however， is not your fault. （但这不是你的错。） 2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。） 句中的with是一个介词，意思是“随着”，请看例句： 1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（随着经济基础的改变，上层建筑也必须改造。） 2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（随着科学技术的发展，社会在迅速地改变。） with是一个十分常用的介词，请看下面的句子，注意with的用法和词意： 1）Who will go with you？ （谁和你一起去？） 2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老师对我们很严格。） 3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （听了这个消息，我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。） 4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一举两得。With意为“用，以”，译法可灵活。） 5）China is a country with a large population. （中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有，带有”） 6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。） 7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. （他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构：with+名词+过去分词，做方式状语。） 8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意为“就…来说”） 9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（凭）你的知识和经验，你肯定会找到一份好工作。） 10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （尽管他有缺点，他还是个不错的人。） 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语，除了用in order to 以外，还可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。请看例句： 1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。） 2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （为了赶上末班车，他匆匆向外跑去。） 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词，通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果，也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。请看例句： 1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比赛延期了。） 2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考试没及格。） 3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一个月，因此落在了同学后面。） as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词，表示“当…时”。请看例句： 1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （随着时间的推移，你会更喜欢这个地方。） 2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他谈着的时候，越来越兴奋。） 本课中还有： 1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词，在表达“谈论某人（某事）”时，talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句： 1）What are you talking about？ （你们在谈什么？） 2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. （他们正谈论去看张先生的事。） 3） What do you mean when you talk about culture？ （你谈论文化时指的是什么？） Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition （to） In addition， there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion， the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you？
7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however 在本句中做副词用，意思相当于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差异的。however不放在句首或句末时，前后通常都加逗号，而but则不用。请看例句： 1）It is not，however， the only answer to the question. （然而，这不是问题的答案。） 2）I'd like to go and see the films，however，I don't have the time. （我很想去看电影，但我没时间。） 3）However，we still have 10minutes left. （不过，我们还有十分钟。） 4）The composition is well written， there is room for improvement， however. 5）I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. （很报歉，我这次不能来了。） 6）He would like to go， but he was busy. （他想去，但他太忙。） 7）It's not cheap， but it's really good. （这个不便宜，但的确很好。） 8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy. available是一个形容词，意思是“可得到的；可用的；有效的”。 1）I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. （很报歉，那些鞋没你的尺码。） 2）If I am not available when you call， leave a message. （你打电话来时如果我不在，请留个言。） 3）If the tickets is available， I will go to the concert. （如果能弄到票，我会去听音乐会。） 4）The ticket is available on the day of issue only. （此票仅发售当天有效。） 9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology. prevent…from…意思为“阻止…发生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From可被省去。例如： 1）They tried every means to prevent the disease （from） spreading. （他们想方设法阻止疾病曼延。） 2）Nothing can prevent him （from） going there.（什么也阻止不了他去那儿。） 本课主要词组及语法要点 词组： 1. at the beginning of 2.means of 3. over long distance 4. by the middle of 5. such as 6. change into 7. from…to… 8. be capable of 9. not only…but… 10.in theory 11. have access to 12.amount of 13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions 15. care for 16. as well as 17. at the same time 18. make…available 19. pay for 20.isolate…from… 语法： 1.过去完成时 1）…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures. 2. 非限定性定语从句 1）…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite. 2）…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals. 3）The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center. 2. 宾语从句 1）We must remember that technology alone is not the answer. 2）The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。 3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法 1）In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， … 2）…printed materials such as books and magazines. 3）…as well as get any information they need， … 4）As one telecommunication expert days， … Text B What People Don't Know about Air 短语表达 1. without We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help. Without air，there would be no wind or clouds. 2. adv. + past participle It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun. It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter. 3. where Where there is a will，there is a way. Where there is hope，there is life. 4. be forced to He was forced to drop out of school. They were forced to work 14 hours a day. 5. shelter v.& n. Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news. You have to find shelter from the blazing sun. 6. protect from It is necessary that we protect our skin from being burned by the sun. She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun. 7. deadly adj. They made a deadly attack on the enemy's air base. A drop of this poison might be deadly to man. 8. burst As he braked a tire burst. All the boys burst from their tents. Everybody in the room burst out laughing. The little girl burst into tears. 9. rest upon His arm rested upon the table. The task rested upon my shoulder. His eyes rested upon a strange object. 10. gaze at He was standing at the window， gazing at the street. What are you gazing at？ 11. not…until He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework. No one was to go to bed until further order. 12. in the meantime His case won't come to court for several months， and in the meantime more than half of the people think him guilty. At last we were released. In the meantime， our friend had informed the newspaper. 13. pay attention to Please pay more attention to your spelling next time. I didn't pay much attention to what he said yesterday. 14. add to If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life. What he said just now added to my confusion.