今天教务老师给大家收集整理了自考英语阅读二教材答案，自考英语阅读一的经验的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！2008年1月全国自学考试英语阅读(二)答案你确定是2008年1月的？2008年1月英语试题答案1-5：BDDAB6-10：ADDCA11-15：CACDA16-20：DCCBC21-25：BABDB26-30：BCDDC31-35：BADCB36、zone37、worthy38、virtue39、undertake40、transparent41、sustain42、purposeful43、random44、outcome45、oxygen46、monopolize47、lightning48、judge49、intend50、habitual51、geometry52、friendly53、exhibition54、drama55、shelter56、repeating57、tohavebeentranslated58、worse59、helping60、todo61、occasionally62、used63、himself64、politician65、winner66、Theauthorofthebooklearnedalotfromthereaders’criticism67、Thedifferentmanagershavethedifferentmethodstowardsthesameproblem.68、Thesamplewillbeimmediatelysentoutasperrequest.69、Familyisthefundamentalunitofthesociety.一个人可以有两种方式拥有书籍。一种是攒钱买它，就像我们买衣服和家具。但这样的购买只是拥有书籍的初步阶段。另外一种是完全拥有，这来源于你认真读它并做笔记。一个说明图表就可以使问题很清楚。你买了牛排并把它从肉铺的冰柜变成你自己的。直到你吃了它。才使它真正意义上属于你。我建议书籍也应该真正的吸收到你的血液中，才能给你带来好处。本回答由网友推荐各位谁有2010.10全国自考英语试卷及答案啊？谢谢！3．读书与做练习的关系。每章节后都配有思考题和练习，并附有答案，以便复习和巩固所学的内容。为了帮助自学人员学习，全国高等自学考试委员会还组织由笔者主持编写了《英语词汇学辅导》，2000年由外语教学与研究出版社出版。《辅导》以汉语形式把教材译写出来，每章补充了练习，并给思考题提供了参考答案。此外，社会上也出现了一些所谓的“配套”读本。这里要提醒大家的是，读书指的是学教材，语言基础差一点的同学可以把《辅导》结合起来看。对教材一定要反复读，读懂弄清楚。对每章所配的练习要认真独立地去做，只有在做完后再查看参考答案，因为做练习最能检测学习结果。思考题是供学习思考的，提供的参考答案只是答案的一种表达形式，绝对不能逐字逐词地去死背。尤其要注意的是千万不要本末倒置，把大量的精力放在能弄到手的各种参考书上，更不要去搞题海战术，走入歧途。4．词汇学与语言学的关系。词汇学是语言学的一个分支，属于语言学的范畴。英语词汇学所介绍和涉及的一些内容与语言学上的某些章节交叉和重叠。如自考科目《现代语言学》上的第三章“形态学”和第五章“语义学”中的“词的意义”部分都是词汇学讨论的内容，因此可以联系起来学习。应该说学了语言学有助于学习词汇学，反之亦然。四、应考问题自考是以自学的形式通过国家规定的相关考试，最后取得国家承认的学历或学位。所以通过考试是自学人员的现实目标。把教材读懂搞清楚了不一定就能考出最理想的成绩，还有一个应考的问题。只有熟悉考试的形式、内容和方式方法才能取得最佳效果。1．题型与能力层次。题型在《考纲》中有明确规定。《考纲》列了12种题型，但在全国英语词汇学题库设计时做了一定的改动。现在的全国英语词汇学的标准试卷由七大题组成，每题一种题型。它们分别是：I单项选择，II教材内容填空，III匹配题，IV判断填空，V术语解释，VI简答题，VII分析题。减去了《考纲》中的第二、七、十二题；把第三、八题统称为判断填空题。题型与能力层次非一一对等，同一题型可涉及不同能力层次，如单项选择、匹配题、判断填空三种题型。2．试卷设计与分值配置。按题库设计标准，根据各章节的内容和知识点，每份试卷对各章都有一定的分值要求。其分值配置为：第一、二章占15%；第三、四章占20%；第五、六章占25%；第七、八章各占10%；第九章占15%；第十章占5%.分值的配置基本上能显示各章节的分量。前面已说过，每章都重要。这一点从分值的分配可以看出。当然，这种分值配置只是理想化的设计，具体操作上很难做到如此准确。一套试卷由7大题50小题组成。匹配题和判断题各10小题，每题1分；简答题3小题，每题4分；综合运用题2小题，每小题9分；其它每小题均为2分。3．读书与做题。如前所述，要想学好词汇学，必须要有恒心和拼劲，下大气力学习教材，无捷径可走。但要提高考试成绩还是有方法的。譬如匹配题和判断题，如果不熟悉其形式和思路，尽管对考题所涉及的内容很熟悉，也不一定能做好题。现以2002年上半年全国自学英语词汇学试卷其中的两题为例：MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto①rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms;②senserelations;③assimilationdegree;④characteristicsofthebasicwordstock;⑤motivationABreiterationAhighandlowrepetitionBpickandchoosejuxtapositionCfacetofaceperfecthomonymDFailureisthemotherofsuccesspersonificationEhissStudythefollowingwordsandexpressionsandidentify①typesofcontext;②typesofwordformation;③typesofsenserelationsandmeaningchange④rhetoricalfeaturesofidioms1makingarestatementofanewwordorconceptinfamiliarwords2sitcom3theusualamenitiessuchasapub,apostofficeandaschool4fromcradletograve5mightandmain这两道题看似简单，做起来却不容易。两道题有一个共同的特点，即涉及到不同章节的内容。前一题包括第九章、第六章、第一章、第五章的内容和知识。要做好题，必须知道英语习语的各种修辞特色；六种语义关系；两种同化程度；基本词汇的五大特征和四种理据。然后将两栏提供的语词进行比较，逐一分析，对号入座。答案是reiteration,repetition,juxtaposition,perfecthomonym,personification。其实，真正与题目有关的只是习语的修辞特色和词义的理据，其它都是干扰项。比较而言，后一道题更难一些。该题要求考生根据所提供的例词和定义写出它们各自属于哪一类中的何种名称。如例1是第一类中的definition，例2是第二类中的blending，例3是第三类中的hyponymy，例4是第四类中的synecdoche，例5是第四类中的alliteration，等等。如果熟悉这些题型，并能模拟做一做，在阅读中能根据题型的要求去思考问题，做到有的放矢，效果肯定会更佳。这就是所谓的“巧干”。4．术语英汉对照表的利用。教材后附有术语英汉对照表，主要目的是为了帮助阅读和理解。知道英语专业名称的汉语意思既可以加深记忆，也可以帮助理解。还有一个更重要的用途，往往不被大家注意。术语英汉对照表基本上囊括了教材中主要知识点。尤其是名词或名词词组，每一个都是一个知识点。学完教材后，不妨把这些专业术语作为一种自测手段。如按照字母顺序逐一复习。对每一个术语都想一想其概念、定义，试着用英语表述，并能回忆一两个例子。如果忘了，再翻书复习。假如能按这种要求把所有的名词术语记住，基本上可以说把教材弄懂搞清楚了。总而言之，英语词汇学是一门理论知识课程，涉及的内容丰富，知识点较多，学起来有一定难度。但只要同学们有决心，有恒心，敢于下工夫，在苦干的同时，加一些巧干，定能收到事半功倍的效果。英语中级口译配套教材中级阅读教程的答案有木有啊？还有有?我有音频的 发你邮箱吧 我也9月考补充：刚刚发给你了 我想问一下 你有没有听力的文本啊 可不可以发给我啊自考英语大专的有网上课堂吗?请问哪里有自自考英语大专的视频教材呀?对。明年一月有招生。全名：北京外国语大学网络教育学院。电话：010－88817912/13010－88811106邮箱：support@如果决定了，就赶快准备吧！自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
网上这些是没有的，主管部门也不公布的，我也找了很久，也咨询过很多人，得出结论就是：自己看书吧，好好努力考试！祝你好运！自考的孩子伤不起啊！！！
00015英语（二）真题和答案29份:2004年04月,2004年10月,2005年04月,2005年07月2005年10月,2006年04月,2006年07月,2006年10月2007年01月,2007年04月,2007年07月,2007年10月2008年01月,2008年04月,2008年07月,2008年10月2009年01月,2009年04月,2009年07月,2009年10月2010年01月,2010年04月,2010年07月,2010年10月2011年01月,2011年04月,2011年07月,2011年10月2012年01月 我有这些试题及答案
一单选1 routine --habit2 rate 3 denied 4 for 5 points6 additional 7 in place of 8 with 9 Rich as she is 10 Much as 1、 Elderly ……A2、 It is ……A3、 Unexpectedly ……C4、 A good manager ……C5、 Everything ……C6、 Besides ……B7、 The biologist ……B8、 Scientists ……A9、 ——，jane is ……D10、——I admire ……D二、完型 Courage is an essential attribute in、learning a foreign language。……11-----20 DABCB, ABDCB三、阅读段落一 Karen was 14，depressed and not doing well at school。……21------25 CDBDD段落二 the amount of time kids spend online is a source of frustration for many parents。……26------30 AABCD段落三 American scientist have found that some birds are more intelligent than believed。……31-----35 AAABD四、单词翻译36、古代的、古老的ancient37、生涯、经历career38、毁坏、损伤damage39、特别、尤其especially40、渐渐的、逐步的gradually41、车库garage42、诚实的、正直的honest43、保险、保险金insurance44、汁、液juice45、商人merchant46、谈判、协商negotiate47、发生、出现occur48、停止、放弃quit49、包围、环绕surround50、薪金、薪水salary51、治疗、对待treatment52、技术、技巧technique53、美德virtue54、值得做的worth55、屈服、屈从yield五、变换格式56、（become）become57、（curious）curiosity58、（watch）watching59、（be）was60、（expect）expectation61、（agree）agreeable62、（crowd）crowded63、（rich）Enrich64、(praise) has been praised65、(appear) appeared五、翻译66、我们都被大自然的美深深的吸引住了we are deeply impressed with the beauty of nature67、如果想省钱，你就不要买那块昂贵的表。If you want to save money ,do not buy the expensive watch68、那篇小说是她创作时心情的真实反映。The novel really reflects his mood when he wrote it69、应歌迷要求，年轻歌手又唱了一首民歌。The young singer sang a folk song again at the fans request70、一些科学家认为需要有更多的数据才能证明这一事实。Some scientists believe that more data car prove the reality.六、翻译短文每种文化都有自已的理想行为，美国也不例外。在那里，孩子们被鼓励要开放、直接。美国人认为开放是诚实的表现，他们对于沉默和保守提出怀疑。他们觉得你一定在隐藏什么如果你没说出来。他们觉得由于沉默而受威胁，这一点他们不相信也不理解。然而，许多其它文化并不看重开放和直接。事实上，他们不喜欢这些品质因为对它们而言，开放和直接孩子好像很粗鲁。在它信眼里不像成人的行为。那么并不令人吃惊的是许多种文化的误解也由于开放和直接所致 这是江苏的，好像全国也是，供参考。
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%) 1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language. A. cultural B. dual C. productive D. arbitrary 2. In English the two sounds [p] and [ph] are ________. A. a minimal pair B. allophones C. two phonemes D. in phonemic contrast 3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.” A. simple B. complicated C. coordinate D. complex 5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________. A. speech act theory B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions D. grammatical rules 6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A. expressives B. commissives C. declaratives D. representatives 7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English. A. The revival of Latin as a literary language B. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poems C. European military invasion D. European renaissance movement 8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________. A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is” B. frequent absence of various forms of “be” C. use of double negation constructions D. absence of subject 9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Watson D. Bloomfield 10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social 非选择题部分 注意事项： 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% ) 11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general. 12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c . 13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme. 14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function. 15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features. 16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said. 17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar 18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety. 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain. 20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present. Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild]. 23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change. 24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured. 25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject. 28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English. 29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop. 30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%) 31. competence 32. phone 33. stem 34. simple sentence 35. synonymy 36. conversational implicature 37. back-formation 38. language planning 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. Krashen’s acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%) 41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation. 42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
都过去这么久了，要答案有意思么？
一单选1 routine --habit2 rate 3 denied 4 for 5 points6 additional 7 in place of 8 with 9 Rich as she is 10 Much as 1、 Elderly ……A2、 It is ……A3、 Unexpectedly ……C4、 A good manager ……C5、 Everything ……C6、 Besides ……B7、 The biologist ……B8、 Scientists ……A9、 ——，jane is ……D10、——I admire ……D二、完型 Courage is an essential attribute in、learning a foreign language。……11-----20 DABCB, ABDCB三、阅读段落一 Karen was 14，depressed and not doing well at school。……21------25 CDBDD段落二 the amount of time kids spend online is a source of frustration for many parents。……26------30 AABCD段落三 American scientist have found that some birds are more intelligent than believed。……31-----35 AAABD四、单词翻译36、古代的、古老的ancient37、生涯、经历career38、毁坏、损伤damage39、特别、尤其especially40、渐渐的、逐步的gradually41、车库garage42、诚实的、正直的honest43、保险、保险金insurance44、汁、液juice45、商人merchant46、谈判、协商negotiate47、发生、出现occur48、停止、放弃quit49、包围、环绕surround50、薪金、薪水salary51、治疗、对待treatment52、技术、技巧technique53、美德virtue54、值得做的worth55、屈服、屈从yield五、变换格式56、（become）become57、（curious）curiosity58、（watch）watching59、（be）was60、（expect）expectation61、（agree）agreeable62、（crowd）crowded63、（rich）Enrich64、(praise) has been praised65、(appear) appeared五、翻译66、我们都被大自然的美深深的吸引住了we are deeply impressed with the beauty of nature67、如果想省钱，你就不要买那块昂贵的表。If you want to save money ,do not buy the expensive watch68、那篇小说是她创作时心情的真实反映。The novel really reflects his mood when he wrote it69、应歌迷要求，年轻歌手又唱了一首民歌。The young singer sang a folk song again at the fans request70、一些科学家认为需要有更多的数据才能证明这一事实。Some scientists believe that more data car prove the reality.六、翻译短文每种文化都有自已的理想行为，美国也不例外。在那里，孩子们被鼓励要开放、直接。美国人认为开放是诚实的表现，他们对于沉默和保守提出怀疑。他们觉得你一定在隐藏什么如果你没说出来。他们觉得由于沉默而受威胁，这一点他们不相信也不理解。然而，许多其它文化并不看重开放和直接。事实上，他们不喜欢这些品质因为对它们而言，开放和直接孩子好像很粗鲁。在它信眼里不像成人的行为。那么并不令人吃惊的是许多种文化的误解也由于开放和直接所致 这是江苏的，好像全国也是，供参考。
自考不久前发布的答案。现在是工作簿模拟卷带套真题以上。四月簿肯定。你可以买的的盐源自通过考试合格的工作簿或模拟卷
你也是自考英语的，以后可以聊聊1205042765QQ
全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%) 1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language. A. cultural B. dual C. productive D. arbitrary 2. In English the two sounds [p] and [ph] are ________. A. a minimal pair B. allophones C. two phonemes D. in phonemic contrast 3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.” A. simple B. complicated C. coordinate D. complex 5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________. A. speech act theory B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions D. grammatical rules 6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A. expressives B. commissives C. declaratives D. representatives 7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English. A. The revival of Latin as a literary language B. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poems C. European military invasion D. European renaissance movement 8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________. A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is” B. frequent absence of various forms of “be” C. use of double negation constructions D. absence of subject 9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Watson D. Bloomfield 10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social 非选择题部分 注意事项： 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% ) 11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general. 12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c . 13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme. 14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function. 15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features. 16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said. 17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar 18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety. 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain. 20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present. Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild]. 23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change. 24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured. 25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject. 28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English. 29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop. 30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%) 31. competence 32. phone 33. stem 34. simple sentence 35. synonymy 36. conversational implicature 37. back-formation 38. language planning 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. Krashen’s acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%) 41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation. 42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).
试 2013年4月的要吗？答案
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
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最好说一下句拥某龃ΑJ悄母鲎ㄒ档摹? 我没准备拿分，我知道楼主这200分没准备给任何人。我也不在乎这个，百度的积分屁用没有。说下个人看法。引玉用吧。 这首题选C，这个我可以担保。 还有楼主抄错了，assighor应该为assignor 原题为 It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( ) 先分析下语法结构，我认为这是一个强调句加宾语充句。 把it is that 去掉后变为 The adjacent condition on case assignment states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 这是的“The adjacent condition”是主语。“on case assignment”就是作为一个短语作定语修饰"the adjacent condition" 的.什么时候的相邻原则呢？是在项目分配时的相邻原则。"that"就是宾语从句的标志，后面跟着一个完整的宾语充句。 翻译：在项目分配时相邻条件就是说要求项目的分配者和接收者应该是互相邻近的。 意思就是说在项目分配时要具备adjacent condition ，也就是相邻条件，这个相邻状况的要求具体指的是什么呢，就是指在项目分配的时候，分配方和接收者是要相邻的。 比如说在教室里分配座位时要根据互补原则，这个互补原则就是指男生和女生要配对坐在一起。PS：偶从小到大，同桌基本上全是女生，很少很少和男生同桌，而且大部分情况下，都很漂亮。。过足色狼瘾呀。。
It is the___on Case assignment that states that a case assighor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. A,case condition B,parameter C,Adjacent condition D,Adjacent Parameter 2001年10月全国自考现代语言学试题答案是CA,格条件B,参数C,毗邻条件D,毗邻参数<<现代语言学>>句法学中的原话是:Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 17．Theory of universal grammar 普遍语法理论Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky developed a theory of universal grammar (UG) know as the principle-an-parameters theory. UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species-specific gift which exists in the mind or brain of a normal human being. UG consists of a set of general conditions, or general principles and also contains a set of parameters. 从八十年代初期开始，乔姆斯基发展了一种普遍语法理论，称为原则与参数理论。普遍语法是一个语言知识体系，是人类特有的天赋，它存在于正常人的头脑中。普遍语法包含一组广义条件，或广义原则，还包含一种参数。第四章、句法学 Syntax 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 第四章、句法学 Syntax 1、linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 2、sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 3、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 4、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 5、Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 6、什么是X-标杆理论? X-bar theory is a general and highly abstract schema that collapses all phrasal structure rules into a single format: X〃→ (Spec) X (Compl). In this format, Spec stands for specifier while Compl stands for complement. This theory is capable of reducing the redundancies of individual phrasal structure rules and may well capture certain basic properties shared by all phrasal categories, i.e. NP, VP, AP, PP, across the languages of the world. 7、英语的句子中的三种基本类型是什么？ Traditionally, three major types of sentences are distinguished. They are simple sentence, coordinate or compound sentence and complex sentence. (1) A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, ① John reads extensively. ② Mary decided to take a linguistic class the next semester. Each of the two sentences contains a single clause and can stand structurally independent. (2) A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence; neither is subordinate to the other. For example, ③ John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. ④ John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history. (3) A complex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause, and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence. For example, ⑤ Mary told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. ⑥ [That John likes linguistics] puzzles everyone. ⑦ Mary showed interest in linguistics [after John gave her a lecture]. In the above three examples, the clauses in the square brackets are embedded clauses. They are subordinate to the clauses outside the brackets which are called matrix clauses. 8、Sentence structure The basic components of a sentence.Nomarly a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or verb phrase. The referring expression is grammatically called subject.The part of a sentence which comprise a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate. Types of sentences：simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence 1、The simple sentence。A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a finite clause[定式从句]. 2、The coordinate sentence.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction[并列连词]. The two clauses in a coordinate sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. 3、The complex sentence.The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause[从句], and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause[主句]. 1）An embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. 2）Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a subordinator[从属连词]. 3）An embedded clause may not function as a grammatically well-formed sentence if it stands imdependently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. 9、The hierarchical structure of a sentence.Sentences are organized with words of the same syntacitc catigory, such as noun phrase(NP) or verb phrase(VP), grouped together. 10、Syntactic categories Words and phrases are organized according to the syntactic categories they belong to. Lexical category[词类]and phrasal category[词组类]. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntatic category.[可以相互替换而又不改变语法属性的成分属于同一句法类型。] Lexical categories.Major lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. Minor lexical categories are closed categories because the number of the lexical items in these categories is fixed and no new members are allowed for.English has four major lexical categories and six minor lexical categories. Major: noun, verb, adjective, adverb Minor: determiner[限定词], auxiliary[助动词]，preposition, pronoun, conjunction, and interjection[感叹词] Phrasal categories.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase(NP), verb phrase(VB), prepositional phrase(PP), and adjecive phrase(AP). Grammatical relations.Grammatical relations: Awareness of a distinction between the structural and logical functional relations of constituents. We usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of. structural subject[结构主语] and structural object[结构宾语] Only in terms of structural concepts,the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.logical subject[逻辑主语] means the doer of the action.logical object[逻辑宾语] means the rcipient of the action. 11、 Combinational rules Phrase structure rules The combinational pattern in a linear formula may be called a phrase structural rule, or rewrite rule[重写规则]. 1) S -> NP VP .The arrow is read as "consist of ", or "is rewritter as". The rule in 1) is read as "A sentence consist of, or is rewritten as, a noun phrase and a verb phrase." 2) NP -> (Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S) "A noun phrase consist of, or is rewritten as an optional determiner, an optional adjective, an obligatory[必用的] noun, an optional prepositional phrase, and /or optional sentence. 3) VP -> V(NP)(PP)(S) 4) AP -> A(PP)(S) 5) PP -> P NP The recursiveness of phrase structure rules [短语结构规则的循环性] .Recursive properties: An S contains a VP that may contain another S; a VP may inclued an S that contains another VP; a PP consists of an NP that may be followed by another PP; and an NP may take a PP that includes an NP and/or a S! 12、 X-bar theory XP -> (Spec[指示词]) X (Compl[补语]) A format using the symbol" (read as double bar) and '(read as single bar) can then be abstracted, given both in a tree diagram (见课本81页) and in a formula (7) 7) X" -> Spec X' X' -> X Compl 13、Synatactic movement and movement rules[句法位移和移位规则] Synatactic movement occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new positon. Synatactic movement is dictated by rules traditonall called transformational rules[转换规则]. NP-movement and WH-movement NP-movement occur when a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice. WH-movement is obligatory[强制性的] in English which changes a sentencd from affirmative to interrogative. 14、D-structure and S-structure A sentencd may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement takes place, named D-structure (or the deep structure[深层结构])，the other occurs after movement takes place named S-structure (roughly meaning the surface sturcture[表层结构]) Transformational-generative line of analysis: it is believed that phrase structure rules with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure, while the application of synatctic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level of D-structure to that of S-sturcture. phrase structure rules + the lexicon ----> D-structure ----> movement rules ----> S-structure 15、 Move α -- a general movement rule 。Move α(or move Alpha) is move certain constituent to certain place. 16、Toward a theory of universal grammar[普遍语法理论] Since early 1980s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar(UG)[普遍语法] known as the Principles-and-parameters theory.[原则及参数理论] General principles of Universal Grammar。One such principle, or conditon, is the case condition[格条件]. As is required by the case conditon principle, a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by V(verb) or P(preposition) to the object position, or by AUX(auxiliary) to the subject position. Another condition is what is known as the Adjacency condition[毗邻条件] on case assignment, which states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. The parameters of Universal Grammar。Adjacency parameter[毗邻参数]: UG is believed to contain a parameter with the values [+strict adjacency] and [- strict adjacency] set on the Adjacency Condition. Another parameter, the one that involves word order, concerns the directionality of Case assignment, known as the Directionality parameter.[方位参数] Two directionality values [rightward directionality]左向位 and [leftward directionality] 右向位。 17、 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 18、 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command. 19、transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. 20、D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure. 21、 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а 22、 syntax studies the sentence structure of language. 23、Types of sentences simple sentence, coordinate(compound) sentence[复合句]， complex sentence
c直接给他们分吧，太厉害啦
选择题 It is the___on Case assignment that states that a case assighor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. A,case condition B,parameter C,Adjacent condition D,Adjacent Parameter 问题补充：我要翻译和原因讲解问题补充：Grammatical changes may be explained ,in part,as analogical changes ,which are___or generalization. A,elaboration B,simplification C,external borrowingD,internal borrowing 哭求答案和解释，我没有老师，求你们了。5555