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请问您有自考本科英美文学选读

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请问您有自考本科英美文学选读

自考主要是以书为主的,所以书很重要。

现根据课文目录整理一个大纲,就是你要对英美文学的发展史有个大体的概念。每个阶段的背景一定要熟记,那时的社会经济政治背景是怎么样的?这些对那个时期的作家作品影响很深。你答题时,如果实在记不清楚某个作家的写作特点,如果你能知道他属于哪个时代背景,那么你也能判断出一些共性,甚至通过联想记忆,想起该作家的特点。其次就是真题。通过自考书店或者网购历年真题,自己先做一遍,然后对照答案解析认真修改。没事的时候就看题,背标准答案,烂熟于心。还有就是可以去下载一些视频教学。我之前看的是燕园的讲座,就在优酷上都可以下载,一个男老师讲的英美文学的答题技巧,可以帮助你整理思绪。希望对你有帮助。

哈哈,我考过.一开始头痛,现在是喜欢.和上外的一位学生聊过这本教科书,他觉得最大的收获是里面修饰作者文采的形容词很有使用性.我的外教老师说这本书的难度是属于"TOP"了.所以,如果真的想把英语学好,看熟这本书是绝对有意义的! 书里的节选文章中,英国文艺复兴的几篇诗歌有点难,因为有很多的古英语单词,现在很多已经不用了,都成了废词,但还是要求能看懂大致意思的,但好在量不大(和现代英语生词比起来),所以要坚持看完哦.我有一些学习方法,是专门对付考试的,但如果是抱着提高自身的文学修养去看这本书,我建议最好花上整整一年的时间去好好琢磨一下精选文章以及书中的精彩点评,而不是很功利去背诵: 1.英美文学中有48位作者和他们将近100篇选读,你要把这48位作者和这些选读作品,一一对号,识记一下,这是最基本的 2.概括作者的写作手法和写作风格,你可以先独立地去认识每一位作家的特点,但不要忘记要总结,哪些作家的风格相似,但区别又在哪里?(历年考卷中都出现过这种题型,而且分值都很大) 3.每一位作者的代表作品的主题,主人公的名字. 4.每一段选读前都有一段小字是简述故事或总结概要的,要熟记(去年的考试里就有考过) 5.选读文章的最后都或多或少有一些文字的注释,最好熟悉一下,因为往年的考题中也有涉及. 6.不要去做所谓的模拟考卷,根本就没有用!因为考试根本就不会出模拟里题.

按照时间列出作者年表,再记代表作品

自考美国文学选读问答题

Chapter II The Neoclassical Period 一。新古典主义时期概述 1. 识记:(1)新古典主义时期的界定 (2)政治经济背景 (3)启蒙运动的意义与影响 2. 领会:(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点 (2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点 3. 应用:启蒙运动,新古典主义,英雄双行诗,英国现实主义小说等名词的解释 1. 识记Definitions of literary terms 1) The Enlightenment Movement The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on. 2) Neoclassicism In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed. 3) The heroic couplet It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, which rhyme & are written with five beats each…… 4) the Realistic Novel The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias Creorge Smollott, & Oliver Goldsmith. 2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc,)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature, prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 二。该时期的重要作家 1,一般识记:重要作家的创作生涯 2,识记:重要作品及主要内容 3,领会:重要作家的创作思想,艺术特色其代表作的主题结构,人物刻画,语言风格,艺术特色,社会意义等。 4,应用:(1)《天路历程》中“名利场”的寓义。 (2)蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观及其诗歌特色。 (3)《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺。 (4)菲尔丁的“散文体史诗”。 (5)格雷诗歌的主题与意象。 I. John Bunyan 1. 一般识记His life English author & preacher, born in Elstow, England, probably Nov.28, 1628,and died in London, England, Aug, 31, 1688. 2. 识记His major works John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678) is the outstanding 17th-century English religious literature. For more than 200 years this book was second in popularity only to the Bible. Bunyan did not attempt to portray the political confusion & social upheaval of 17th-century England. His concern was rather the study of man’s spiritual life. Bunyan chiefly wrote four prose works - Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), The Life & Death of Mr. Badman (1680), The Holy War (1682) & The Pilgrim’s Progress, part II (1684)。 3. 领会Characteristics of his works Bunyan’s style was modeled after that of the English Bible. With his concrete &living language & carefully observed & vividly presented details, he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel & to relive the experience of his characters. 4. 应用Selected Reading "The Vanity Fair", an excerpt from Part I of The Pilgrim’s Progress. (1) Theme: The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to comply with Christian doctrines & seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness & all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also beats much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor-life as a journey-is simple & familiar. (2) "Vanity Fair" is the most famous part of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It tells how Christian & his friend Faithful come to Vanity Fair on their way to heaven," a fair where in should be sold all sorts of vanity & that it should last all the year long: therefore at this fair all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferments, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures & delights of all sorts as harlots, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones & what not." As they refuse to buy anything but truth, they are beaten & put in a cage & then taken out & led in chains up & down the fair. They are sentenced to death-to be put to the most cruel death that can be invented." Vanity Fair" is a satirical picture of English society, law & religion in Bunyan’s day.

下篇:美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习,了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景;认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点: 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求: 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 (1)“识记”内容:美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 (2)“领会”内容: 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 (3)“应用”内容:清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记:欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记:《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会:欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用:选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记:爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会: (1)爱默生的散文:《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 (2)爱默生与梭罗:梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用:《论自然》节选:爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记:霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记:霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会: (1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 (2)霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响(人性本恶的观点) (3)霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用:选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记:惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记:惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会: (1)惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 (2)惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用:选读《草叶集》诗选:“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记:麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:麦尔维尔的早期作品:《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》,后期作品《皮埃尔》《的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会:《白鲸》的 (1)主题:表层及深层意义 (2)小说结构:浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 (3)象征手法和寓言的运用 (4)语言特色 4.应用:选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选:主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period (一)“识记”内容: 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen''''''''s life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. (二)领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. (1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural. (2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. (3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. (4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. (5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and, later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. (三)应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings. (1) American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. (2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

Chapter 3 The Modern Period Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习,了解20世纪初期至中叶美国现代文学产生 的历史、文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张,及其对当代美国文学发展的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学生涯、创作意图、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点 1. 美国现代文学的特征 2. 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3. 名词解释:“迷惘的一代”,意象派诗歌,象征主义,表现主义,意识流 4. 选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 Ⅲ。 考核知识点和考核要求 (一)现代时期美国文学概述 1. 识记: A.两次世界大战期间美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 (1)两次世界大战 (2)移居国外的美国人 (3)马克思主义理论和弗洛伊德学说 (4)欧洲现代派艺术 B.战后美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 2. 领会: A. 两次世界大战期间的美国文学 (1)诗歌:意象派诗人;象征主义 (2)小说;“迷恫的一代” (3)戏剧:表现主义 B.战后美国文学 (1)诗歌:“垮掉的一代”等 (2)小说:黑人小说、*人小说、实验小说(荒诞派 小说)等 (3)美国现代文学多元化的现象 C.美国现代文学写作手法的创新 3.应用 A.名词解释:“迷惘的一代”,意象派诗歌,象征主义,表现主义,意识流 B.“荒原”意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映 C.分析选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 (二)美国现代时期的主要作家 A.埃兹拉。庞德 1.一般识记:庞德的生平和创作生涯 2.识记:庞德的诗歌 (1)短诗:《地铁站一瞥》 (2)长诗:《诗章》 3. 领会: (1)庞德与意象主义 (2)庞德与中国文化 (3)庞德的诗歌理论及艺术特色 4.应用:《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》:主题、意象、语言 B.罗伯特。弗洛斯特 1.一般识记:弗洛斯特的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:弗洛斯特的诗歌:田园诗;自然诗 3.领会: (1)弗洛斯特诗歌的艺术特色 (2)弗洛斯特的诗论 4.应用: (1) 弗洛斯特的自然诗 (2)《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》:主题、 象征与比喻、语言 C.尤金。奥尼尔 1.一般识记:奥尼尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:奥尼尔的戏剧 (1)早期作品:独幕剧;多幕剧《天外边》 (2)中期作品:《琼斯皇帝》《伟大之神布朗》《毛猿》 ——表现主义和象征主义的力作 (3)后期作品:《直到夜晚的漫长一天》 一 自传体戏剧 剧 3.领会: (1)奥尼尔戏剧的悲观主义和神秘主义色彩 (2)奥尼尔戏剧的艺术特色 4.应用:选读《毛猿》第八场:主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手 法、语言特色 D.司各特。菲兹杰拉德 1.一般识记:菲兹杰拉德的生平及创作生涯 2.识记: (1)菲兹杰拉德与“爵士时代” (2)主要作品:短篇小说集:《爵士时代的故事》 中、长篇小说:《人间天堂》《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》《最后一个巨头》 3.领会: (1)《了不起的盖茨比》与“美国梦” (2)菲兹杰拉德的小说艺术 4.应用:《了不起的盖茨比》第三章:主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格 E.欧内斯特。海明威 1.一般识记:海明威的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:海明威的主要作品 (1)短篇小说集:《在我们的时代里》-一涅克的故事 (2)长篇小说:《太阳照样升起》《永别了,武器》《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》 3.领会:海明威与“迷惘的一代” 4.应用: (1)海明威小说的艺术特色:“硬汉”形象、“重压下的风 度”、“冰山”原则等 (2)《在我们的时代里》选篇:主题结构、人物刻画、语言 风格 F.威廉。福克纳 1.一般识记: 福克纳的生平及创作生涯 2.识记: (l)福克纳的主要作品:中、短篇小说:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》《老人》《熊》等;长篇小说:《喧嚣与骚动》 《八月之光》《我弥留之际》《押沙龙,押沙龙!》 (2)福克纳的“约克纳帕塔法”神话王国 3.领会: (1)福克纳小说的艺术特色:“意识流”、“内心独白”、“时序颠倒”、“对位式结构”、“象征隐喻”等 (2)福克纳的文体 (3)福克纳与美国南方文学 4.应用:《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》:主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格

自考英文本科英美文学选读

我的方法是建立一个树枝结构。复习开始时面对的最大困惑是东西太多,无从下手,而且更糟是前背后忘记,忘得比背得快,简直是没天理,花下去的时间精力似乎打了水漂。当然要让每个作家都能象对Shakespeare一样一听就有个大概印象,没有充足广泛阅读量是无法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底,我索性浮起来从面上抓,我的树枝结构应运而生。可以说书前的目录就是主树杆,每个时期是树枝,每个作家便是树叉,单是这样还是很抽像很难记,加上不同的"色彩形状的叶子",开始不用很多,节选作品,称号(e.g. the father of ..... or the Poet's Poet),相关术语(Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism),正是这些"叶子"使树叉有其独特之处,成为记忆的载体。这样我一下子把英美文学浓缩成二张卡片,在回家上班路上忙里偷闲时看一下,记一下,背一下。嗨,各位,这真得很有效噢,在很短时间内,我可以做出60%的选择题了,并将茫然无序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, "if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"。这也许可作为根基吧,但其巩固是在这棵树枝繁叶茂的过程中,基础巩固与细节化是相辅相承的。然后我准备了一份小册子,一页一位作家,每页再加上作家主要作品,风格,特点,作品情节,语言,人物描写,功献,第一或最后本作品,最成功作品,最....,通过你不断从课本中汲取,你的树会茁壮成长,并且由重点到细节,从记忆,熟悉,理解整个过程基本附合考纲要求,完美状态是直至差不多等于课本知识的涵盖量(这是共产主义状态,说实在的我没达到,真是革命尚未成功,同志还需努力)。英美文学是综合学科,要通过或考好,是需要日常对英美历史背景熟悉,对大量著作的阅读,研究体会的。死记硬背真的只是应付考试的,原始而无意义手段,而且对来年的考题是没办法应付的噢!以下还有一些小窍门,希望有帮助:1.先复习美国文学,后英国文学;2.美国文学可先从现实主义阶段开始,英国文学可先从维多利亚阶段开始;3.去年考过题还会再考;4.诗中解释较多的话,找那些能反映主题的解释多背背;明年多半是课本没有的解释了,考你的对诗理解程度了,5。对各阶段时期特征多花功夫复习;6.明年的理解题,综合题,比较题必然多,例如:1.二个阶段思想,风格比较,举例说明;2.描述一个阶段思想,风格特点,举例说明;3.比较二个同一,不同阶段诗人,剧作家,小说家,举其作品说明;刁钻复杂的题人人都可猜,我并非想例出一点希奇古怪的题扰乱你们的思路。这次四月考试,我是充满信心拿高分,对每位作家或诗人我都仔细复习到了,但题目仍是出乎我意料之外,我觉得不公平是题型已不是去年直白而水平的出题方式,是一种纵向综合题型。我想提醒明年要参加考试的同学,决不要把每个作家或时期独立复习,如果可能的话,在对每位作家或时期有一定熟悉的程度,作一点纵向的比较,不但能加深理解,对你们明年考试决对有帮助,不,是贡献。坦白的说,这次考试当天上午,我脑海种几次想到应看一下各个时期的异同点,这是我的薄弱环节,但我仍按常理将重点放在几位重要作家写作风格的复习上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文学,那就别满足于对各位作家的了解,如果明年你又要参加考试,也许猜一点比今年更难的题目,才能应付自如。在英美文学上我真花很大功夫和精力(与其它的十几门课相比),开始时期我确实感到无从下手,复习得很慢很仔细但效率不高。我在这里介绍我的学习方法,只想给以后考试的同学一些提示吧!必竟是我亲身感受和经历的,希望大家能少走一些弯路。在我开始自己的树枝结构的复习方法后,我的学习效率大大提高,那是一种直接,明确,层次分明,直达中心的感觉,我不知谁是否有过同感--课本变薄--确实一种美妙感觉,那天起我便有信心通过英美文学。树枝结构如同将不同时期分成几格抽屉,复习每位作家时就象理衣服一样将它们各就其位,而每格抽屉与其中的衣服都有其共有的独特风格,(eg. English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。 这样就不会象一开始,对每件衣服都细细打理,一旦回头发觉身后堆了一地衣服,仍然茫然不知所措。(我曾将英国文学前二个时期来回复习二遍,恼火是进度极慢而能熟记住的东西不多,后然发觉这二个时期是最次要两个阶段。)这也是我为什么建议大家先看维多利亚时期的原因之一,将头脑清醒比较有耐心的阶段留给重点。

英美文学选读这门课程学习比较困难,要记忆和理解的知识很多,学好这门课的关键是要注重以下几个问题。首先,要注意细节。文学新颁布了考试大纲,明确规定了考核目标。凡是考核目标范围内的作家,一定要仔细阅读,直到能说出以下几个内容才能继续向后复习:1)他的主要作品是什么?2)他的写作主题是什么?3)他的写作风格是什么?4)他是不是这个时代的代表性作家,如果是,那么出大答题的可能性存在不存在?如果这几个问题都能很明确地说出来了,那么考试通过的日子就不远了。其次,复习一定要有章法。有些同学对细节归纳不够,另外一些同学细节背得还可以,但语言表述能力不行。前一种同学,前面的四十分选择题做的就不理想,后面还有节选题,就更不好办了。后一种同学记得住细节,但是拼写语法错误多,看出来是什么作家了,就是写不对,这么丢分十分遗憾。对于这样的同学,我觉得规定每周看书的进度十分重要,比如4月1日到4月3日,准备复习英国文艺复兴部分,你可以每天上午先把书上的细节看一遍,对内容有一个大致的了解。下午的时候专门背大答题,细节也顾到了,大答题的表述内容记清了,进度控制住了,效率自然就提高了。还有就是一定要读作家评述后面的节选。有的考生只读关于作家和文学流派的介绍,不读教材中节选的引文,这样做是很危险的。试卷中有从教材里选出引文,要求考生回答作家的名字,作品的题目和对引文的理解。其实这些考生不是不想读后面的引文,而是没有学会阅读的方法。要想读懂后面的选文,关键是了解文学课本的写作特点。你得先弄清楚作家的创作主题和思想(这一部分通常是写在作家评述部分中)然后顺着创作主题到选文中寻找和这些创作思想相符的句子(选文登在后面,和创作主体部分经常是脱节的)这样做才能既少看,还不遗漏内容。比如惠特曼的诗歌,自我之歌的主题是“歌颂个人主义,自由和平等”,用第一人称手法把诗人的思想和大众的思想联系起来,歌颂一个自由的美国。而书后节选中的song of myself中的第一诗节就体现了这种主题: I celebrate myself and I sing myself。(这句话说的是自由和个人主义),Every atom belonging to me as good belong to you。(这句话说得的诗人希望把自己的思想和大众的思想进行联系),很显然,每一个美国人都把歌颂自己变成一个座右铭,一个人人歌颂自由的国度也就必然是一个歌颂自由的国度。总之,一定要前后联系的看节选,先找到主题,再读节选。最后就是大答题不能死记硬背,得想点办法,加快记忆效率。比如背雪莱的西风颂,那么一大段怎么背呀?最简单的办法就是先把中文的大意背下来,再抓住关键字,回想英语的内容是什么。你可以这么背:“西风是雪莱的形象(image),西风是建设和摧毁的力量(constructive and destructive potential),西风是无处不在的力量(universality),用自然神祈祷希望和复生(primitive deity for hope and rebirth)”抓住了关键字,内容不就明确了吗?还有就是要找到作家之间,英美之间的一些相似性,这样对背诵也很有好处。比如课文中谈到托马斯哈代的自然主义时曾有过“性格即命运,环境即命运”的说法,在美国部分讨论德莱塞德自然主义时也有类似的内容,这个时候就要先背好托马斯哈代部分的内容,只有前面的内容背好了,后面的内容才有可能快速掠过,提高学习效率。类似的情况还出现在:狄更斯的创作主题和肖伯纳的创作主题之间有一些关键字是相似的(都谈到了谴责社会虚伪,不公和腐败),英国现代文学创作特点和美国文学创作特点(都提到了from public to private, from chronological to psychic, from objective to subjective)。很多来新东方上课的同学其实开始英语水平都不太高,对文学也很头疼。但是找到了记忆方法之后,反而觉得文学很有意思,最后不仅考出了高分,还喜欢上了文学。这就全在学习方法了。总之,不能一句话一句话的“精读”,时间来不及,考试的时候未必记得住。耽误了时间,延迟了效率,得不偿失。考试大收集整理。

按照时间列出作者年表,再记代表作品

我是做的卷子,过了

本科自考英美文学选读

首先,要注意细节。文学新颁布了考试大纲,明确规定了考核目标。凡是考核目标范围内的作家,一定要仔细阅读,直到能说出以下几个内容才能继续向后复习:1)他的主要作品是什么?2)他的写作主题是什么?3)他的写作风格是什么?4)他是不是这个时代的代表性作家,如果是,那么出大答题的可能性存在不存在?如果这几个问题都能很明确地说出来了,那么考试通过的日子就不远了。 其次,复习一定要有章法。有些同学对细节归纳不够,另外一些同学细节背得还可以,但语言表述能力不行。前一种同学,前面的四十分选择题做的就不理想,后面还有节选题,就更不好办了。后一种同学记得住细节,但是拼写语法错误多,看出来是什么作家了,就是写不对,这么丢分十分遗憾。对于这样的同学,我觉得规定每周看书的进度十分重要,比如4月1日到4月3日,准备复习英国文艺复兴部分,你可以每天上午先把书上的细节看一遍,对内容有一个大致的了解。下午的时候专门背大答题,细节也顾到了,大答题的表述内容记清了,进度控制住了,效率自然就提高了。 还有就是一定要读作家评述后面的节选。有的考生只读关于作家和文学流派的介绍,不读教材中节选的引文,这样做是很危险的。试卷中有从教材里选出引文,要求考生回答作家的名字,作品的题目和对引文的理解。其实这些考生不是不想读后面的引文,而是没有学会阅读的方法。要想读懂后面的选文,关键是了解文学课本的写作特点。你得先弄清楚作家的创作主题和思想(这一部分通常是写在作家评述部分中)然后顺着创作主题到选文中寻找和这些创作思想相符的句子(选文登在后面,和创作主体部分经常是脱节的)这样做才能既少看,还不遗漏内容。比如惠特曼的诗歌,自我之歌的主题是“歌颂个人主义,自由和平等”,用第一人称手法把诗人的思想和大众的思想联系起来,歌颂一个自由的美国。而书后节选中的song of myself中的第一诗节就体现了这种主题: I celebrate myself and I sing myself。(这句话说的是自由和个人主义),Every atom belonging to me as good belong to you。(这句话说得的诗人希望把自己的思想和大众的思想进行联系),很显然,每一个美国人都把歌颂自己变成一个座右铭,一个人人歌颂自由的国度也就必然是一个歌颂自由的国度。总之,一定要前后联系的看节选,先找到主题,再读节选。最后就是大答题不能死记硬背,得想点办法,加快记忆效率。比如背雪莱的西风颂,那么一大段怎么背呀?最简单的办法就是先把中文的大意背下来,再抓住关键字,回想英语的内容是什么。你可以这么背:“西风是雪莱的形象(image),西风是建设和摧毁的力量(constructive and destructive potential),西风是无处不在的力量(universality),用自然神祈祷希望和复生(primitive deity for hope and rebirth)”抓住了关键字,内容不就明确了吗?还有就是要找到作家之间,英美之间的一些相似性,这样对背诵也很有好处。比如课文中谈到托马斯哈代的自然主义时曾有过“性格即命运,环境即命运”的说法,在美国部分讨论德莱塞德自然主义时也有类似的内容,这个时候就要先背好托马斯哈代部分的内容,只有前面的内容背好了,后面的内容才有可能快速掠过,提高学习效率。类似的情况还出现在:狄更斯的创作主题和肖伯纳的创作主题之间有一些关键字是相似的(都谈到了谴责社会虚伪,不公和腐败),英国现代文学创作特点和美国文学创作特点(都提到了from public to private, from chronological to psychic, from objective to subjective)。很多来新东方上课的同学其实开始英语水平都不太高,对文学也很头疼。但是找到了记忆方法之后,反而觉得文学很有意思,最后不仅考出了高分,还喜欢上了文学。这就全在学习方法了。总之,不能一句话一句话的“精读”,时间来不及,考试的时候未必记得住。耽误了时间,延迟了效率,得不偿失。考试大收集整理。

看完一章,做一章的题目,包括选择题和问答题。能记多少算多少。能记得20%就不错了。等全部看完书,开始做全真模拟题,重点放在选择题。慢慢能做对60%就不错了。最后考试前一个星期,把过往每年的考题的问答题背下。最后两天做全真模拟题。问答题拿分是考试过关的关键。由于记忆的短时性,一拿到考题先做问答题。把能做的问答题都拿下先。最后慢慢做选择题,最后不懂的问答题可能在选择题中会有启发。哥考了13年,终于74分考过了。

我的方法是建立一个树枝结构。复习开始时面对的最大困惑是东西太多,无从下手,而且更糟是前背后忘记,忘得比背得快,简直是没天理,花下去的时间精力似乎打了水漂。当然要让每个作家都能象对Shakespeare一样一听就有个大概印象,没有充足广泛阅读量是无法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底,我索性浮起来从面上抓,我的树枝结构应运而生。可以说书前的目录就是主树杆,每个时期是树枝,每个作家便是树叉,单是这样还是很抽像很难记,加上不同的"色彩形状的叶子",开始不用很多,节选作品,称号(e.g. the father of ..... or the Poet's Poet),相关术语(Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism),正是这些"叶子"使树叉有其独特之处,成为记忆的载体。这样我一下子把英美文学浓缩成二张卡片,在回家上班路上忙里偷闲时看一下,记一下,背一下。嗨,各位,这真得很有效噢,在很短时间内,我可以做出60%的选择题了,并将茫然无序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, "if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"。这也许可作为根基吧,但其巩固是在这棵树枝繁叶茂的过程中,基础巩固与细节化是相辅相承的。然后我准备了一份小册子,一页一位作家,每页再加上作家主要作品,风格,特点,作品情节,语言,人物描写,功献,第一或最后本作品,最成功作品,最....,通过你不断从课本中汲取,你的树会茁壮成长,并且由重点到细节,从记忆,熟悉,理解整个过程基本附合考纲要求,完美状态是直至差不多等于课本知识的涵盖量(这是共产主义状态,说实在的我没达到,真是革命尚未成功,同志还需努力)。英美文学是综合学科,要通过或考好,是需要日常对英美历史背景熟悉,对大量著作的阅读,研究体会的。死记硬背真的只是应付考试的,原始而无意义手段,而且对来年的考题是没办法应付的噢!以下还有一些小窍门,希望有帮助:1.先复习美国文学,后英国文学;2.美国文学可先从现实主义阶段开始,英国文学可先从维多利亚阶段开始;3.去年考过题还会再考;4.诗中解释较多的话,找那些能反映主题的解释多背背;明年多半是课本没有的解释了,考你的对诗理解程度了,5。对各阶段时期特征多花功夫复习;6.明年的理解题,综合题,比较题必然多,例如:1.二个阶段思想,风格比较,举例说明;2.描述一个阶段思想,风格特点,举例说明;3.比较二个同一,不同阶段诗人,剧作家,小说家,举其作品说明;刁钻复杂的题人人都可猜,我并非想例出一点希奇古怪的题扰乱你们的思路。这次四月考试,我是充满信心拿高分,对每位作家或诗人我都仔细复习到了,但题目仍是出乎我意料之外,我觉得不公平是题型已不是去年直白而水平的出题方式,是一种纵向综合题型。我想提醒明年要参加考试的同学,决不要把每个作家或时期独立复习,如果可能的话,在对每位作家或时期有一定熟悉的程度,作一点纵向的比较,不但能加深理解,对你们明年考试决对有帮助,不,是贡献。坦白的说,这次考试当天上午,我脑海种几次想到应看一下各个时期的异同点,这是我的薄弱环节,但我仍按常理将重点放在几位重要作家写作风格的复习上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文学,那就别满足于对各位作家的了解,如果明年你又要参加考试,也许猜一点比今年更难的题目,才能应付自如。在英美文学上我真花很大功夫和精力(与其它的十几门课相比),开始时期我确实感到无从下手,复习得很慢很仔细但效率不高。我在这里介绍我的学习方法,只想给以后考试的同学一些提示吧!必竟是我亲身感受和经历的,希望大家能少走一些弯路。在我开始自己的树枝结构的复习方法后,我的学习效率大大提高,那是一种直接,明确,层次分明,直达中心的感觉,我不知谁是否有过同感--课本变薄--确实一种美妙感觉,那天起我便有信心通过英美文学。树枝结构如同将不同时期分成几格抽屉,复习每位作家时就象理衣服一样将它们各就其位,而每格抽屉与其中的衣服都有其共有的独特风格,(eg. English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。 这样就不会象一开始,对每件衣服都细细打理,一旦回头发觉身后堆了一地衣服,仍然茫然不知所措。(我曾将英国文学前二个时期来回复习二遍,恼火是进度极慢而能熟记住的东西不多,后然发觉这二个时期是最次要两个阶段。)这也是我为什么建议大家先看维多利亚时期的原因之一,将头脑清醒比较有耐心的阶段留给重点。

教材是必须要看的 结合着教辅书 也要练习做题

自考本科英美文学选读

我的方法是建立一个树枝结构。复习开始时面对的最大困惑是东西太多,无从下手,而且更糟是前背后忘记,忘得比背得快,简直是没天理,花下去的时间精力似乎打了水漂。当然要让每个作家都能象对Shakespeare一样一听就有个大概印象,没有充足广泛阅读量是无法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底,我索性浮起来从面上抓,我的树枝结构应运而生。可以说书前的目录就是主树杆,每个时期是树枝,每个作家便是树叉,单是这样还是很抽像很难记,加上不同的"色彩形状的叶子",开始不用很多,节选作品,称号(e.g. the father of ..... or the Poet's Poet),相关术语(Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism),正是这些"叶子"使树叉有其独特之处,成为记忆的载体。这样我一下子把英美文学浓缩成二张卡片,在回家上班路上忙里偷闲时看一下,记一下,背一下。嗨,各位,这真得很有效噢,在很短时间内,我可以做出60%的选择题了,并将茫然无序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, "if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"。这也许可作为根基吧,但其巩固是在这棵树枝繁叶茂的过程中,基础巩固与细节化是相辅相承的。然后我准备了一份小册子,一页一位作家,每页再加上作家主要作品,风格,特点,作品情节,语言,人物描写,功献,第一或最后本作品,最成功作品,最....,通过你不断从课本中汲取,你的树会茁壮成长,并且由重点到细节,从记忆,熟悉,理解整个过程基本附合考纲要求,完美状态是直至差不多等于课本知识的涵盖量(这是共产主义状态,说实在的我没达到,真是革命尚未成功,同志还需努力)。英美文学是综合学科,要通过或考好,是需要日常对英美历史背景熟悉,对大量著作的阅读,研究体会的。死记硬背真的只是应付考试的,原始而无意义手段,而且对来年的考题是没办法应付的噢!以下还有一些小窍门,希望有帮助:1.先复习美国文学,后英国文学;2.美国文学可先从现实主义阶段开始,英国文学可先从维多利亚阶段开始;3.去年考过题还会再考;4.诗中解释较多的话,找那些能反映主题的解释多背背;明年多半是课本没有的解释了,考你的对诗理解程度了,5。对各阶段时期特征多花功夫复习;6.明年的理解题,综合题,比较题必然多,例如:1.二个阶段思想,风格比较,举例说明;2.描述一个阶段思想,风格特点,举例说明;3.比较二个同一,不同阶段诗人,剧作家,小说家,举其作品说明;刁钻复杂的题人人都可猜,我并非想例出一点希奇古怪的题扰乱你们的思路。这次四月考试,我是充满信心拿高分,对每位作家或诗人我都仔细复习到了,但题目仍是出乎我意料之外,我觉得不公平是题型已不是去年直白而水平的出题方式,是一种纵向综合题型。我想提醒明年要参加考试的同学,决不要把每个作家或时期独立复习,如果可能的话,在对每位作家或时期有一定熟悉的程度,作一点纵向的比较,不但能加深理解,对你们明年考试决对有帮助,不,是贡献。坦白的说,这次考试当天上午,我脑海种几次想到应看一下各个时期的异同点,这是我的薄弱环节,但我仍按常理将重点放在几位重要作家写作风格的复习上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文学,那就别满足于对各位作家的了解,如果明年你又要参加考试,也许猜一点比今年更难的题目,才能应付自如。在英美文学上我真花很大功夫和精力(与其它的十几门课相比),开始时期我确实感到无从下手,复习得很慢很仔细但效率不高。我在这里介绍我的学习方法,只想给以后考试的同学一些提示吧!必竟是我亲身感受和经历的,希望大家能少走一些弯路。在我开始自己的树枝结构的复习方法后,我的学习效率大大提高,那是一种直接,明确,层次分明,直达中心的感觉,我不知谁是否有过同感--课本变薄--确实一种美妙感觉,那天起我便有信心通过英美文学。树枝结构如同将不同时期分成几格抽屉,复习每位作家时就象理衣服一样将它们各就其位,而每格抽屉与其中的衣服都有其共有的独特风格,(eg. English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。 这样就不会象一开始,对每件衣服都细细打理,一旦回头发觉身后堆了一地衣服,仍然茫然不知所措。(我曾将英国文学前二个时期来回复习二遍,恼火是进度极慢而能熟记住的东西不多,后然发觉这二个时期是最次要两个阶段。)这也是我为什么建议大家先看维多利亚时期的原因之一,将头脑清醒比较有耐心的阶段留给重点。

下篇:美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习,了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景;认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张,及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响;了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点: 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求: 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 (1)“识记”内容:美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 (2)“领会”内容: 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 (3)“应用”内容:清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记:欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记:《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会:欧文的创作领域、创作思想,及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用:选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记:爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会: (1)爱默生的散文:《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 (2)爱默生与梭罗:梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用:《论自然》节选:爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记:霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记:霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会: (1)《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 (2)霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响(人性本恶的观点) (3)霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用:选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记:惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记:惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会: (1)惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 (2)惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用:选读《草叶集》诗选:“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记:麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记:麦尔维尔的早期作品:《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》,后期作品《皮埃尔》《的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会:《白鲸》的 (1)主题:表层及深层意义 (2)小说结构:浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 (3)象征手法和寓言的运用 (4)语言特色 4.应用:选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选:主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period (一)“识记”内容: 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature, from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. Historically, it was the time of westward expansion in America economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression, to make known its new experience that other nations did not have: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen''''''''s life, and the wild west. Besides, the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus, with a strong sense of optimism, a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period, among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. (二)领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters, especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage, the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. (1) They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature, which included a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural. (2) The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. (3) The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. (4) The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. (5) In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e,(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2)The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and, later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4) Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. (三)应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values, as is shown in American romantic writings. (1) American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. (The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons, but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship, and organization of authority.) The American Puritans, like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America, they became more and more practical, as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them, and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error, the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. (2) One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord, Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson, Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club, i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation , the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical, concerning nature, man and the universe. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau, man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible; but to Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature, as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.

自考主要是以书为主的,所以书很重要。

英美文学选读这门课程学习比较困难,要记忆和理解的知识很多,学好这门课的关键是要注重以下几个问题。首先,要注意细节。文学新颁布了考试大纲,明确规定了考核目标。凡是考核目标范围内的作家,一定要仔细阅读,直到能说出以下几个内容才能继续向后复习:1)他的主要作品是什么?2)他的写作主题是什么?3)他的写作风格是什么?4)他是不是这个时代的代表性作家,如果是,那么出大答题的可能性存在不存在?如果这几个问题都能很明确地说出来了,那么考试通过的日子就不远了。其次,复习一定要有章法。有些同学对细节归纳不够,另外一些同学细节背得还可以,但语言表述能力不行。前一种同学,前面的四十分选择题做的就不理想,后面还有节选题,就更不好办了。后一种同学记得住细节,但是拼写语法错误多,看出来是什么作家了,就是写不对,这么丢分十分遗憾。对于这样的同学,我觉得规定每周看书的进度十分重要,比如4月1日到4月3日,准备复习英国文艺复兴部分,你可以每天上午先把书上的细节看一遍,对内容有一个大致的了解。下午的时候专门背大答题,细节也顾到了,大答题的表述内容记清了,进度控制住了,效率自然就提高了。还有就是一定要读作家评述后面的节选。有的考生只读关于作家和文学流派的介绍,不读教材中节选的引文,这样做是很危险的。试卷中有从教材里选出引文,要求考生回答作家的名字,作品的题目和对引文的理解。其实这些考生不是不想读后面的引文,而是没有学会阅读的方法。要想读懂后面的选文,关键是了解文学课本的写作特点。你得先弄清楚作家的创作主题和思想(这一部分通常是写在作家评述部分中)然后顺着创作主题到选文中寻找和这些创作思想相符的句子(选文登在后面,和创作主体部分经常是脱节的)这样做才能既少看,还不遗漏内容。比如惠特曼的诗歌,自我之歌的主题是“歌颂个人主义,自由和平等”,用第一人称手法把诗人的思想和大众的思想联系起来,歌颂一个自由的美国。而书后节选中的song of myself中的第一诗节就体现了这种主题: I celebrate myself and I sing myself。(这句话说的是自由和个人主义),Every atom belonging to me as good belong to you。(这句话说得的诗人希望把自己的思想和大众的思想进行联系),很显然,每一个美国人都把歌颂自己变成一个座右铭,一个人人歌颂自由的国度也就必然是一个歌颂自由的国度。总之,一定要前后联系的看节选,先找到主题,再读节选。最后就是大答题不能死记硬背,得想点办法,加快记忆效率。比如背雪莱的西风颂,那么一大段怎么背呀?最简单的办法就是先把中文的大意背下来,再抓住关键字,回想英语的内容是什么。你可以这么背:“西风是雪莱的形象(image),西风是建设和摧毁的力量(constructive and destructive potential),西风是无处不在的力量(universality),用自然神祈祷希望和复生(primitive deity for hope and rebirth)”抓住了关键字,内容不就明确了吗?还有就是要找到作家之间,英美之间的一些相似性,这样对背诵也很有好处。比如课文中谈到托马斯哈代的自然主义时曾有过“性格即命运,环境即命运”的说法,在美国部分讨论德莱塞德自然主义时也有类似的内容,这个时候就要先背好托马斯哈代部分的内容,只有前面的内容背好了,后面的内容才有可能快速掠过,提高学习效率。类似的情况还出现在:狄更斯的创作主题和肖伯纳的创作主题之间有一些关键字是相似的(都谈到了谴责社会虚伪,不公和腐败),英国现代文学创作特点和美国文学创作特点(都提到了from public to private, from chronological to psychic, from objective to subjective)。很多来新东方上课的同学其实开始英语水平都不太高,对文学也很头疼。但是找到了记忆方法之后,反而觉得文学很有意思,最后不仅考出了高分,还喜欢上了文学。这就全在学习方法了。总之,不能一句话一句话的“精读”,时间来不及,考试的时候未必记得住。耽误了时间,延迟了效率,得不偿失。考试大收集整理。

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