全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题 课程代码：00830 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% × 10=20%) 1. The fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages well illustrates the ________ nature of language. A. cultural B. dual C. productive D. arbitrary 2. In English the two sounds [p] and [ph] are ________. A. a minimal pair B. allophones C. two phonemes D. in phonemic contrast 3. The word “decentralize” contains ________ morphemes. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 4. A ________ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “and,” “but,” “or.” A. simple B. complicated C. coordinate D. complex 5. The sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously” is a typical example of violation of ________. A. speech act theory B. principles of conversation C. selectional restrictions D. grammatical rules 6. The illocutionary point of the ________ is to commit the speaker to something’s being the case, to the truth of what has been said. A. expressives B. commissives C. declaratives D. representatives 7. ________ separated the period of Middle English from that of Modern English. A. The revival of Latin as a literary language B. Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s poems C. European military invasion D. European renaissance movement 8. The following are the syntactic features of Black English EXCEPT ________. A. systematic use of “it is” instead of “there is” B. frequent absence of various forms of “be” C. use of double negation constructions D. absence of subject 9. ________ has a strikingly different view from the other three on language and thought. A. Plato B. Aristotle C. Watson D. Bloomfield 10. ________ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language as a primary means of communication in his or her own community. A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social 非选择题部分 注意事项： 用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题卷上。 Ⅱ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word on the ANSWER SHEET, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10% ) 11. Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but it studies l in general. 12. Speech sounds can be initially classified into two broad categories: vowels and c . 13. The suffix -er in the word “taller” is an i morpheme. 14. Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular g________ function. 15. In terms of componential analysis, the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called s ________ features. 16. The u meaning of a sentence varies with the context in which it is said. 17. In general, linguistic change in the sound system and the v of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar 18. The non-prestige variety in diglossia is called the l variety. 19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the l hemisphere of the brain. 20. In children’s prelinguistic stage, the first recognizable sounds are described as c , with velar consonants such as /k/ and high vowels such as /u/ usually present. Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET for each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20%) 21. Human language is not only genetically transmitted, but also culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted. 22. In broad transcription, the word “build” is transcribed as [bild]. 23. Different words have to use the same affix in order to create the same meaning change. 24. Language is a highly structured system of communication. Sentences are both linearly and hierarchically structured. 25. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 26. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 27. Syntactically, the verb of a sentence in Old English precedes, rather than follows, the subject. 28. The term pidgin originated from the pronunciation of the English word “business” in Chinese Pidgin English. 29. The language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop. 30. The rate and ultimate success in SLA only depend on learners’ experience with optimal input and instruction. Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%) 31. competence 32. phone 33. stem 34. simple sentence 35. synonymy 36. conversational implicature 37. back-formation 38. language planning 39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. Krashen’s acquisition V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% ×2=20%) 41. Please illustrate with example(s) the difference between compounding and derivation. 42. Please explain dichotic listening tests with example(s).
语言学是系统科学地研究语言本质、起源和运用的学科，学习现代语言学及心理、认知等学科基础知识，培养完善现代语言学知识结构的语言学专业人才和具有跨学科学科视野的国际化复合型人才。那么自考现代语言学怎么复习？
自考现代语言学怎么复习？
1、首先应通读教材，对整个理论的概貌有所了解。
2、网上下载历年试卷和考试大纲，把答案在教材书上找出来。因为自考试题是从题库中出来的，往往会反复考到，只要把这些题目都背下来，一般及格没有问题。
3、根据大纲复习，要求识记和掌握的重点背下来，就可以有好的成绩。
4、考试时，要把名词解释当简答题回答，凡是能记住的内容只要卷面允许，都写上去。
自考考试时的答题技巧
1.选择题
对于选择题这个题型，建议大家在复习时先要熟悉教材，然后有针对性地做选择题练习，在考试中才能快速做出判断。熟悉教材还有一点好处，某一道题可能不会，但根据教材中各个时代、时期的主要特点，用排除法也可得出正确选项。也就是在复习时就要提前进入考试状态。
2.简答题
在解答简答题时，最重要的是回答“是什么”，各位自考考生们在答题时要根据根据题干内容回答，问什么答什么，简单明了，不用过多解释“为什么”。一般来说简答题的字数在百字以内就可以了。
3.论述题
论述题主要回答的点就是“为什么：，而且答题时一定要条理清晰。一般来说这种题型在答题时可以分三层，第一层交代相关背景内容，第二层答出主要内容，就是“为什么”，第三层适当叙述一下问题中所述事件的意义，或是影响、地位。论述题的字数在两三百字左右可以叙述清楚。过于简单的话是很难将问题阐述清楚的。
4.分析题
分析题最重要的一点就是要弄清基本概念。在论述题中有时候会出现“论证”、“表述”等词，对于这些词，大家一定要区分清楚，然后再下笔答题，否则的话就很容易出现答非所谓或者偏离主题的现象。
5.作文题
作文题的核心就是看清题目要求。另外还需要大家注意的是，自考大学语文试卷中的作文一般是命题作文，有些考生没有注意结果另立题目进行写作，这就是审题不仔细的结果，所以建议大家一定要看清楚题目要求。
6.计算题
计算题最主要的就是要把计算过程协商，一步也不能少。涉及计算的题目，考生要注意解题步骤。评卷时是采点给分，结果对了，但没有中间的计算过程，也不可能得满分。
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第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
一、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1．语素可以定义为（最小的有意义）的语言成分。2．一个词的语法功能指的是这个词在句法结构里所能占据的（ 语法位置）。3．任何句法结构都可以从两个方面观察：既可以作为一个复杂的结构看它的内部结构，也可以当作一个整体看它的（语法功能 ）。4．从句子的功能来看，可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、称呼句、感叹句和（祈使句 ）。5．词是反映词的（语法功能 ）的类，尽管同一词类在意义上也有一定的共同点。6．谓词性成分转化为体词性成分的主要手段是（“的”字结构 ）。7．谓词性主语可以分成（指称性的 ）和陈述性的两类。8．主语和谓语的关系可以从结构、语义和（表达 ）三个不同的方面来观察。9．“站”、“世纪”这样的词直接放在数词后头的时候，叫做（准量词 ）。10．形容词或动词前边加上“个”变成体词性结构以后充任的宾语叫（程度宾语 ）。二、单项选择题（每小题 1 分，共 20 分）在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。11．在分析一种语言的语音结构时，最小的单位是（A ） A音位 B音节 C语素 D元音12．汉语的语素绝大部分都是（C ）A两个音节的 B三音节的 C单音节的D多音节的13．在多音节单纯词里，一个汉字代表的是（ C） A无意义的音位 B有意义的音节 C无意义的音节 D有意义的音位14．下列不是偏正结构的是（C ） A精品书 B九个孩子C打扫房间 D旧报纸15． “写文章”和“写清楚”分别是（ A）A述宾结构、述补结构B偏正结构、联合结构C述补结构、偏正结构D述补结构、主谓结构16．有关合成词“好好儿的”，以下分析不正确的是（C ）A它是附加式的合成词B它的词根部分是重叠式C“好好”是音节“好”的重迭式。D“的”附加在“好好儿”上，“儿”附加在“好好”上17．属于区别词的是（ C） A酸性B高级 C初级 D低级18．下面说法正确的是（D ）A实词是封闭类，虚词是开放类B实词表示事物、动作、行为等等，虚词起语法作用，但也有具体的意义C实词都是自由的，虚词绝大部分是粘着的D实词能充当主语、宾语或谓语，虚词不能19．不属于准宾语的是（B ） A醒了两次 B扫扫地 C去超市 D来了客人20．属于连谓结构的是（B ） A唱歌跳舞 B跟你开玩笑 C笑得肚子疼D喜欢读书21．“很危险”、“有危险”中的“危险”是（D ） A名词 B形容词 C名动词D名形词22．下面的说法正确的是（A ）A代词可以是体词性的，也可以是谓词性的B代词本身的语法功能和它所替代的词的语法功能一致C代词可以分为人称代词和指示代词两种D“这么”所替代的词是体词性的23．下面的“想”属于助动词的是（B ） A很想妈妈 B她想去跳舞 C她想了很多 D她想自己也许来晚了24．“看不见”是（D ） A趋向补语 B粘合式述补结构 C结果补语 D 组合式述补结构25．与有定宾语不同的是，无定宾语可以出现在（C ） A述语之后 B复合趋向补语中间 C整个述补结构之后 D主语与谓语之间26．下面句子中属于复句的是（A ）A小明下了地铁，上了112路公交车。B肖玲听说，公司换了个会计。C这些花儿的特点是，颜色淡雅，香味浓郁。D为了孩子弹好钢琴，父母没少费劲。27．下列不是准定语的是（A ） A我的书丢了 B张三的原告，李四的被告C他的篮球打得好 D我来帮你的忙28．下面说法不正确的是（C ）A分句和分句之间有意义上的联系B分句有时用连词连接。C连词是作为结构成分来看待的。D有的分句是定位的。29．以下宾语不是虚指的是（ D） A笑什么？别笑了。 B唱它一段 C她说她的 D看了回京戏30．“提起这个人啊，可是大大有名。”中“啊”的作用是（B ） A进行对比 B引起注意 C表示列举 D举个例子三、分析题（第32题6分，其余每小题4分，共42分）31．按要求将下列语素归类（如有交*，可以重复选择）。来 日 失 呢 金 民 好 我自由语素（ ） 粘着语素（ ）定位语素（ ） 不定位语素（ ）自由语素（好来我） 粘着语素（日失呢金民） 定位语素（金民日失） 不定位语素（呢）32．“手表”、“白菜”、“铁路”、“牛肉”“火车”是词还是词组，请具体分析。几个结构的组成成分都是自由的。“手表”、“火车”不能扩展，是词。“白菜”、“铁路”“牛肉”虽能够扩展，但扩展后的意义有变化，因此也是词。33．“爬过山没有？”和“爬过山就到了”中的“过”有什么区别？前一句中的“过”是动词后缀，后面不能再加后缀“了”；后一句中的“过”则是动词做补语，“爬过”是述补结构，后面还能加后缀“了”。两句话因此意思也不同。34．分析“满满儿的”、“他们的”、和“慢慢的”中的“的”有什么不同。“满满儿的”中的“的”是状态形容词后缀，“他们的”中的“的”是助词。“慢慢的”中的“的”是副词后缀。35．“有人”的否定形式是“没有人”，“没有来”的肯定形式不是“有来”，而是“来了”，为什么?两个格式的宾语不同，意思也不一样。“没有人”的“没有”加在体词性成分前边，表示不存在，文言文说“无”，“没有来”的“没有”加在谓词性成分前，表示动作没有完成或是事情没有发生，文言文说“未”。36．“他自己开车”和“他自己知道”在句法结构上一样吗？不一样。前一句主语是“他”，谓语是主谓结构“自己开车”，“他”和“自己”没有直接的结构关系。后一句是同位结构“他自己”做主语。37．将以下句子的主语按要求归类①你的话解不开他的心结。②那支枪不知什么时候丢了。③所有的道理都讲过了。④那位新同事领导还没见过他。⑤这种纸质的杯子用不了多久。⑥每个小朋友都发一个。受事主语（ ） 与事主语（ ） 工具主语（ ）受事主语（②③） 与事主语（④⑥） 工具主语（①⑤）38．举例分析语气词在句中停顿处的作用。①作为停顿的标记。②表示某种语气。（例略）39．请用层次分析法分析下列语法结构的层次和结构关系。①热切盼望他到来②培养阅读的兴趣和养成好学的习惯①热切盼望他到来主谓└ 偏正┘└主谓┘②养成读书的习惯和提高理解的能力联合└ 述宾 ┘└ 述宾 ┘└ 偏正┘ └ 偏正┘40．用划线加注法分析下面多重复句的层次关系。简洁并不是简单，它是以充实为前提的，因此，只有对要表达的事物非常熟悉，能抓住其要点，才能做到简洁。简洁并不是简单，‖它是以充实为并列前提的，｜因此，只有对要表达的事物非常熟因果悉，｜‖能抓住其要点，‖才能做到简洁。并列 条件四、简答题41．联合结构与并立式复合词有什么不同？联合结构的项数是没有限制的，是可扩展的，并立式复合词限于两项，不能扩展。联合结构的语法功能跟它的组成部分语法功能基本上一致，并立式复合词则不一定。从意义上说，联合结构每一项都是实指，而且各有独立的意义，并立式复合词的每一项意义是比况性的。42．举例分析形容词做状态补语的两种情况。形容词做状态补语的两种情况是A“飞得高”B“飞得很高”、“飞得高高的”。A的状态补语是单个的形容词，B的状态补语是“程度副词＋形容词”或状态形容词。两类格式表示的意义不同，A是断言，B是描写；A是静态的，B是动态的；A不包含量的概念，B包含量的概念。从语法功能上来看，B可以受“早就、已经、连忙”等时间副词的修饰，A则不可。B可以跟“把、被、给”等介词连用，A不行。B可以做状语，A不行。（例略）43．述宾结构的述语往往表示动作或行为，宾语表示跟这种动作或行为有联系的事物。宾语与述语的联系具体表现为什么？请举例说明。①宾语表示动作或行为的对象（受事）。②宾语所指的事物是动作或行为产生的。③宾语表示处所。④宾语表示动作或行为的主动者（施事）。（例略）五、论述题。44．如何分辨词和词组？现代汉语中有哪些确定词的界限的方式？有什么缺陷？请举例说明。①根据能不能单独成句来确定汉语的词是有困难的。②单纯根据语言成分活动能力的强弱来确定词的界限也是不足的。③扩展法是根据语言成分结合的紧密程度来确定词和非词的界限的。④单纯从意义方面判定词的界限也是行不通的。判定词的界限要综合运用以上几种方法。(例略）
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第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
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自考本科英语专业考试科目主要有中国近现代史纲要、马克思主义基本原理概论、法律基础、应用写作学、英语翻译、高级英语、英美文学选读、口译与听力、英语写作、现代语言学、英语语法、英语词汇学等。自学考试英语怎么学习1、单词背诵不要停，不要孤立背单词，融入句子文章是关键，做题看书遇到生词要查词典，在词典中把这个单词每个不同的例句都要找出一两句实用的作为代表练出来，这样你才会知道一个单词的不同用法。2、零碎时间用起来，早上上班，晚上下班，上下楼、外出办事情什么的，都可以反复练习，这些时间都可以去练习英语。不要想着要使用整块的时间，因为你恐怕很难有大段的空闲时间，而且零碎的时间学习英语容易出效果。3、利用一切机会扩充单词量，越多越好，越杂越好，兴趣先行，苦干在后。因为单词量是英语学习成功与否的关键，既然是英语专业，单词量当然要比常人的大。4、常去英语角，因为对口语，听力，口译都大有帮助。英语专业的好找工作吗1.英语是国际通用语言，很多国家和地区都将英语指定为官方交流语言。在世界性国际会议、论坛和学术研讨会，在国际商务谈判和国际商贸合同文本，在外资企业或合资企业工作中，英语已成为重要的交流工具。据劳动人事部统计，英语专业毕业生的就业率一直在各专业中居于前10位。2.即使在近年来大学生就业普遍不景气的情况下，大多数院校英语专业毕业生的就业率仍然保持90%以上，就业前景乐观。随着中国经济发展进一步加快，中国和世界的联系也会加强，在一个较长的时期内，英语专业仍会继续保持自己良好的就业前景。3.自考本科是国家承认的正规学历，与普通全日制本科毕业生享有同样的待遇，在找工作、考研、考公务员等方面是一样的，所以自考本科英语专业毕业生就业前景也是很不错的。自考/成人高考有疑问、不知道如何选择主考院校及专业、不清楚自考/成考当地政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
本科自考现代语言学并不算很难，但是需要系统化的学习。自考本科的学历也是被认可的，所以可以选择提升学历。
自考本科现代语言并不难，前提是你一定要非常努力的去复习，国有企业也是认可自考本科的。
自考本科英语专业没有那么难。自考本科学历国企或者事业单位是承认的