基础写作重难点:写作本质：1、写作的一般属性；2、写作的特殊属性。2、写作规律：1、写作转化律；2、写作整合律；3、写作通变律。3.写作者的修养：1、阅历修养；2、学识修养；3、思想修养。4.写作者的能力：1、摄取能力；2、转化能力；3、表达能力。5.形成文章思想的方法：1、归纳概括法；2、主客遇合法；3、纵横比较法。6.结构安排的原则：1、结构安排要符合人类思维活动规律；2、结构安排要服从文章内容表现需要；3、结构安排要具有一定的审美效果。7.结构安排的艺术手法一、分合与曲直：1、分合；2、曲直。二、疏密与虚实：1、疏密；2、虚实。三、抑扬与张弛：1、抑扬；2、张弛。8.结构安排的主要环节一、层次与段落：1、层次与段落的含义；2、层次与段落安排的原则；3、层次安排的方式。二、过渡与照应：1、过渡的含义与方式；2、照应的含义与方式。三、开头与结尾：1、开头的作用与方式；2、结尾的作用与方式。第 1 页9、思维与语言的一般关系：1、思维与语言的相互联系；2、思维与语言的相互区别。10、实现思维与语言自我调控的基本原则：1、培养良好的思维品质；2、正确运用语言规律。11 书面语言表达的基本特征一、准确：1、要注意辨析词义；2、要注意区分词的褒贬色彩；3、要注意掌握词的搭配关系。二、畅达：1、造句要合乎语法和逻辑；2、正确地选用适当的句式。三、简洁：1、要能够抓住事物本质的东西来写；2、尽量用最简洁的形式表达意思。12 书面语言表达的文采之美一、声韵美与辞藻美：1、声韵美；2、辞藻美。二、感性美与理性美：1、感性美；2、理性美。三、朴素美与华丽美：1、朴素美；2、华丽美。展开全文限免导长图转存到网盘发送至微信下载文档北京百度网讯科技有限公司 版本号8.0.70 隐私政策 权限说明版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益专属归内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领第 2 页为您精选会员文档976篇2022国家开放大学电大专科《基础写作》期末试题及答案(试卷号2412)1000人阅读2022国家开放大学电大专科《基础写作》期末试题及答案(试卷号：2412)-1253人阅读2020年国家开放大学电大《基础写作》学习指导2445人阅读2020年国家开放大学电大考试《基础写作》考题1484人阅读获取全部文档9875人在看基于你的浏览为你整理资料合集2020年国家开放大学电大《基础写作》学习指导文件夹国开作业《基础写作》形考任务1参考396 - 百度文库4.0分1018阅读热度TOP国开作业《基础写作》形考任务1参考847 - 百度文库4.3分1008阅读国开作业《基础写作》形考任务1参考820 - 百度文库3.7分1066阅读值得一读剩余15篇精选文档前往APP一键获取全部合集相关文档2022国家开放大学电大专科《基础写作》期末试题及答案(试卷号2412)免费获取全文2022国家开放大学电大专科《基础写作》期末试题及答案(试卷号：2412)-免费获取全文2020年国家开放大学电大《基础写作》学习指导免费获取全文2020年国家开放大学电大考试《基础写作》考题免费获取全文国家开放大学电大《基础写作》形成性写作1000人已阅读TOP超赞2020年国家开放大学电大考试《基础写作》形成性考核1629人已阅读热度文档(2020年更新)国家开放大学电大《基础写作》期末题库和答案2436人已阅读国家开放大学2020年春季学期电大考试《基础写作》形成性考核1000人已阅读国家开放大学电大《基础写作》考题1000人已阅读2021年国家开放大学电大基础写作期末考试题库1956人已阅读国家开放大学电大《基础写作》形成性考核及答案1361人已阅读电大《基础写作》2750人已阅读电大《基础写作》2050人已阅读电大《基础写作》2516人已阅读电大《基础写作》1000人已阅读查看更多APP打开推荐文档集（32篇）
分2个部分：1是基础写作部分。
2是应用写作部分。 基础写作部分是一般文章写作的基本理论，基础知识和方法，以培养学生写作一般文章所必须的基础能力以及文章写作中的一些基本问题，如：如何确立写作的目的，如何搜集和使用材料，如何组织安排好这些材料，如何组段，造句，措词，经过推敲修改，以完美的文字表达出来等问题。
应用写作部分，讲授常用应用文体文章写作理论知识和方法，以提高学生工作中实际应用的各种文体文章的写作能力 据我所知的基础写作考试没有名词解释这一说，叫你写上一篇应用文到是有，比如立一个合同什么的。
风雅颂 诗经根据乐调的不同分为风、雅、颂三类。
风。是不同地区的地方音乐。
《风》诗是从周南、召南、邶、鄘、卫、王、郑、齐、魏、唐、秦、陈、桧、曹、豳等15个地区采集上来的土风歌谣。共160篇。
大部分是民歌。 雅。
是周王朝直辖地区的音乐，即所谓正声雅乐。《雅》诗是宫廷宴享或朝会时的乐歌，按音乐的不同又分为《大雅》31篇，《小雅》74篇，共105篇。
除《小雅》中有少量民歌外，大部分是贵族文人的作品。 颂。
是宗庙祭祀的舞曲歌辞，内容多是歌颂祖先的功业的。《颂》诗又分为《周颂》31篇，《鲁颂》4篇，《商颂》5篇，共40篇。
全部是贵族文人的作品。从时间上看，《周颂》和《大雅》的大部分当产生在西周初期；《大雅》的小部分和《小雅》的大部分当产生在西周后期至东迁时；《国风》的大部分和《鲁颂》、《商颂》当产生于春秋时期。
从思想性和艺术价值上看，三颂不如二雅，二雅不如十五国风。 离 骚 《楚辞》是战国时楚人屈原的作品。
关于篇名，司马迁在《史记·屈原列传》中解释为“离忧”；王逸在《楚辞章句》中解释为“别愁”；近人或解释为“牢骚”，或解释为“楚国曲名‘劳商’的异写”。关于写作年代，有人认为写于楚怀王当朝，诗人被疏远以后；也有人认为作于顷襄王当朝，诗人再放江南时。
迄无定论。《离骚》是中国古代诗歌史上最长的一首浪漫主义的政治抒情诗。
诗人从自叙身世、品德、理想写起，抒发了自己遭谗被害的苦闷与矛盾，斥责了楚王昏庸、群小猖獗与朝政日非，表现了诗人坚持“美政”理想，抨击黑暗现实，不与邪恶势力同流合污的斗争精神和至死不渝的爱国热情。诗中大量运用了古代神话传说，以想象和联想的方式构成了瑰丽奇特的幻想世界，又以神游幻想世界的方式表现了诗人对理想的热烈追求。
诗中大量地运用了“香草美人”的比兴手法，将深刻的内容借助具体生动的艺术形象表现出来，极富艺术魅力。《离骚》具有深刻现实性的积极浪漫主义精神，对后世产生了深远的影响。
互见法 “互见法”是《史记》选取，安排材料来表现人物性格的重要方法。《史记》特别注意人物形象的统一性，为了既不伤害这种统一性，又能忠于史实，在一个人的传记中表现这个人物的主要的经历和性格特征，以突出其基本特点，而其他一些不宜在本传写的材料安排到别人的传记中去描述。
这就是苏洵所说的“本传晦之，而他传发之”的方法。 建安风骨 汉末建安时期？坛巨匠“三曹”（曹操、曹丕、曹植）、“七子”（孔融、王粲、陈琳、徐干、阮瑀、刘桢）继承了汉乐府民歌的现实主义传统，普遍采用五言形式，以风骨遒劲而著称，并具有慷慨悲凉的阳刚之气，形成了文学史上“建安风骨”的独特风格，被后人尊为典范。
无论是“曹氏父子”还是“建安七子”，都长期生活在河洛大地，这种骏爽刚健的风格是同河洛文化密切相关的。 风骨一词最早大量应用于魏、晋、南朝的人物评论，后引用到书画理论和文学评论之中。
至于文学评论，当以南唐刘勰的《文心雕龙·风骨》最为精到：“怊怅述情，必始乎风；沉吟铺辞，莫先于骨。故辞之待骨，如体之树骸；情之含风，犹形之包气。
结言端直，则文骨成焉；意气骏爽，则文风生焉。”意思是端直的言辞结合骏爽的意气，形成格调劲健和艺术感染力强的“风骨”。
风，就是文章的生命力和内在的感染力，而骨是指文章的表现力。 汉献帝最后的年号为“建安”（公元196年~220年），文学史上的建安时期，是指建安至魏初的一段时间。
这一时代的作家，逐步摆脱了儒家思想的束缚，注重作品本身的抒情性，加上当时处于战乱动荡的年代，思想感情常常表现得更为慷慨激昂，他们创作了一大批文学巨著，形成了文学作品内容充实、感情丰富的特点，即人们常说的“建安风骨”。 建安时期的文学作品，尤以诗歌最为突出，建安诗歌是从汉乐府和“古诗”的基础上发展起来的，这些著作表现了时代精神。
“曹氏父子”是建安文坛的领军人物，曹操的诗文，深沉慷慨、气势雄浑；曹丕与文士相处极欢洽。王粲死时，他率众文士送葬，说：“王粲生前喜欢听驴叫，我们都叫一声送他。”
于是墓前响起一片驴叫声。曹植的文学成就最高，他文才富艳，辞藻华丽，善用比喻，因而具有“骨气奇高、词采华茂”的艺术风格。
他的《洛神赋》是千古名篇，以精炼的语言及淳厚的感情，描绘出洛神绝世之美及纯洁无瑕的形象。“七子”中成就最高的是王粲，其代表作《七哀诗》是汉末战乱动荡的真实写照。
建安文学的辉煌成就，对后来文学艺术的发展产生了深远的影响。南唐刘勰和钟嵘反复推崇建安时期的文风；唐陈子昂盛赞“汉魏风骨”，李白有“蓬莱文章建安骨”的诗句；当代鲁迅先生赞誉：建安是文学的自觉时代，从这个时候起，人们开始认识到文学有它自身的价值和独立的地位。
曹丕的《典论·论文》是现存最早的文学批评论文，是建安时代文学自觉的标志。曹丕的《燕歌行》是现存最早的纯粹的七言诗。
“风骨”是中国文学批评史上的一个重要的概念，自南朝至唐，它一直是文学品评的主要标准，建安时代以五言诗为主的文学以风骨遒劲而著称，被后来。
电大即中央广播电视大学以及地方各级广播电视大学，简称“电大”。中央广播电视大学是采用计算机网络、卫星电视等现代传媒技术，运用印刷教材、音像教材、多媒体课件、网络课程等多种教学媒体，面向全国开展远程教育的教育部直属高等学校。[1]
中文名
中央广播电视大学
外文名
Central Radio and TV University
简 称
电大
校 训
自强 求知 有为
创办时间
1979
类 别
公立大学
所属地区
北京
主要院系
文法学院、理工学院、经济学院等
学习方式
开放教育
招生对象
具有国民高中、大专以上学历者
公文材料是指公文制作者为了表现公文主旨， 从现实工作、学习和生活中摄取并写入公文中的一系列内容包括情况、背景、目的、根据、办法、措施、意见、规定、时间、数字等的统称.它是提炼公文主旨的基础和依据. 材料对主旨具有制约作用.有什么样的材料，才能提炼出什么样的主旨.主旨能否做到正确、鲜明、集中，关键取决于材料的优劣.俗话说：“巧妇难为无米之炊”，离开材料，就形不成公文.此外，公文主旨的表达也要依据材料.在公文写作中，要用大量的事实、数字、论据等来体现主旨，而这又必须以材料作为支柱.总之，材料是公文写作之母.。
加295009533。我有答案，要的速度来！！！~~采纳哦
自考汉语言文学专业专科的主要课程有中学教育学、中学心理学、现代汉语（一）、现代汉语（二）、文化概论（一）、基础写作、古代汉语、古代汉语（二）、中国古代文学作品选等。自考专科汉语言文学有哪些考试科目自考大专汉语言文学科目有：中国文化概论、中国古代文学史、美学、语言学概论、外国文学史、中国现代文学史、中国现当代作家作品专题研究、中国古代文论选读、外国作家作品专题研究、马.....主义政治经济学原理等。自学考试的汉语言文学专业主要培养掌握汉语和中国文学方面的基本知识的人才，通过有关理论、发展历史、研究现状等方面的系统教育和业务能力的基本训练，可在科研机关、高等院校从事研究、教学工作、有的可从事对外汉语教学。以上内容为自考汉语言文学专科科目等相关内容，如有自考考试科目，自考专业，自考攻略，自考报名时间，自考考试时间等相关问题或者想要了解更多有关于学历提升等相关信息，考生可以通过文章底页预留信息，可以通过咨询窗口或填写学历提升方案。自考汉语言文学考试难度怎么样自考汉语言文学考试不难。自考汉语言文学属于文科专业，是热门专业之一，主要以背诵记忆为主，没有计算方面的试题，所以相对来说难度并不大。自考生平时多看教材，了解考试大纲内容，熟悉掌握知识点，是容易通过的。自考的单科及格分数是60分，满分为100分，达到60分或者以上就可以获得单科结业证书，通过所有课程就可以申请毕业。本文为自考汉语言文学专科科目相关内容，想要提升学历、选择专业、了解院校的考生可以通过下方填写联系方式，会有专业的老师为您解答学历最佳提升方案报考考试有疑问、不知道如何考点内容、不清楚报考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
2017年的英语自学考试写作基础试题大家有做过吗?下面是我给大家整理的2017英语自学考试写作基础试题，供大家参阅!
I.重写句子(15 points, 1.5 points each)
Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement in brackets.
Example: The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. (periodic
sentence) 1. Queues will likely be long this summer at the airport. Families head abroad for their summer holidays. (complex sentence)
2. Although the rain clouds are gathering in the distance, they still insist on meeting in the park. (simple sentence)
3. No farmer would dare invest in anything new without being certain that the government officials stand behind it.(periodic sentence)
4. The loan model offers some unbelievably cheap loans and allows a short payback period. (compound sentence)
5.Because the hotel receptionist beat the thief severely, both the receptionist and the thief were arrested. (simple sentence)
6. Tighter restrictions on animal transports have forced farmers to consider transporting their herds by cargo plane instead of lorry as a way to comply with animal welfare requirements. (complex sentence)
7. The Great Wall is the world’s longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, along an arc roughly drawing the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. (compound-complex sentence)
8. By the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC, the Chinese had learned the techniques of wall-building. (loose sentence)
9. Susan knows business management very well. She has got many years’ work experience in business administration. (compound sentence)
10. Oprah Winfrey’s own story is an inspiration. She overcame almost every obstacle that a person might face. (compound-complex sentence)
Ⅱ.修改病句 (15 points,3 points each)
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television. I resolved never to buy that
brand again.
11. A new blouse in a fashionable color can update an old outfit; in contrast, adding dramatic jewelry or an attractive scarf can make an old outfit seem new.
12. Judging by Meg’s party, her parents are irresponsible. First of all, there is no adult supervision, for example, wine and beer are served.
13. He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river. And that a small reservoir should be built.
14. My hometown is closer to Beijing than Shijiazhuang.
15. After correcting all the mistakes, the second draft of the paper was much better than the first. Ⅲ.辨认主题句 (15 points, 5 points each)
16. Choose the best topic sentence from the four options below. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
A. Some political parties have adopted animals to represent them.
B. Cars are given animal names to make consumers associate them with speed and grace.
C. Many professional sports teams, such as the Tigers and Rams, have chosen animal names to suggest power.
D. Many people in the world hold animals in such high regard that they use animals’ names for their organizations and products.
17. Read the following paragraph and write the topic sentence on the Answer Sheet.
We are on our way to becoming a cashless, checkless society, a trend that began with the credit card. Now some banks are offering “debit cards” instead of credit cards. The costs of purchases made with these cards are deducted from the holder’s bank account instead of being added to a monthly bill. And checking accounts, which are mainly used for paying bills, are going electronic. Now some people can make computer transactions over their pushbutton phones to pay bills by transferring money from their account to the account of whomever they owe. Soon we may be able to conduct most of our business without signing a check or actually seeing the money we earn and spend.
18. Read the following paragraph and choose the best topic sentence from the four options that follow. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
Cutting down on your responsibilities is one way to minimize stress in your life. You can also relax yourself by breathing deeply, rather than taking light, shallow breaths. Peaceful music is also soothing if you focus your attention on it and consciously disregard distracting thoughts. Another good way to release
tension is to exercise regularly, which, rather than tiring you out, builds energy and endurance.
A. Stress has several harmful effects, so you must minimize them.
B. There are several ways you can reduce stress in your life.
C. Cutting down on responsibilities lessens stress.
D. You can relax by breathing deeply.
Ⅳ.重新组合段落 (5 points, l point each)
19. Rearrange the following sentences so that they read logically. Write the corresponding letters in a proper sequence on the Answer Sheet. The positions of some sentences have been given.
A. After several conversations with salespeople, she then buys what she came into the store for in the first place, but all the while, my father has been reading a mystery in the car.
B. My father has grown to hate stores of all kinds.
C. My mother, on the other hand, has a somewhat more complicated approach.
D. As she does so, she draws up two mental lists-one of items that she can afford and the other of items she cannot.
E. His view is that one should go into a store, buy what one came for, and leave.
F. While she believes that one should enjoy oneself as much as possible while shopping, my father feels enjoyment and shopping are two different things.
G. She prefers to look carefully over every single item in the store.
Ⅴ. 划掉与段落内容无关的句子 (10 points, 5 points each)
20. Read the following paragraph and write the TWO irrelevant sentences on the Answer Sheet. Studies reveal that people’s first names can have influence on them. Clearly, Chinese names are quite different. Some names reflect on people in a positive way. For example, one survey showed that American men consider the name Susan to be sexy. And participants in a British study thought Tony to be the name of someone very friendly. However, other names can have a negative impact. In one study, for instance, teachers gave lower grades to essays supposedly written by boys named Hubert and Elmer than to the very same essays when they were credited to boys with more popular names. Another study found that girls with unpopular names did worse on IQ and achievement tests than girls with more appealing names. So IQ and achievement tests are important and necessary in studying names.
Ⅵ. 写信 (40 points)
21. Suppose you (Wang Lin) have finished your study, during which Professor Li helped you a lot both in your study and in your life. Write a letter to thank him. Tell him with examples that you have learned a lot from him in terms of knowledge and positive attitude towards difficulties. And
also tell him that with what you have learned from him, you have got a good job in a company or you have started your own business. (150-200 words)
I. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.
Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions
Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual’s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes.
In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes” such as a 1920’s “flapper girl” and the 1960’s “hippie.” With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time.
As stated by Pasacoe, “The fashion of the 1920’s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charlestondance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable.” Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women’s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women’s roles and fights within that same time frame.
Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960’s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the “free love” era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the ssocial climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, “The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment.”
Towards the end of the 1960's, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated, “By the end of the decade, cheap, flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion; in fact ‘anti-fashion’ became the biggest fashion of all.” In this case, clothes became a form of protest.
Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially “appropriate” styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted“stylish” fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one's life and the time in which they lived.
II. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
Say No to Blind Optimism
“Is the glass half full or half empty?" This question is often asked to determine whether someone
is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships.
We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glori ous plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience. We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won’t work.
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don’t drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud.
IlI. Compose an essay. (60 points)
Some people enjoy playing sports individually while others love to play in groups. Which do you prefer? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your reasons.
自考有汉语言文学专业，其主要学习现代汉语、基础写作、中国现代文学史、文学概论、语言学概论、古代汉语、西方文学批评史、中国古代文学名著选读、中国现代文学名著选读、中国当代文学名著选读、外国文学名著选读、中国现代文学史、中国当代文学史、外国文学史、外国文学史、当代文化评论、先秦两汉魏晋南北朝文学、唐宋文学、元明清文学、美学原理、逻辑学等课程。 自考报名条件 1、凡具有本省正式户籍的公民，不受年龄、职业、学历的限制，均可就近报名并参加考试。外省在我省工作学习的人员，也可就近报名参加考试。 2、经国家教育部正式批准或备案的各类高等学校的专科毕业生，可直接申请报考本科段(独立本科段)。 3、考生专科(基础科段)、本科段(独立本科段)可同时兼报，但在领取本科毕业证书前必须先获取专科毕业证书。 4、实践性学习环节考核、毕业论文、毕业设计、毕业考核等，须按规定在本专业涉及实践课程理论考试全部合格后才能报考。 5、提倡在职人员按照学用一致、理论与实践相结合的原则选择报考专业。对某些行业性较强的专业(如公安管理、医学类专业等)将根据专业考试计划的要求限制报考对象。自考/成考有疑问、不知道如何总结自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考报名当地政策，点击底部咨询官网，免费领取复习资料：
2017年的英语自学考试写作基础试题大家有做过吗?下面是我给大家整理的2017英语自学考试写作基础试题，供大家参阅!
I.重写句子(15 points, 1.5 points each)
Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement in brackets.
Example: The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. (periodic
sentence) 1. Queues will likely be long this summer at the airport. Families head abroad for their summer holidays. (complex sentence)
2. Although the rain clouds are gathering in the distance, they still insist on meeting in the park. (simple sentence)
3. No farmer would dare invest in anything new without being certain that the government officials stand behind it.(periodic sentence)
4. The loan model offers some unbelievably cheap loans and allows a short payback period. (compound sentence)
5.Because the hotel receptionist beat the thief severely, both the receptionist and the thief were arrested. (simple sentence)
6. Tighter restrictions on animal transports have forced farmers to consider transporting their herds by cargo plane instead of lorry as a way to comply with animal welfare requirements. (complex sentence)
7. The Great Wall is the world’s longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, along an arc roughly drawing the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. (compound-complex sentence)
8. By the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC, the Chinese had learned the techniques of wall-building. (loose sentence)
9. Susan knows business management very well. She has got many years’ work experience in business administration. (compound sentence)
10. Oprah Winfrey’s own story is an inspiration. She overcame almost every obstacle that a person might face. (compound-complex sentence)
Ⅱ.修改病句 (15 points,3 points each)
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television. I resolved never to buy that
brand again.
11. A new blouse in a fashionable color can update an old outfit; in contrast, adding dramatic jewelry or an attractive scarf can make an old outfit seem new.
12. Judging by Meg’s party, her parents are irresponsible. First of all, there is no adult supervision, for example, wine and beer are served.
13. He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river. And that a small reservoir should be built.
14. My hometown is closer to Beijing than Shijiazhuang.
15. After correcting all the mistakes, the second draft of the paper was much better than the first. Ⅲ.辨认主题句 (15 points, 5 points each)
16. Choose the best topic sentence from the four options below. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
A. Some political parties have adopted animals to represent them.
B. Cars are given animal names to make consumers associate them with speed and grace.
C. Many professional sports teams, such as the Tigers and Rams, have chosen animal names to suggest power.
D. Many people in the world hold animals in such high regard that they use animals’ names for their organizations and products.
17. Read the following paragraph and write the topic sentence on the Answer Sheet.
We are on our way to becoming a cashless, checkless society, a trend that began with the credit card. Now some banks are offering “debit cards” instead of credit cards. The costs of purchases made with these cards are deducted from the holder’s bank account instead of being added to a monthly bill. And checking accounts, which are mainly used for paying bills, are going electronic. Now some people can make computer transactions over their pushbutton phones to pay bills by transferring money from their account to the account of whomever they owe. Soon we may be able to conduct most of our business without signing a check or actually seeing the money we earn and spend.
18. Read the following paragraph and choose the best topic sentence from the four options that follow. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
Cutting down on your responsibilities is one way to minimize stress in your life. You can also relax yourself by breathing deeply, rather than taking light, shallow breaths. Peaceful music is also soothing if you focus your attention on it and consciously disregard distracting thoughts. Another good way to release
tension is to exercise regularly, which, rather than tiring you out, builds energy and endurance.
A. Stress has several harmful effects, so you must minimize them.
B. There are several ways you can reduce stress in your life.
C. Cutting down on responsibilities lessens stress.
D. You can relax by breathing deeply.
Ⅳ.重新组合段落 (5 points, l point each)
19. Rearrange the following sentences so that they read logically. Write the corresponding letters in a proper sequence on the Answer Sheet. The positions of some sentences have been given.
A. After several conversations with salespeople, she then buys what she came into the store for in the first place, but all the while, my father has been reading a mystery in the car.
B. My father has grown to hate stores of all kinds.
C. My mother, on the other hand, has a somewhat more complicated approach.
D. As she does so, she draws up two mental lists-one of items that she can afford and the other of items she cannot.
E. His view is that one should go into a store, buy what one came for, and leave.
F. While she believes that one should enjoy oneself as much as possible while shopping, my father feels enjoyment and shopping are two different things.
G. She prefers to look carefully over every single item in the store.
Ⅴ. 划掉与段落内容无关的句子 (10 points, 5 points each)
20. Read the following paragraph and write the TWO irrelevant sentences on the Answer Sheet. Studies reveal that people’s first names can have influence on them. Clearly, Chinese names are quite different. Some names reflect on people in a positive way. For example, one survey showed that American men consider the name Susan to be sexy. And participants in a British study thought Tony to be the name of someone very friendly. However, other names can have a negative impact. In one study, for instance, teachers gave lower grades to essays supposedly written by boys named Hubert and Elmer than to the very same essays when they were credited to boys with more popular names. Another study found that girls with unpopular names did worse on IQ and achievement tests than girls with more appealing names. So IQ and achievement tests are important and necessary in studying names.
Ⅵ. 写信 (40 points)
21. Suppose you (Wang Lin) have finished your study, during which Professor Li helped you a lot both in your study and in your life. Write a letter to thank him. Tell him with examples that you have learned a lot from him in terms of knowledge and positive attitude towards difficulties. And
also tell him that with what you have learned from him, you have got a good job in a company or you have started your own business. (150-200 words)
I. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.
Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions
Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual’s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes.
In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes” such as a 1920’s “flapper girl” and the 1960’s “hippie.” With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time.
As stated by Pasacoe, “The fashion of the 1920’s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charlestondance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable.” Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women’s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women’s roles and fights within that same time frame.
Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960’s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the “free love” era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the ssocial climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, “The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment.”
Towards the end of the 1960's, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated, “By the end of the decade, cheap, flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion; in fact ‘anti-fashion’ became the biggest fashion of all.” In this case, clothes became a form of protest.
Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially “appropriate” styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted“stylish” fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one's life and the time in which they lived.
II. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
Say No to Blind Optimism
“Is the glass half full or half empty?" This question is often asked to determine whether someone
is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships.
We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glori ous plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience. We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won’t work.
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don’t drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud.
IlI. Compose an essay. (60 points)
Some people enjoy playing sports individually while others love to play in groups. Which do you prefer? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your reasons.
1. For the past ten years, we have achieved great progress in many areas.2. Though it was raining, he went all the same.3. He wrote three books in the first two years, which is a record he had never reached before.4. Shutting the door behind him, he went out.5. I really can't understand the reason why he is often late for work.6. Some people in the audience hissed for the projector broke for a second time, while others shouted for a refund.7. The carefully designed project went on smoothly.8. You may stay at home waiting for us; you may go to the cinema alone.9. I am now working as an accountant in that city, in which about two million people live.10. Hurry up or you may miss the train.
您好，自考大学语文作文题目通常涵盖多个领域，包括社会、文化、教育、科技、环境等方面。具体的题目包括：1. 如何看待网络对青少年的影响？2. 你对当前教育体制的看法和建议。3. 论如何保护环境，实现可持续发展。4. 你眼中的中国文化传承与创新。5. 如何看待现代科技对人类生活的影响？6. 议论文化多样性与文化认同的关系。7. 你对未来城市发展的设想和建议。8. 如何看待当前社会的道德风气和价值观念。以上仅是部分可能出现的自考大学语文作文题目，考生需要根据自己的实际情况和备考情况进行针对性的准备。
自考大学语文作文题目包括社会热点、个人经历、文化传承等多个方面。社会热点方面，可以涉及到当前社会问题，如“如何应对网络暴力”、“青少年沉迷网络的原因及解决方法”等。个人经历方面，可以写自己的成长历程或重要经历，如“我的大学生活”、“我和父母的故事”等。文化传承方面，可以写中国传统文化或当地民俗文化，如“春节习俗的变迁”、“传统手工艺的保护与发展”等。无论是哪个方面的作文，都需要注意语言表达清晰、结构合理、观点独特。
一、汉语言文学本科考试科目自考汉语言文学大专的考试科目：毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论，中学教育学，中学心理学，现代汉语(一)，现代汉语(二)，文学概论(一)，基础写作，古代汉语(一)，古代汉语(二)，中国古代文学作品选(一)，中国现代文学作品选，中国当代文学作品选，中国古代文学作品选(二)等。二、自考汉语言文学本科的考试科目语言学概论，中国古代文学史(一)，中国古代文学史(二)，中国近代文学史，中国现代文学史，中国当代文学史，近代汉语，现代汉语语法研究，美学，中学语文教学法，外国文学史等等。考生可根据以上考试科目合理安排时间进行学习和复习。以上自考汉语言文学本科和专科科目仅供参考，全国各个省市地方不同，可能考试科目方面有所不同。三、就业方向自考汉语言文学就业方向择多，就业面广，而且通过率高，毕业后可到新闻文艺出版部门、高校、科研机构和机关企事业单位从事文学评论、汉语言文学教学与研究工作，以及文化宣传，文案策划，编辑，平面设计等相关工作。汉语言文学属于文科专业，学起来还是比较轻松的，只要自己肯努力与坚持，多做真题，有适合自己的学习方法，还是容易轻松过关的。上学吧自考汉语言文学APP是可以帮助大家高效复习的，题库全面，有自考汉语言文学各个科目的真题、模拟题及考点练习，还有课程版陪伴大家学习！
一般都是书上的内容，很简单，我批改过自考卷。
写作行为特点 个体性，创造性，综合性，实践性，社会性 三，构成写作行为的基本要素 写作主体，写作载体，写作受体，写作客体 写作载体的要素 （写作载体主要指作者进行写作活动的工具，以及写作成果的凝聚物。
亦即文章。） 1.写作最直观的工具是纸和笔。
2.语言是思维的工具，载体。 3.另一个重要载体是在语言文字基础上形成的“篇章结构”及“文体”。
文学语言与实用语言的区别 1.文学语言具有内指性，实用语言具有外指性。（内指性表现的是艺术的真实，服从的是一种诗意的，情感的逻辑。
外指性指向语言符号之外的现实世界，必须符号现实生活的逻辑，经得起现实生活的检验。） 2.文学语言具有诗意的心理蕴含，实用语言则语意明确单一。
3.文学语意讲究不断地更新，实用语言则要求规范。 主体心灵建构的途径：阅历 阅读 历练 客体是如何进入主体心灵的 1. 注意是座门；注意是认识的开端、认识的基 础。
2. “需要和兴趣”是内在的驱动力，并字节控制 着认识的目标指向。 3. “知识和经验”是认知的基本条件，并影响到 认识的深度和广度。
4. “思想、观念与情感”对认知产生巨大的影响 。 5. “思维程度”影响到认识的深度 6. “心理定势”给认识以潜在影响 写作材料是如何生成的：心灵化，价值判断，感觉具体，有所发现 特点：多义性，可塑性，主观性，客观性，要求：贴切，新颖，真实，典型。
体验的特点：1体验是真历性与假想性的统一 2内省性与外察性的统一 3主观性与客观性的统一。
写作行为特点
个体性，创造性，综合性，实践性，社会性 三，构成写作行为的基本要素 写作主体，写作载体，写作受体，写作客体
写作载体的要素
（写作载体主要指作者进行写作活动的工具，以及写作成果的凝聚物。亦即文章。） 1.写作最直观的工具是纸和笔。 2.语言是思维的工具，载体。 3.另一个重要载体是在语言文字基础上形成的“篇章结构”及“文体”。
文学语言与实用语言的区别
1.文学语言具有内指性，实用语言具有外指性。（内指性表现的是艺术的真实，服从的是一种诗意的，情感的逻辑。外指性指向语言符号之外的现实世界，必须符号现实生活的逻辑，经得起现实生活的检验。）
2.文学语言具有诗意的心理蕴含，实用语言则语意明确单一。 3.文学语意讲究不断地更新，实用语言则要求规范。
主体心灵建构的途径：阅历 阅读 历练
客体是如何进入主体心灵的
1. 注意是座门；注意是认识的开端、认识的基 础。
2. “需要和兴趣”是内在的驱动力，并字节控制 着认识的目标指向。 3. “知识和经验”是认知的基本条件，并影响到 认识的深度和广度。 4. “思想、观念与情感”对认知产生巨大的影响 。 5. “思维程度”影响到认识的深度 6. “心理定势”给认识以潜在影响
写作材料是如何生成的：心灵化，价值判断，感觉具体，有所发现
特点：多义性，可塑性，主观性，客观性，要求：贴切，新颖，真实，典型。
体验的特点：1体验是真历性与假想性的统一 2内省性与外察性的统一 3主观性与客观性的统一
分2个部分：1是基础写作部分。
2是应用写作部分。 基础写作部分是一般文章写作的基本理论，基础知识和方法，以培养学生写作一般文章所必须的基础能力以及文章写作中的一些基本问题，如：如何确立写作的目的，如何搜集和使用材料，如何组织安排好这些材料，如何组段，造句，措词，经过推敲修改，以完美的文字表达出来等问题。
应用写作部分，讲授常用应用文体文章写作理论知识和方法，以提高学生工作中实际应用的各种文体文章的写作能力 据我所知的基础写作考试没有名词解释这一说，叫你写上一篇应用文到是有，比如立一个合同什么的。
一、了解课程性质和考试目标 《文体写作》是高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业（本科段）的必修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者的文体写作知识和能力的一门专业课。
在我国高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业中，写作类课程是重要的专业能力课程。在写作类课程里，《基础写作》是专业基础课，在专科阶段开设；《文体写作》是专业提高课，在本科阶段开设。
《基础写作》课的内容是写作和基础知识和常用文体写作，《文体写作》是在这个基础上开设的课程，它是《基础写作》的提高，它的内容是我国现代主要的文学体裁写作和学术论文写作。 高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业（本科段）设置《文体写作》课程的目的，就是使已经具备汉语言文学专业大专程度的自学应考者，进一步掌握主要文学体裁写作的学术论文写作的知识，提高主要文学体裁写作和学术论文写作的能力。
《文体写作》是一门专业的知识和能力的课程，这门课程的性质可以归纳为能力性、理论性、综合性和实践性四个方面，其中的能力性是主要性质。《文体写作》的主要教学目标是提高学生的写作能力，使学生学会主要文学体裁的写作和学术论文的写作，所以能力性是这门课程主要的特点。
同时，《文体写作》有自己的理论知识体系，学习《文体写作》需要掌握必要的文体理论知识，所以它有理论性的特点。写作是思想、感情、阅历、学识和文字表达技能技巧等多方面综合的心智活动，文体写作理论也涉及到许多学科的知识，所以，这门课程无论是知识还是能力都带有综合性的特点。
最后，能力的获得要经过反复练习，没有自己的写作实践，不可能提高写作能力，也不可能深刻理解写作理论，所以这门课要求在课内安排写作训练、在课外参加写作实践，这就是这门课的实践性特点。总结上述的四个性质，可以说，《文体写作》课是一门是理论与实践结合，知识的获得与能力的提高结合，文体写作知识的学习和文体写作能力的训练结合的课程。
根据课程设置的目的和课程的性质，《文体写作》的考试目标，是测量考生掌握主要文学体裁以及学术论文写作理论知识的情况和写作主要文学体裁以及学术论文能力的水平。具体包括下列三项： 识记和理解小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等文体的主要理论知识。
这项其中对文体的概念、分类、含义等的识记大约占考试内容的20%；对文体的特征、写作方法、写作要求等的理解大约占考试内容的30%。 会运用小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等文体的理论知识，对上述各种文体的作品进行分析和评价。
这项大约占考试内容的10%。 有较高的文体写作能力，会写小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等体裁的文章，尤其要求会散文、小说和杂文等体裁的文章。
这项大约占考试内容的40%。
世界在不断进步，社会在不断发展，如何才能成为一名与时俱进的大学生，实现自身的社会价值呢？所谓大学生，顾名思义，就是一个社会的文化象征。
他必须具备一定的文化底蕴。充分学习各项专业技术，努力掌握潮流科学，跟上科学发展的脚步，积极发展自身刻苦学习，涉取知识。
知识是社会发展的基础。科学技术是第一生产力，只有有了文化基础，才能提高自己的素养，能够更好的发展。
其次，要做合格的大学生还要有一定的思想道德修养，只有道德高尚的人才能够称的上是真正的人才，否则只有一个金玉其表，败絮其内的斯文败类。即使拥有更高的科学水平，没有一颗有道德的新，他也不要会造福社会，甚至还会危害社会，危害人民安全。
许多高科技犯罪的产生，都是一些具备高学历水平的社会“人才”造成的，这更说明了道德的重要性，尊师重教，敬老爱国，等等都是我们所必备的。在次，要成为新世纪的大学生，还要发展全面素质，不能只是两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书。
要注重与人交流，与人合作的精神。这个社会是人的社会，是以人为本。
要与同伴携手合作，才能共创佳绩，许多事情不是一个人能完成的，众人拾柴才能火焰高。随着中国加入WTO中国经济的飞速发展，也带来了一系列的问题，我们不仅要与国人交流还要与外国友人进行交流。
我们的祖国已经向世界敞开了怀抱，作为新实际的大学生，我们要作好准备，学好英语，熟悉外国礼节，为我们的经济在加一把火。最后，也是最重要的，我们要有一个强健的体制。
“身体是革命的本钱”。只有拥有健康的身体才能更好的投入工作和学习。
来自工作和家庭的压力越来越大，这一切都需要健壮的体魄。全民建身发展体育事业这已经成为当下社会的一种主流趋势。
总而言之要成为一名合格的大学生，就要德智体美劳全面发展，跟上党的脚步，随着发展的潮流，不断超越自己，充实自己。发挥自己最大的潜能，投入工作学习中，实现自身的价值。
一个合格的大学生应该是学习不能丢，但是主要的是你的能力怎么样，每一个人应该抓住机遇，但是机遇不会在那里等着你，自己应该在班级、学校里充分表现你自己才能碰到好的机会，你才能利用。大学是一个锻炼自己的场所，所以我们应该表现我们自己 class="page_speeder_499814049" loop="0">一个合格的大学生应该是学习不能丢，但是主要的是你的能力怎么样，每一个人应该抓住机遇，但是机遇不会在那里等着你，自己应该在班级、学校里充分表现你自己才能碰到好的机会，你才能利用。
大学是一个锻炼自己的场所，所以我们应该表现我们自己 合格的大学生应该知道自己在干什么，为了什么。只要自己过的好就行了，不必考虑什么班级、学校、社会、国家这些虚无的概念。
集体主义没有什么意义，如果每个人都尽力追求自己的幸福，社会自然会达到最优化。无能的人才会要求“群体认同”。
最悲哀的莫过于把自己的无能说成是“舍小家为大家”。同样，考试和成绩也没什么意义，最重要的是机遇和抓住机遇的能力。
只要及格就好，不必浪费珍贵的时间在那些陈腐的知识上面。同样，领导、老师也没什么意义，大家都是平等的人，我用得着你自然善待你，用不着就一边站。
多交几个志同道合的朋友是应该的。多看有价值的书是应该的。
多结交各种各样的人、多游历是应该的。除此之外只是选修课。
其实我们讨论什么是合格的大学生是没有意义的。只是又凭空造出来一个虚幻的概念而已。
也没有必要把一个固定的标准加到每个人头上。自己活的精彩了，再去搞那些有闲阶级的概念思辩。
我认为做一名合格的大学生应该是个方面都合格：学习.思想.行为等等 当然这里没有什么具体的标准规定我们该做什么，不该做什么。但是身处这个快速发展的时代，身处这个过度的时代，身处这个需要我们来引导和改变的时代，我们不得不要对自己严格一些。
因为我们是中国很重要的一代，中国以往的形象要由我们去向世界更改，中国未来的良好形象需要我们去树立！所以，如何做一个合格的大学生，这是我们每个同学都要考虑的问题，更是我们每个同学都要做好的问题！！！给大学生的忠告，不是真理，但是足够你用四年 一，别以为在学生会你能得到你曾经想要的。工作的热情很可能因为你所看到的所经历的一些事而改变，但是也不必惧怕。
你有大一一年来适应或者承受，并做出是继续坚持还是退出的决定。二，大学可能有真实的爱情，但是记住只是可能。
很多时候他们是因为别人都谈恋爱而羡慕或者别的原因而在一起。所以，不必为任何分手而受太大的伤，记住，太大的伤，真爱，还是值得追求的。
三，如果你的家庭一般的话，那么记得你在大学有很多意外用钱的地方。比如二专业或者将来的各种班，为了你的家人和你自己的前途，永远别乱花钱。
记住，永远。四，朋友，你大学的朋友很可能就是你将来事业的一部分。
他们会帮助你。但是你也应该让自己有帮助他们的实力，所以，你要努力，你和你的朋友会一起在将来打造一个可能很辉煌的事业。
很好听是吗？但是记住，你们都要努力。五，很多事情当你再回忆时会发现其实没什么。
所以，不管你当时。
一、了解课程性质和考试目标 《文体写作》是高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业（本科段）的必修课，是为培养和检验自学应考者的文体写作知识和能力的一门专业课。 在我国高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业中，写作类课程是重要的专业能力课程。在写作类课程里，《基础写作》是专业基础课，在专科阶段开设；《文体写作》是专业提高课，在本科阶段开设。《基础写作》课的内容是写作和基础知识和常用文体写作，《文体写作》是在这个基础上开设的课程，它是《基础写作》的提高，它的内容是我国现代主要的文学体裁写作和学术论文写作。
高等教育自学考试师范类汉语言文学专业（本科段）设置《文体写作》课程的目的，就是使已经具备汉语言文学专业大专程度的自学应考者，进一步掌握主要文学体裁写作的学术论文写作的知识，提高主要文学体裁写作和学术论文写作的能力。 《文体写作》是一门专业的知识和能力的课程，这门课程的性质可以归纳为能力性、理论性、综合性和实践性四个方面，其中的能力性是主要性质。《文体写作》的主要教学目标是提高学生的写作能力，使学生学会主要文学体裁的写作和学术论文的写作，所以能力性是这门课程主要的特点。同时，《文体写作》有自己的理论知识体系，学习《文体写作》需要掌握必要的文体理论知识，所以它有理论性的特点。写作是思想、感情、阅历、学识和文字表达技能技巧等多方面综合的心智活动，文体写作理论也涉及到许多学科的知识，所以，这门课程无论是知识还是能力都带有综合性的特点。最后，能力的获得要经过反复练习，没有自己的写作实践，不可能提高写作能力，也不可能深刻理解写作理论，所以这门课要求在课内安排写作训练、在课外参加写作实践，这就是这门课的实践性特点。总结上述的四个性质，可以说，《文体写作》课是一门是理论与实践结合，知识的获得与能力的提高结合，文体写作知识的学习和文体写作能力的训练结合的课程。 根据课程设置的目的和课程的性质，《文体写作》的考试目标，是测量考生掌握主要文学体裁以及学术论文写作理论知识的情况和写作主要文学体裁以及学术论文能力的水平。具体包括下列三项： 识记和理解小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等文体的主要理论知识。这项其中对文体的概念、分类、含义等的识记大约占考试内容的20%；对文体的特征、写作方法、写作要求等的理解大约占考试内容的30%。 会运用小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等文体的理论知识，对上述各种文体的作品进行分析和评价。这项大约占考试内容的10%。 有较高的文体写作能力，会写小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、报告文学、杂文和学术论文等体裁的文章，尤其要求会散文、小说和杂文等体裁的文章。这项大约占考试内容的40%。
包括：记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文（一）记叙文：是以记叙、描写为主要表达方式、以记人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容的一种文体.1、记叙文的分类（1）从内容及表达方式分：①简单记叙文.②复杂记叙文.（2）从写作对象的不同分：①以写人为主的记叙文.②以叙事为主的记叙文. ③以写景为主的记叙文. ④以状物为主的记叙文. （二）说明文：以说明为主要表达方式，用来介绍或解释事物的状态、性质、构造、功能、制作方法、发展过程和事理的成因、功过的一种文体. 1、说明文的分类 从说明对象（内容）分： ①实体事物说明文. ②事理说明文. ③科学小品文. 从语言表达方式分： ①平实说明文. ②文艺性说明文. 2、说明文的特点： （1）内容上具有高度的科学性. （2）结构上具有清晰的条理性. （3）语言上具有严密的准确性. （三）应用文： 应用文是一种切合日常生活、工作及学习的实际需要，具有一定格式、篇幅短小、简明通俗的实用文体. 1、应用文的种类： （1）书信类： 一般书信、专用书信（感谢信、表扬信、慰问信、介绍信、公开信、证明信、申请书、建议书、倡议书、聘请书）、电报、汇款. （2）笔记类： 日记、读书笔记. （3）公文类： 命令、决定、公告、通告、通知、通报、议案、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要等十三种. （4）宣传类： 广告稿、演讲稿、板报、新闻、通信、产品说明书. （5）告示类： 启示、海报. （6）礼仪类： 请柬、祝辞（贺信、贺电）、唁电、唁函. （7）契据类： 条据（收条、借条、领条、欠条、请假条、留言条等）、合同（协议书）、公约. （8）传志类： 传记、地方志、家史（校史、村史）. （四）议论文： 议论文是以议论为主要方式，通过事实、摆道理，直接表达作者的观点和主张的常用文体. （1）、议论文的分类： 按内容目的分： ①一般性政论文. ②评论. ③杂文（随笔、杂谈、笔记）. ④读后感. 按论证方式分： ①立论文. ②驳论文.在考场上的作文如果没有明确的文体绝对会扣很多分！中考作文评分标准：一类卷：45—50分（中心明确思想感情真实健康内容充实）二类卷：37—44分（中心明确思想感情真实健康内容具体）三类卷：30—36分（中心基本明确思想感情较真实健康内容比较具体）四类卷：21—29分（中心不明确思想感情不够真实健康内容空泛）五类卷：20分以下（文不对题内容失真）中考作文评分标准是什么？中考作文的评分标准包括内容、语言和结构三个方面，每个方面又各包括五个等级.阅卷老师阅卷时，先通读全文，画出病句、错别字，按上述三个方面的优劣评出等级，再查阅评分表得出分数.然后扣去错别字、标点，书写及字数等该扣的分数，最后才是作文实际得分.内容要求具体、健康、中心明确，语言要求通顺、无病句，结构要求完整、有详有略.知道了这些，考生心中有了数，就可以按照这些去写作文了.这是首要的问题.再者，阅卷的老师们，冒着炎热的天气，上百号人挤在一起，从早到晚，一连阅上十来天，难免心情烦躁，这也是人之常情.如果一看你这篇作文书写整齐、标点正确，好像一个人穿得整整齐齐，长得端端正正，自然印象很好，那烦躁的心情会得到缓解，代之以好心情.反之，一看卷面东涂一块，西抹一块，像个大花脸，字迹又难以辨认，心里自然烦上加烦.这一好一坏的心情，必然影响阅卷老师的打分.这又是一个心理学的问题评分注意事项：1.内容、语言、结构三项都具备同类条件，可得该类卷的上限分；具备该类卷两项条件，另一项属于下限者，可得该类卷的中等分；具备该类卷的一项条件，另两项属于下限者，可得该类卷的下限分. 2.关于语病：这里的语病是指明显的语法、修辞或逻辑上的错误. 3. 不足600字者，每少50字扣1分；缺题目，扣2分. 4.如试卷上出现真实地名或暗示本人姓名、所在学校，试卷一律交阅卷领导小组处理.写字（5分）写字工整、规范 5分高考作文评分标准：基础等级50分 一等（50—41） 二等（40—31） 三等（30—21） 四等（20—0） 切合题意 符合题意 基本符合题意 偏离题意 中心突出 中心明确 中心基本明确 中心不明或立意 不当 内容充实 内容较充实 内容单薄 没什么内容 感情真切 感情真实 感情基本真实 感情虚假 结构严谨 结构完整 结构基本完整 结构混乱 语言流畅 语言通顺 语言基本通顺 语病多 字体工整 字迹清楚 字迹潦草 字迹难辨 符合文体要求 大体符合文体要求 大体符合文体要求 不符合文体要求 发展等级 20分 深刻 丰富 有文采 有创新 1、透过现象深入本质 4、材料丰富 7、语言生动，句式灵活 10、见解新颖，材料新鲜、构思精巧 2、揭示问题产生问题 5、形象丰满 8、善于运用修辞手法 11、推理想象有独到之处 3、观点具有启发作用 6、意境深远 9、文句有意蕴 12、有个性特征 [说明] 1. 基础等级评分以题意、内容、语言、文体为重点，全面衡量.符合文体要求，指符合考生根据题意和内容自选的文体的要求. 2. 发展等级评分，依据12个评分点，不求全面，以一点突出者按等评分，直至满分. 3. 缺题目扣2分；每一个错别字扣1分，重复不计，扣满5分为止；不足字数（篇幅在2/3以上），每少50个字扣1分.4.文章在基本切题的。
直接买试卷做英语基础写作不是很难，按照要求写作文，尽量多写些。如果来不及看书就去买试卷做，体会出题的思路，找到自己做题的方法。我考的时候就是做试卷，书没很大用处，过了，87分。综合英语2主要考的是阅读，这个得看你综合能力了，只能多做题找找感觉，教材里的单词也是很有用的。考试的时候不要紧张，时间充裕，祝你成功！
今天教务老师给大家收集整理了英语写作自考本科教材，0603英语写作自考本科真题的相关问题解答，还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦，以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答，希望对你考试有帮助！自考本科英语专业要考哪些科目？英语自考本科的开考科目因所在省份及主考院校的不同也有所不同，下面为您列出山东大学英语自考本科段的所有课目以及教材，供您参考：英汉翻译教程，外语教学与研究出版社，1999年版，庄绎传。高级英语高级英语，外语教学与研究出版社，2000年版，王家湘，张中载。英语写作，辽宁大学出版社，1999年版，杨俊峰。英美文学选读，《英美文学选读》外语教学与研究出版社，1999年版，张伯香。综合英语综合英语外语教学与研究出版社，2000年版，徐克容。英语语法，《现代英语语法》外语教学与研究出版社，2000年版，李基安。英语词汇学，《英语词汇学》外语教学与研究出版社，1999年版，张维友。中国近现代史纲要，《中国近现代史纲要》2008年版，王顺生，李捷。马克思主义基本原理概论，《马克思主义基本原理概论》，2008年版，卫兴华，赵家祥。拓展内容：自考本科：是高等教育自学考试本科的简称，自考本科是我国基本高等教育制度之一，成绩合格后由主考学校和高等教育自学考试委员会联合颁发大学毕业证书。国家承认学历，学信网可查，符合条件者由主考大学授予学士学位。获得自考本科学历，根据国家教育部1988年15号文件，享受普通高等教育毕业证书相同的法律效力。社会含金量略低于普通高等教育本科毕业证书。参考资料：百度百科词条The following passage is incomplete with one paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided.II. 撰写大纲Write an outline Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it. Sometimes the passage is from the textbook.III.文章写作Composition 从考察的内容看，考察的核心是英语的篇章结构，无论是补齐段落还是撰写大纲都不是孤立进行的，补齐的段落要和整篇文章衔接，做到整体如一；撰写的大纲是对篇章结构的直接考察，即考察考生从文章中抽象出结构的能力；文章写作考察整篇文章写作的综合能力。从考试形式上看，既考察学生句子，段落写作能力，也考察篇章写作能力。补齐对话考察段落写作，撰写提纲考察句子写作，文章写作考察篇章写作能力。因此，对《英语写作》的学习要牢牢把握一条红线，那就是要熟悉英语文章的篇章结构。具体的解题技巧我们将在课程讲解后给大家做详细的指导。三、《英语写作》课程讲解写作格式要求 有一句话，大家可能都知道，叫“文如其人”，英文是“The style is the man himself”。从一个人的行文就能看出他的品德，品性。整洁的文风不仅是对读者的尊重，更是对自己的尊重。这从一个侧面说明了写作格式的重要性，它是写作的“面子”，马虎不的。一些考生认为，作文注重内容，不注重形式。这是一种误解，干净整洁的文章使人耳目一新，急于阅读，使人对作者产生一种办事认真，思路清晰的第一印象。相反，杂乱无章，急就章式的文字使人觉得作者思维混乱，不知所云。设想一下在阅卷时间紧迫，任务繁重的情况下，给阅卷人留下良好的第一印象是多么的重要啊！ 另外，严格的写作格式要求是英语写作不可分割的一部分，学习英语写作就必须遵守英语写作的规范，否则就不成其为英语写作。总体上讲，英语写作格式要给人留下整洁，清晰的印象。具体写作时，要注意以下几点：1. 页边距2. 题目位置：第一行居中。3. 题目中单词的大小写 每个单词的第一个字母要大写，但是下列除外： 冠词，少于四个字母的介词，并列连词如and， or， but， nor， for， to 等。 题目的第一个单词必须大写。4. 题目中的标点题目可以是问句；论文题目，直接引要加引号；书名要用斜体。5. 段落缩进每段第一行要缩进4-5个字母；练习时，隔行写便于教师批阅。考试时，不必要。标点符号后要空格。写作格式要求主要是一个习惯养成问题，考生在写作时要多加注意，养成习惯。撰写大纲的基本要求撰写大纲是英语写作的重要一步，也是英语写作考试重点考察的内容之一。因此，考生应该给以足够的重视。大纲指的是一篇文章的总体结构。撰写大纲能力的高低反应考生总体把握英语篇章能力的强弱。在《英语写作》考试中，它有两种表现形式：一是根据文章写出其大纲；一是根据题目编写大纲，构思文章。前者是考试直接考察的，既考察大纲的形式也考察其内容。后者是间接考察的，即在文章写作一题中，考生在构思时所用的大纲。它是写好一篇文章的前提和基础。这里我们着重讲解撰写大纲的形式要求，而对如何针对文章撰写大纲的考试技巧和写作过程中的大纲撰写将在后面的章节中加以详细论述。撰写英语大纲要遵循以下基本原则1. 部分若含有分项，则分项不能少于两个。即有“1”必有“2”，有“A”必有“B”，依次类推。处于同一地位的分项要具有同样的重要性，安排要合乎逻辑。分项要用相同的语法结构来表达。2. 不要将话题大纲和句子大纲相混淆。英语大纲有两种形式：话题大纲和句子大纲。顾名思义，话题大纲由名词短语，动名词短语，不定式短语等构成。句子大纲由完整的句子构成。两者泾渭分明，不得混用。3. 话题大纲的第一个字母要大写，短语后不必点句号；句子大纲要遵循英语句子的标点规范。但是在序列号中每一个罗马字母，大写字母，阿拉伯数字或是小写字母后要加句号，加了括号后不再加句号。4. 大纲序列号如下：I.罗马字母A.大写字母1.阿拉伯数字a.小写字母1） 带括号的阿拉伯数字a） 带括号的小写字母5.大纲实例话题大纲：I. Kindness to MumA. Warm languageB. Help with houseworkII. Kindness to childrenA. My own experienceB. His talk to my classmateIII. Kindness to our neighboursA. His help of the Wangs1. Quilts2. Dinner3. ConsolidationB. His help of the Changs1. Renting a car for the troubled2. Borrowing money for them句子大纲I. Father loves mother most kindly.A. He never hurts Mom with harsh wordsB. He tries his best to help Mom with the homework.II. Father reasons with us children when we do things wrong.A. He reasoned with me when I took his favorite record of music out to show off and damaged itB. He reasoned with my classmate Hong when we quarreled.III. Father kept helping our neighbors out of trouble.A. He helped the Wangs when their house caught fire.1. He gave them our new quilts.2. He invited them to eat in our home.3. He comforted them.B. He helped the Changs when their baby was terribly ill.1. He stopped a car and went to the hospital with the baby and mother.2. He borrowed money from friends to cover the hospital expenses.看一下这个网站吧，有你想要的资料的．自考英语专科资料导航 ：?boardID=2&ID=862&page=1自考英语本科资料导航：?boardID=2&ID=861&page=1参考资料：英语易bbs.yingyuyi.com我也正好在找英语写作方面的资料，觉得这个讲的挺好，给你帖下他那里的第一页。如果你觉得好的话点这个网址看看后面的内容吧。自考《英语写作》开头和结尾万能公式及句型1. 开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proverb says， “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)更多经典句型：As everyone knows， No one can deny that…2.开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey， about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work？根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …你只管做 管它对不对 会打多少分 那是老师的问题.你要做的是准备好.然后自信的迎接考试.我也是读英语的.我现在在学法语.因为我喜欢法国.法语刚刚学起来会很难 但到最后很容易.日语相反.还有如果你只想过二外 其他的不管,那学日语.这科有那么难吗？我都没看书就过了。自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策，点击底部咨询官网老师，免费领取复习资料：
2017年的英语自学考试写作基础试题大家有做过吗?下面是我给大家整理的2017英语自学考试写作基础试题，供大家参阅!
I.重写句子(15 points, 1.5 points each)
Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement in brackets.
Example: The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. (periodic
sentence) 1. Queues will likely be long this summer at the airport. Families head abroad for their summer holidays. (complex sentence)
2. Although the rain clouds are gathering in the distance, they still insist on meeting in the park. (simple sentence)
3. No farmer would dare invest in anything new without being certain that the government officials stand behind it.(periodic sentence)
4. The loan model offers some unbelievably cheap loans and allows a short payback period. (compound sentence)
5.Because the hotel receptionist beat the thief severely, both the receptionist and the thief were arrested. (simple sentence)
6. Tighter restrictions on animal transports have forced farmers to consider transporting their herds by cargo plane instead of lorry as a way to comply with animal welfare requirements. (complex sentence)
7. The Great Wall is the world’s longest human-made structure, stretching over approximately 6,400 km from Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, along an arc roughly drawing the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. (compound-complex sentence)
8. By the Spring and Autumn Period, which began around the 8th century BC, the Chinese had learned the techniques of wall-building. (loose sentence)
9. Susan knows business management very well. She has got many years’ work experience in business administration. (compound sentence)
10. Oprah Winfrey’s own story is an inspiration. She overcame almost every obstacle that a person might face. (compound-complex sentence)
Ⅱ.修改病句 (15 points,3 points each)
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television. I resolved never to buy that
brand again.
11. A new blouse in a fashionable color can update an old outfit; in contrast, adding dramatic jewelry or an attractive scarf can make an old outfit seem new.
12. Judging by Meg’s party, her parents are irresponsible. First of all, there is no adult supervision, for example, wine and beer are served.
13. He said that they should make full use of the water power of the river. And that a small reservoir should be built.
14. My hometown is closer to Beijing than Shijiazhuang.
15. After correcting all the mistakes, the second draft of the paper was much better than the first. Ⅲ.辨认主题句 (15 points, 5 points each)
16. Choose the best topic sentence from the four options below. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
A. Some political parties have adopted animals to represent them.
B. Cars are given animal names to make consumers associate them with speed and grace.
C. Many professional sports teams, such as the Tigers and Rams, have chosen animal names to suggest power.
D. Many people in the world hold animals in such high regard that they use animals’ names for their organizations and products.
17. Read the following paragraph and write the topic sentence on the Answer Sheet.
We are on our way to becoming a cashless, checkless society, a trend that began with the credit card. Now some banks are offering “debit cards” instead of credit cards. The costs of purchases made with these cards are deducted from the holder’s bank account instead of being added to a monthly bill. And checking accounts, which are mainly used for paying bills, are going electronic. Now some people can make computer transactions over their pushbutton phones to pay bills by transferring money from their account to the account of whomever they owe. Soon we may be able to conduct most of our business without signing a check or actually seeing the money we earn and spend.
18. Read the following paragraph and choose the best topic sentence from the four options that follow. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the Answer Sheet.
Cutting down on your responsibilities is one way to minimize stress in your life. You can also relax yourself by breathing deeply, rather than taking light, shallow breaths. Peaceful music is also soothing if you focus your attention on it and consciously disregard distracting thoughts. Another good way to release
tension is to exercise regularly, which, rather than tiring you out, builds energy and endurance.
A. Stress has several harmful effects, so you must minimize them.
B. There are several ways you can reduce stress in your life.
C. Cutting down on responsibilities lessens stress.
D. You can relax by breathing deeply.
Ⅳ.重新组合段落 (5 points, l point each)
19. Rearrange the following sentences so that they read logically. Write the corresponding letters in a proper sequence on the Answer Sheet. The positions of some sentences have been given.
A. After several conversations with salespeople, she then buys what she came into the store for in the first place, but all the while, my father has been reading a mystery in the car.
B. My father has grown to hate stores of all kinds.
C. My mother, on the other hand, has a somewhat more complicated approach.
D. As she does so, she draws up two mental lists-one of items that she can afford and the other of items she cannot.
E. His view is that one should go into a store, buy what one came for, and leave.
F. While she believes that one should enjoy oneself as much as possible while shopping, my father feels enjoyment and shopping are two different things.
G. She prefers to look carefully over every single item in the store.
Ⅴ. 划掉与段落内容无关的句子 (10 points, 5 points each)
20. Read the following paragraph and write the TWO irrelevant sentences on the Answer Sheet. Studies reveal that people’s first names can have influence on them. Clearly, Chinese names are quite different. Some names reflect on people in a positive way. For example, one survey showed that American men consider the name Susan to be sexy. And participants in a British study thought Tony to be the name of someone very friendly. However, other names can have a negative impact. In one study, for instance, teachers gave lower grades to essays supposedly written by boys named Hubert and Elmer than to the very same essays when they were credited to boys with more popular names. Another study found that girls with unpopular names did worse on IQ and achievement tests than girls with more appealing names. So IQ and achievement tests are important and necessary in studying names.
Ⅵ. 写信 (40 points)
21. Suppose you (Wang Lin) have finished your study, during which Professor Li helped you a lot both in your study and in your life. Write a letter to thank him. Tell him with examples that you have learned a lot from him in terms of knowledge and positive attitude towards difficulties. And
also tell him that with what you have learned from him, you have got a good job in a company or you have started your own business. (150-200 words)
I. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “sentence outline” for it.
Styles of Dress as Reflections of Social Conditions
Something that becomes very apparent when we study the topic of fashion is that clothes and style are related to so much more than merely an individual’s appearance. For thousands of years, fashion and style have been primary indicators about a person’s social status, sexuality, wealth, individuality, and overall personality attributes.
In the 20th century alone, each decade has been marked by distinctly different manners for dress for both men and women. Our Halloween tradition exemplifies this very clearly with “costumes” such as a 1920’s “flapper girl” and the 1960’s “hippie.” With deeper consideration, however, these differing fashion styles can be viewed as representative of the related social conditions occurring at the time.
As stated by Pasacoe, “The fashion of the 1920’s reflected the Jazz Age perfectly. It was made for fast automobiles and Charlestondance. For the first time in western fashion the knee was socially acceptable.” Although there are many theories regarding what causes fashion to change, the fact that social climate is reflected in styles of dress has a great deal of support. Perhaps the reason why so much change occurred in women’s dress in the early decades of the century is that so many changes occurred regarding women’s roles and fights within that same time frame.
Another decade in which fashion was strongly indicative of the underlying social conditions is the turbulent 1960’s. One of the most noted developments accredited to this decade is the introduction of the miniskirt. Many social historians relate the introduction of the miniskirt to the introduction of the birth control pill. Women became sexually liberated and the “free love” era began. These miniskirts came to symbolize the new liberation for women and the ssocial climate of the decade. As stated in Vogue at the end of the decade, “The length of your skirt is how you feel this moment.”
Towards the end of the 1960's, younger generations were rejecting the establishment and rejecting the idea of high fashion along with it. Students wore long hair, faded denim jeans, and flamboyant patterns. Many wore combat jackets and surplus shirts to anti-war rallies. As Hoeymaker stated, “By the end of the decade, cheap, flamboyant clothes became expensive designer labels. The hippie style became high fashion; in fact ‘anti-fashion’ became the biggest fashion of all.” In this case, clothes became a form of protest.
Overall, there are countless examples of how fashion is influenced by the social climate of the times. Over the past thousands of years, the socially “appropriate” styles of dress for men and women have varied tremendously. Regardless of what exactly constituted“stylish” fashion during any given time period, one thing that remains constant is that fashion has always been a significant aspect of one's life and the time in which they lived.
II. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
Say No to Blind Optimism
“Is the glass half full or half empty?" This question is often asked to determine whether someone
is an optimist or a pessimist. In my view, even though we need to see the glass half full, we cannot deny the fact that the glass is also half empty. Having a healthy proportion of expectations makes us more realistic. Blind optimism, however, may foster delusions, result in frustrations and spoil relationships.
We all long for accomplishments, but sometimes we overstress the positive outcome of our effort and waste our time with glori ous plans that will never work. We indulge ourselves in delusions and impractical dreams. We fail to see that blind optimism only gives us false promises and clouds our sense of judgment. Ambition without clear directions cannot lead to a victorious experience. We need to understand that wishful thinking and delusions won’t work.
______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Balanced optimism helps us to develop healthy relationships whereas blind optimism destroys them. One of the reasons for short-lived friendships is that we tend to expect too much of our friends. However, they may not always live up to our expectations. This gives rise to disappointment and misunderstanding. Friendships or relationships consequently turn sour. Some relationships may be seriously affected, with all parties experiencing much pain. A more realistic outlook helps us to understand human limitations, show more consideration for others and prevent excess expectations. To sum up, blind optimism does more harm than good and should be discarded. Saying no to blind optimism means we can fly but we fly with the safest bet, with the parachute, so that we don’t drop hard. It proves our ability to accept weaknesses and strive for the best. It gives us second options in our lives and alleviates the pains and disappointments that life imposes on us. This holistic attitude, accepting both positive and negative sides, will make us stronger and more mature. After all, a lotus is a beautiful flower that blossoms out of the mud.
IlI. Compose an essay. (60 points)
Some people enjoy playing sports individually while others love to play in groups. Which do you prefer? Write a 300-word expository essay stating your reasons.
课程代码：00654一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1.新闻结构2.动态消息3.综合消息4.速写5.观察二、单项选择题（在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题1分，共30分）1.新闻的功用是（ ）A.报道和运用事实B.报道和评价事实C.宣传和评述政策D.分析和判断事实2.报道健康的有益于社会进步的内容，属于记者的（ ）A.职业道德修养B.知识修养C.作风修养D.业务修养3.中国最早的中文近代报纸是（ ）A.《亚细亚报》B.《中外新报》C.《察世俗每月统记传》D.《中外纪闻》4.判断某个事实能否引起读者兴趣的能力属于记者的（ ）A.新闻敏感B.新闻判断力C.新闻概括力D.新闻分析能力5.新闻的宣传价值为（ ）A.时效性，典型性，针对性，一致性B.真实性，时宜性，针对性，一致性C.灵活性，典型性，针对性，一致性D.一致性，针对性，典型性，时宜性6.记者进行采访，主要表现为四个阶段：（ ）A.接近，融洽，沟通，激发B.接近，和谐，沟通，交流C.接近，沟通，谈话，记录D.接近，沟通，交友，激发7.对被采访对象实施"心理控制"，属于下列采访方法：（ ）A.少听多讲，广采博纳B.求同存异，心理共鸣C.沟通思想，见机行事D.因人而异，灵活对待8.俗话说：耳听为虚，眼见为实，这说明观察的特点之一：（ ）A.观察的综合性B.观察的客观性C.观察的直接性D.观察的敏感性9.记者或化装或易名，以探亲的形式去采访一个名人或要人，这种采访形式属于（ ）A.易地采访B.交叉采访C.巡回采访D.隐性采访10.捕捉变动着的事件细节是记者用心捕捉（ ）A.瞬间印象B.新闻事实C.独特感受D.背景材料11.调节采访者与被采访者的微妙心理情绪变化，这在新闻采访中叫作（ ）A.现场协调律B.情绪调节律C.情景协和律D.心理感应律12.新闻写作的第一要领是（ ）A.真实B.灵活C.鲜明D.迅速13.消息写作中多采用第三人称是为了（ ）A.增加亲切感B.提高客观性C.避免主观说教D.增加真实感14.突出新闻中富有特征的局部是（ ）的写法。A.动态消息B.新闻特写C.事件通迅D.速写15.早期出现的人物通讯与古代的哪一种文体有直接的渊源关系？（ ）A.散文B.小说C.游记D.传记16.1881年12月（ ）的有线电报创始。A.上海到北京B.上海到广州C.天津到上海D.上海到武汉17.调查报告属于（ ）A.法律应用文B.新闻边缘体C.实用应用文D.财经应用文18.一篇新闻作品能否成功的第一位因素是（ ）A.事实新鲜B.结构严密C.语言简明D.角度新颖19.把最新鲜、最重要、最吸引人的事实材料放在前面是（ ）A.动态消息的结构B.简明消息的结构C.综合消息的结构D.经验性消息的结构20.抓住典型的场景显示美感，是指新闻文采中（ ）A.叙事要突出动感B.状物要突出形象C.描绘要注意美感D.修辞要注意实感21.把传统行文方式中句与句、段与段之间表示过渡、衔接的文字省去是（ ）A.跳跃式行文B."蒙太奇"式行文C.简略式行文D.散文式行文22.所谓消息写作中客观手法的运用，是把观点隐蔽在对事实的客观报道中，即变（ ）为无形意见。A.主观意图B.理论内涵C.国家政策D.事实真相23.记者写作消息最见功力的一个重要方面是写好（ ）A.主体B.结尾C.导语D.标题24.被西方新闻著作捧为第一代导语楷模的导语是（ ）写的。A.莫尔斯B.杰克。海敦C.麦尔文。曼切尔D.约翰。唐宁25."徐悲鸿先生在国画、油画、素描方面，都有很高的造诣，尤以画奔马、雄狮和晨鸡著名。"这一背景材料是（ ）A.知识背景B.人物背景C.社会背景D.事物背景26.观光记或参观记又叫（ ）A.速写B.侧记C.巡礼D.散记27.在通讯中写人用"人随事出"的手法是（ ）的常用手法。A.人物通讯B.事件通讯C.工作通讯D.风貌通讯28.只抓住人物活动的某一刹那，某一镜头，人物性格的某一特点是（ ）的写法。A.人物特写B.人物通讯C.新闻特写D.事件特写29.日本朝日新闻社的辰浓和男提倡记者要（ ）新闻。A.用灵敏的政治嗅觉去找B.用自己的脚去找C.用强烈的责任感去找D.以上三者都错30.中国古代最早的报纸是（ ）A.京报B.小报C.邸报D.手抄报三、多项选择题（在每小题的五个备选答案中，选出二至五个正确的答案，并将正确答案的序号分别填在题干的括号内，多选、少选、错选均不得分。每小题1分，共10分）1.新闻文采须从（ ）几方面着手。A.叙事突出动感B.状物突出形象C.修辞强调实感D.描绘富有美感E.语言强调活泼2.述评性消息分为：（ ）A.事态述评B.形势述评C.工作述评D.思想述评E.政策述评3.综合性新闻常用的手法是：（ ）A.点面结合B.夹叙夹议C.概括叙述D.对比衬托E.正反结合4.救活有意义的迟到新闻可以采用的方法有：（ ）A.抓新闻背景B.以旧带新C.抓住被披露的事实变动D.由近及远E.抓遗漏的事实5.新闻主体写作中按逻辑顺序来写是指：（ ）A.依据事实的主次关系组织事实材料B.依据事实的空间关系组织事实材料C.依据事实的因果关系组织事实材料D.依据事实的对比关系组织事实材料E.依据事实的并列关系组织事实材料6.通讯的写作方法与技巧有：（ ）A.议论和抒情B.情节和细节C.叙述和描写D.角度与矛盾E.结构与层次7.在风貌通讯中，借景抒情的手法通常有：（ ）A.触景生情，寓情于景B.情景交融，水乳难分C.因事抒情，寓情于事D.融写景叙事抒情于一体E.因物抒情，寄情于物8.调查报告可以分为：（ ）A.经验型B.揭露型C.研讨型D.总结型E.基本社情型9.通讯的表现形式，主要有：（ ）A.访问记B.巡礼C.速写D.采访札记E.小故事10.记者的修养包括：（ ）A.知识修养B.作风修养C.理论修养D.职业道德修养E.政治修养四、简答题（每小题5分，共15分）1.为什么新闻须具有文采？具体表现在哪些方面？2.通讯中的议论和抒情有什么特点？它们的运用为什么需经营位置和控制数量？3.简述新闻线索的特点及发现新闻线索的途径。五、论述题（10分）谈谈新闻的四大写作要求：新、短、快、活六、应用题（20分）根据所给素材，写成一则消息。要求：（1）准确概括事实；（2）主题集中，角度得当；（3）设计有特点的导语；（4）制作符合消息规范的标题；（5）文句通顺，无错别字；（6）字数：300-400字。附材料：干细胞研究是国际上与基因工程并列的生命科学两大热点之一。基因工程成果直接应用于临床医学还为时尚早，且有一定的危险性；而干细胞研究正在走向高潮，尤其是利用生命体自身的干细胞合成器官组织，将有效解决大脑疾病、贫血、心衰、糖尿病等，而且安全可靠。因此，首次成功培育克隆羊的科学家也已把研究方向转向干细胞，目前几乎所有国际知名大学都设立了干细胞研究室。我国中西医结合学会著名科学家徐荣祥是干细胞研究的领军人物之一，他带领一个科研小组，经过艰苦努力，已率先创造干细胞的原位培养技术，并且在国际上公布了干细胞组织复制图谱。国外科学家对干细胞的研究还处在复制细胞水平，但徐教授将其拓展至复制具有完整功能的器官上。他的科研小组已经过动养，利用特别组合的生命营养物质，使这些细胞持续分裂，克隆并持续增殖合成新的胃、肠组织。利用原位干细胞复制胃肠器官组织的新成果应用于临床，能让受到损伤的胃肠粘膜及时得到修复，也能使胃肠疾病患者免去手术的痛苦。徐教授的科研小组正与有关医学专家合作，不久将推出这方面的新药。利用干细胞原位复制技术具有广泛的应用前景，一旦进入临床阶段，将形成一个庞大的产业，因此徐教授及时为原位合成胃肠器官组织申请了专利。按照有关规定，他将在权威的国际学术刊物上详细公布这一最新成果。浙江省2002年1月高等教育自学考试新闻采访写作试题参考答案课程代码：00654一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1.所谓新闻的结构，指的是新闻的内容与构造，也就是新闻作品的谋篇布局问题。2.动态消息，也称"纯新闻"，是最常见的消息类型。动态消息迅速及时的报道国内外正在发生或新近发生的新闻事实，是反映新事物、新情况、新动向的主要的消息体裁。3.综合消息是围绕一个主题思想，从不同侧面概括反映某个事件、问题的全局性情况，或综合报道不同地区、单位具有同类性质又各有特点的多件新闻事实的一种新闻体载。4.速写是通讯的表现形式之一，它的写作特点与绘画的速写一样，重在快速捕捉事实的基础上，对事件经过、轮廓、主要特征或人物事迹的粗线条表现。手法简练，反应迅速，不展开事件，只对其中有个性有特点的部分采用简笔勾勒的方法表现出对象的总体特征。5.观察作为一种新闻采访方式，就是新闻记者对客观事实进行由表及里的察看与思考活动，借以印证与搜集新闻素材与线索。观察中有访问，访问中有观察，通常二者结合。二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共30分）1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A11.D 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.D16.C 17.B 18.D 19.A 20.C21.B 22.A 23.C 24.D 25.B26.C 27.B 28.A 29.B 30.C三、多项选择题（每小题1分，共10分。多选或少选均不得分）1.ACD 2.BCD 3.ABD 4.BCD 5.ACDE6.BDE 7.ACD 8.ABCE 9.BCDE 10.AB四、简答题（每小题5分，共15分）1.新闻也须有文采，因为，新闻写作讲究文采，适应受众的审美要求，可以使新闻的传播收到更为理想的效果。新闻文采总的特点是：缘事而发，淡中有味。具体表现在以下几个方面：A：叙事突出动感，动作能使叙述增添色彩，又有引人入胜之效。所以，新闻的写作要有文采，就要善于多用充满活力的动词。B：描述富有美感，现实生活本身多姿多彩，反映现实生活的新闻，在写作上也要采取真实而富有美感的描述手法，C：修辞强调实感，新闻作品传播的是新闻事实，任何事实都有它的发生、发展、变化和结局，有前因后果、来龙去脉，形成一个完整的过程。2.（1）通讯中的议论和抒情，要求触景生情，有感而发，即从事实出发，同事实的报道水乳交融。抒情和议论的作用，从内容上说，是为了表现记者的倾向和褒贬，发表记者对事物的看法和主张。从这个意义上说，通讯的倾向性常常明显于消息报道。（2）通讯中抒情和议论的运用，有一个位置经营和数量控制的问题。位置经营即在报道结构中的地位安排。从内容来看，抒情和议论的位置应在高潮之处；从布局来看，则放在大的段落结束时居多。这样，才能有效显示抒情和议论在通讯中的力量，因为新闻写作毕竟以叙述描写为主，与抒情散文和议论文章不同。通讯的抒情和议论文字应当精炼。3.第一：新闻线索也称采访线索、报道线索，它是新闻事实发生的一种信号，是反映事实的简略轮廓或一鳞半爪。新闻线索具有以下特点：1、比较简单，完整性差。新闻线索只是一种片断的情况，只是反映事实的简略轮廓或者一些零碎的材料。2、时间短暂，稳定性低。由于新闻事实的发生和存在，有很多是短暂的，时间一过就会失去价值，新闻线索的出现也常常是短暂的。3、只是信号，有待证实。新闻线索这种信号、征兆，只是表示"发生了什么事".4、反应现象，变动性大。线索是记者看到、听到或触到的某个事物的表面现象，这种现象经过实地了解以后，可能会出现多种变化。第二：发现新闻线索的途径有两条：一是直接途径，即到实际中去，到群众中去。二是间接途径，主要有：1、上级来源。2、书面渠道，这是从书面材料中发现线索。3、社交渠道，这是靠"新闻信息网"提供线索。4、会议渠道，这是记者从各种会议中了解线索。5、传播渠道，这是从新闻媒介的公开报道中引出线索。五、论述题（10分）凡是新闻文体，不论消息报道，还是通讯、特写，在写作上都应当力求新、快、短、活。消息的写作，对此要求尤为严格。1.新：新闻，新闻，新的见闻，所以常说新闻姓"新".这个"新"的界定含义，当然是指事新，即报道的事实要有新的内容和新的意义，而"事新"必须以"时新"为前提，过时的旧闻不成新闻。新闻的写作，要从新近发生或变动的事实着眼，尽可能取材于新事，写出富有新意的内容，着力反映我们时代的新情况、新事物、新经验和新风貌。一般情况下，事情过时已久，即使为人们所未知，也不要冒充新闻来加以报道。新闻写作中对于事例的选择，同样应当喜新厌旧，求近舍远。当然，有些事虽已过去多时，内容仍有新意，这还是可以报道的。新闻要"新"，就要突出新意，而不要使新意被事实的叙述所淹没。2.快：新闻的"新"和"快"，两者是紧密联系在一起的。如果说真实是新闻的第一生命，那么，快，讲究时效，则是新闻的第二生命。新闻写作的快，是指它的急就性，就是要脑子快、笔头快，所谓"倚马可待".广播、电视的现场报道更要出口成章。新闻写作讲究兵贵神速，时间上不能拖延。新闻特性决定写作上要快。因为事实之成为新闻，必须具备两个条件，即内容条件和时间性条件。所谓时间性，是指事实的新近发生和及时传播。现代社会，各方面的节奏在加快，新闻更是首当其冲。新闻的快节奏，涉及采、写、编、播诸多环节。就写作来讲，包括结构形式、表现艺术和语言的使用等等，既保证新闻质量，又能快写快发。3.短：新闻的新与快相连，快又与短分不开，写得短才能写得快，而且短又是新闻的一种优势。短新闻多，还能加大广播、电视节目和报纸上的信息量，而且容易使受众入耳入目，便于人们收看、收听或阅读。怎样才能把新闻写短？（1）直截了当，这就是要提倡简洁、明快的新闻文风，不要转弯抹角或拖泥带水。（2）空话少说，这就是要用事实说话，在写作上坚持"意尽"即"言止".（3）一事一报，这就是一条新闻通常只报道一件实事，不要贪大求全、面面俱到。（4）锤炼语言，这就是要本着经济的原则遣词用字，力求准确而洗练，并符合规范化标准。（5）舍得割"爱"，这就是要有自我删稿的勇气，尽量挤掉稿件中的水分。4.活：新闻写作要求新、快、短。同时还应该求活。写作上的活，是指对事实的反映要生动、活泼，并灵活采取适当的表现形式。新闻写得活，就要注意措词修辞，不可仅是陈词滥调。更重要的是，要写出事物的特点、个性，避免模式化，一般化，这是新闻能不能写活的关键。新闻要写活，生动、鲜活的事实固然是根本，同时还须讲究谋篇布局和语言的使用。新闻的结构，既有一定规律，又忌千篇一律。讲究"高潮在前，精彩为首，""行文避沉闷，宜取跳跃式".六、应用题（20分）