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『壹』 自考英语有哪些课程,复不复杂,
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『贰』 英语本科自考的科目
报考条件 凡国家承认学历的专科及专科以上毕业生均可报考本专业，并根据具体情况作如下分类： （1）、英语类专业专科毕业生可以直接报考； （2）、其他专业专科及专科以上毕业生可以报考，但必须加考综合英语（二、英语听力、英语口语等三门课程的合格成绩； 考试课程代号、名称和学分 1、理论考试课程设置 序号 课程代号 课程名称 学分 备注 必考 选考 公共课 1、3709 马克思主义基本原理 4 2、3708 中国近现代史纲要 2 公共课（二外）两门任选一门 3、 8027 日语 6 8011 法语 6 专业课 4 0603 英语写作 6 5 0087 英语翻译 6 6 0600 高级英语 12 7 0604 英美文学选读 6 8、 9 三组任选一组 一 1 0830 现代语言学 4 2 0832 英语词汇学 4 二 1 0833 外语教学法 4 2 0838 语言与文化 4 三 1 0834 英语经贸知识 4 2 0094 外贸函电 4 合计56 2、英语（本科）专业实践环节考核课程设置 序号 课程代号 课程名称 学分 备注 S1 0602 口译与听力[066] 6 S2 7072 毕业论文 合计6 满意请采纳
『叁』 自考英语专业一共考几科
【导读】越来越多人选择自学考试的教育形式来提升学历。自考学历在社会上，与参加高考后就读的大学的结业证书同等对待，是成人学历中含金量最高的学历。那么报考什么专业比较有优势，多久可以拿证。因此，我为诸位考生整理了自考十大热门专业。希望对各位考生有帮助，祝大家备考顺利。
自考热门专业推荐
行政管理
专业优势：简单好过，不用考数学英语。就业方向广，晋升管理层快。
汉语言文学
专业优势：文科专业，实用性强，不考数学，学习容易。
学前教育
专业优势：文科专业，实用性强，市场潜力巨大。
工商企业管理
专科2年，本科2年。
所学知识可以直接应用，数学类科目重点考点非常少，而且题型变化少。
会计
专科2年，本科2年
就业率高，工作稳定。
金融
专科2年，本科2年。
就业前景好，课程难度小，师资力量强，学历含金量高。
英语
取证快。专科1.5年，本科1.5年。
考试简单，以选择题为主，不论任何行业，英语自我涨幅都很大。
法律
专科2年，本科2年。
不考计算机和英语，难度小，就业方向清晰，人才缺口较大。
市场营销
专科2年，本科2年。
企业需求人口大，符合当今社会趋势，培养市场调研与分析、营销策划等工作的应用型高级人才。
国际贸易
下证快，专科1.5年-2年，本科1.5年-2年。
含金量高，就业方向广，社会企业认可度高。
自考学历有什么用
自考本科毕业生待遇规定在工资待遇方面，非在职人员录用后，与普通高等学校同类毕业生相同;在职人员的工资待遇低于普通高等学校同类毕业生的，从获得毕业证书之日起，按普通高等学校同类毕业生工资标准执行。
虽然非普通高等学历教育的其他国民教育形式毕业生取得国家承认的毕业证后，符合职位要求的资格条件的，均可以报考，但是自考本科学历含金量仅次于统招生，在报考公务员方面拥有绝对的优势，深受招考部门喜爱。
自考本科可以报考公务员，公务员工作稳定，待遇较高，压力较小，又有权力，现在许多人都想做公务员，而人事部规定，公务员岗位需要通过公务员考试，现在大多数公务员岗位都要求本科以上才有资格报考，通常只有基层和艰苦的工作岗位留给专科一部分。
如果你正准备报名明年的成人自考，现在开始学习吧。老师为大家贴心整理了2020年广东省成人自考招生院校专业简章，先选好院校专业再复习，录取通过率会更高！点击链接即可查看：
『肆』 自考英语专业科目
1.口译与听力 课程代码：00602学分：6 2.马克思主义基本原理概论 课程代码：0370 *** 分：4 3.中国近现代史纲要 课程代码：03708学分：2 4.第二外语(日语)山东 课程代码：sd00840学分：6 5.英语词汇学 课程代码：00832学分：4 6.英语语法 课程代码：00831学分：4 7.现代语言学 课程代码：00830学分：4 8.英美文学选读 课程代码：00604学分：6 9.英语写作 课程代码：00603学分：4 10.高级英语 课程代码：00600学分：12 11.英语翻译 课程代码：00087学分：6
『伍』 哪些证书可以替代自学考试“英语（一）”课程
如果你可以拿到英语4级的证书，那么你就可以免考自学考试的英语，只要有一个4级就行了。
『陆』 哪些证书可以替代自学考试“英语(二)”课程
获得全国英语等级考试三级(或笔试部分成绩合格)及以上证书、高校毕业生在校期间参加本校考试并取得大学英语四、六级证书，且在有效期间内，可免考自学考试“英语(二)”课程。持大学英语四级考试成绩报告单，成绩达到425分者，可免考“英语（二）”课程。
全国英语等级考试考试分笔试和口试两部分，内容包括：听力、语言知识、阅读、写作、口语。笔试和口试均合格者，由教育部考试中心颁发给《全国英语等级考试合格证书》。
国家承认学历的各类高等学校及自学考试专科以上（含专科）的毕业生（及肄业生、退学生）报考自学考试，根据有关规定，申请免考已学过并考试成绩合格的有关课程。
考生原有成绩的考试方式为考试的课程，可以申请免考表中规定的自学考试笔试类和实践考核类课程，而考试方式为“考查”的课程，只可申请免考表中规定的自学考试“实践考核”类课程。
(6)英语自学考试课程扩展阅读 ：
自考免考需提交的材料：
1、原毕业学校或自学考试毕业证原件及复印件一份。
2、当年普通高校的应届本科或专科毕业生（最后一学年）可提供学校教务处证明（原件一份）。
3、原毕业学校的学籍卡复印件一份，并加盖学校教务处公章（红印）；或者将本人人事档案中的学籍卡复印一份，并加盖本人人事关系主管单位的组织、人事部门的公章（红印）。
4、学籍卡应含有每学期所学的课程、学分、学时、考试类型、考试成绩等内容。学籍卡上如有更改记录，应由原毕业学校教务处在复印件上更正之处加盖公章（红印），并由经办人签名。
5、自学考试毕业生只需提供本人《毕业生登记表》中成绩栏部分的复印件一份即可。
注：由于各地自考政策不同，提交材料有略有不同，考生可以事先咨询当地自考办。
『柒』 自考本科英语专业要考哪些科目
英语自考本科的开考科目因所在省份及主考院校的不同也有所不同，以山东大学为例英语自考本科段的所有课程，供参考：
1.口译与听力 课程代码：00602学分：6
2.马克思主义基本原理概论 课程代码：0370 *** 分：4
3.中国近现代史纲要 课程代码：03708学分：2
4.第二外语(日语)山东 课程代码：sd00840学分：6
5.英语词汇学 课程代码：00832学分：4
6.英语语法 课程代码：00831学分：4
7.现代语言学 课程代码：00830学分：4
8.英美文学选读 课程代码：00604学分：6
9.英语写作 课程代码：00603学分：4
10.高级英语 课程代码：00600学分：12
11.英语翻译 课程代码：00087学分：6
『捌』 自考本科英文的课程顺序，什么课程大几上的
自考是没有分课程顺序的，自己选择性学习，选择性考试。根据你自己的学习能力选择即可。 在规定的报考时间内报考，而后准备考试。考过的科目就不用再考了，直到考完所有的科目。 目前广东自考是可以一年考三次，1月、4月和10月，一次考试最多可以考4门科目。
『玖』 英语本科自学考试的科目有哪些
具体为: 序号 代码 课程名称 学分 教材名称 编著者 出版社 版次 1 0004 *** 思想概论 2 *** 思想概论 罗正楷 武汉大学出版社 1999年版 2 0005 马克思主义政治经济学原理 3 马克思主义政治经济学原理 卫兴华 武汉大学出版社 1999年版 3 0087 英语翻译 6 英语翻译教程 庄绎传 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 4 0600 高级英语 12 高级英语（上、下册） 王家湘 张中载 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版 5 0602 口译与听力 6 口译与听力 杨俊峰 辽宁大学出版社 2002年版 6 0603 英语写作 4 英语写作 杨俊峰 辽宁大学出版社 1999年版 7 0604 英美文学选读 6 英美文学选读 张伯香 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 8 0830 现代语言学（A） 4 现代语言学 何兆雄 杨德明 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 9 0832 英语词汇学（A） 4 英语词汇学 张维友 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 10 0833 外语教学法（A） 4 外语教学法 舒白梅 陈佑林 高等教育出版社 1999年版 11 0836 英语科技文选（B） 4 英语科技文选 李碧嘉 高等教育出版社 2000年版 12 0837 旅游英语选读（B） 4 旅游英语选读 修月祯 高等教育出版社 1999年版 13 0838 语言与文化（B） 4 语言与文化 王振亚 高等教育出版社 2000年版 14 0840 日语 6 大学日语 王诗荣 高等教育出版社 1999年版 15 8801 毕业论文 0 学分 57 加考 课程 0593 听力 8 英语听力 何其莘王敏等 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 0594 口语 8 英语口语教程 吴祯福 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 0795 综合英语（二） 10 综合英语（二）（上、下册） 徐克蓉 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版
英语写作，中国近现代史纲要，语言与文化，中学英语教材教法研究《英语教学论》，高级英语(上、下册），英美文学选读，英美报刊选读（第四版）上、下册，英语翻译《英汉翻译教程》，第二外语（日语）《中日交流标准日本语初级上下册》，马克思主义基本原理概论 ，加实践课和论文总共12门。看书就不难。如果对您有帮助，给我的答案一个好评哦，亲，谢谢（请搜索进入应用“微问”里查看自己提出的问题并给出好评）
不难你去自考网上下载题目做
【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】成人自考本科有什么用？成人自考本科在出国留学方面，参加职称评级方面，参加研究生考试方面，报考公务员方面，考资格证等方面都是有用的，成人自考本科在深造学习和职业发展中作用较大。成人自考本科是国家承认的学历，在国外二十几个国家也是被认可的，在社会上很受认可。成人自考本科生毕业后拿到的毕业证书是国家承认的，在大多数企事业单位是认可的，并且在国外，也有一些国家是认可我国自考文凭的。因此如果有自考生出国留学，成人自考本科学历是有用处的。拥有成人自考本科学历，对于参加职称评级也是有用的，可以获得当领导的机会，大多单位竞选领导时，会要求具有本科及以上学历，如果不是本科学历，就可能失去竞选资格。成人自考本科还可以直接用于考研，大专学历的毕业生要在毕业两年后才可以申请考研。同样，在考公务员的时候，成人自考本科文凭比大专文凭有更多岗位可以选择。还有就是，自考本科可以考教师资格证。成人自考本科文凭代表的是本科学历，本科学历能在求职的过程中赢得很多机会。成人自考本科含金量高，是所有成人考试中认可度最高的。自考本科有什么用下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 2015年04月自考00662新闻事业管理真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：418.72KB 2019年04月自考00604英美文学选读真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：465.92KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】成人自考大专英语专业一共需要考13门课程(含选修课)， 分别为：思想道德修养与法律基础、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和‘三个代表’重要思想概论、大学语文、综合英语(一)、综合英语(二)、听力、口语、英语阅读(一)、英语阅读(二)、英语写作基础、英语国家概况、教育学(一)、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论。成人自考大专下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 201904自考07409-宋词研究真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：299.52KB 2016年04月自考00604英美文学选读真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：444.96KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】自考大专计算机信息管理专业一共需要考20门课程(含选修课)， 分别为：英语(一)、高等数学(工专)、基础会计学、企业管理概论、高级语言程序设计(一)、高级语言程序设计(一)(实践)、数据库及其应用、数据库及其应用(实践)、计算机网络技术、计算机应用技术、计算机应用技术(实践)、管理信息系统、管理信息系统(实践)、计算机原理、计算机信息处理综合作业、思想道德修养与法律基础、大学语文、电子商务与电子政务、计算机网络技术(实践)、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论。自考大专计算机及应用专业一共需要考20门课程(含选修课)， 分别为：英语(一)、高等数学(工专)、高级语言程序设计(一)、高级语言程序设计(一)(实践)、数据库及其应用、数据库及其应用(实践)、计算机网络技术、数据结构导论、线性代数、计算机应用技术、计算机应用技术(实践)、计算机组成原理、操作系统概论、思想道德修养与法律基础、大学语文、电子技术基础(三)、电子技术基础(三)(实践)、微型计算机及接口技术、微型计算机及接口技术(实践)、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论。自考计算机应用技术专业自考计算机信息管理专业自考计算机网络技术专业自考计算机网络专业自考计算机专业自考计算机应用基础下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 2015年10月自考00660外国新闻事业史真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：214.59KB 2015年04月自考00604英美文学选读真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：622.96KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
The major writers of the Modern Period Ⅰ。Ezra Pound （1885-1972） 一。 一般识记 Ezra Pound's contribution to American literature： Pound was one of the most important poets and critics of his time and he was regarded as the father of modern American poetry. He is a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement"， which though short-lived， had a tremendous influence on modern poetry. 二。 识记 His major works： Pound composed poems， wrote criticisms and did translations. （1） His poetic works： In 1915 Pound began writing his great work， The Cantos， which spanned from 1917 to 1959 and were collected in The Cantos of Ezra Pound （1986）。 He joined a famous literary salon run by an American woman writer Gertrude Stein， and became involved in the experimentations on poetry. His other poetic works include twelve volumes of verse Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound （1982）， and Personae （1909）， and some longer pieces such as Hugh Selwyn Mauberley （1920）。 （2） His critical essays： Make It New （l934）， Literary Essays （l954）， The ABC of Reading （1934） and Polite Essays （l937）， etc. These essays best reflect Pound's appraisals of literary traditions and of modern writing. （3） His translations： The Translations of Ezra Pound （1953）， Confucius （1969）， and Shih-Ching （1954） These translations have not only cast light on Pound's affinity to the Chinese and his strenuous effort in the study of Oriental literature， but also offered us a clue to the understanding of his poetry and literary theory. From the analysis of the Chinese ideogram Pound learned to anchor his poetic language in concrete， perceptual reality， and to organize images into larger patterns through juxtoposition. 三。 领会 1. Ezra Pound's poetic subjects or themes： （1） His earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism： songs in praise of a lady， songs concerning the poet's craft， love and friendship， death， the transience of beauty and the permanence of art， and some other subjects that Pound could call his own： the pain of exile， metamorphosis， the delightful psychic experience， the ecstatic moment， etc. （2） Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture： the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. In The Cantos， Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires， the moral and social chaos of the modern world， especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson. From the perception of these things， stems the poet's search for order， which involves a search for the principles on which the poet's craft is based. 2. His artistic achievment： （1） He is the leader of the Imagist Movement： Led by the American poet Ezra Pound， Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism， especially Tennyson's wordiness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism， including direct treatment of poetic subjects， elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words， and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing， to stick closely to the object or experience being described， and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound， Wallace Stevens， D.H.Lawrence， etc. Pound's famous one-image poem "In a Station of the Metro" would serve as a typical example of the Imagist ideas. （2） His use of myth and personae： Pound argued that the poet cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person： he must "screen himself" and speak indirectly through as impersonal and objective story， which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature， or a "mask，" that is a persona. In this way， Pound could sustain a dialogue between past and present succesfully. （persona： It is an invented person； a character in drama or fiction. Persona， a Latin word meaning "mask ，" is used in Jungian psychology to refer to one's "public personality"-the facade or mask presented to the world but not representative of inner feelings and emotions. In literary criticism， persona is sometimes used to refer to a person figuring in， for example， a poem， someone who may or may not represent the author himself. ） （3） His language： His lines are usually oblique yet marvelously compressed. His poetry is dense with personal， literary， and historical allusions， but at the expense of syntax and summary statements. 四。应用：Selected Readings： 1. In a Station of the Metro （1） Theme： This poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway station or a description of a moment of sudden emotion at seeing beautiful faces in a Metro in Paris. He sees the faces， turned variously toward light and darkness， like flower petals which are half absorbed by， half resisting， the wet， dark texture of a bough. （2） The one image in this poem： This poem is probably the most famous of all imagist poems. In two lines it combines a sharp visual image or two juxtoposed images （意象叠加） "Petals on a wet， black bough" with an implied meaning. The faces in the dim light of the Metro suggest both the impersonality and haste of city life and the greater transience of human life itself. The word "apparition" is a well-chosen one which has a two-fold meaning： Firstly， it means a visible appearance of something real. Secondly， it builds an image of a ghostly sight， a delusive and unexpected appearance. （3） Pound uses the fewest possible words to convey an accurate image， which is the principle of the Imagist poetry. This poem looks to be a modern adoption of the haiku form of Japanese poetry which adapts the 3-line， 17 syllable and where the title is an intergral part of the whole. The poem succeeds largely because of its internal rhymes： station/apparition； Metro/petals/wet； crowd/bough. Its form was determined by the experience that inspired it， involving organically rather than being chosen arbitrarily. 2. The River-Merchant's Wife： A Letter （1） Theme： It is an adaptation from the Chinese Li Po （701-762） named Rihaku in Japanese， which， by means of vivid images and shifting tones， describes the silky shy tenderness of the young wife writing to her absent husband the river-merchant. The history of her feelings for her husband develops as the following： her bashfulness when she was a young girl， her spiritual affinity with him during the phase of their marriage， the material nature of her love at the time of his departure as well as her longing for his return when she grows old. （2） use of images and allusion： In this poem Pound uses images such as "hair" "grown moss" "falling leaves" to suggest the passing years and growing age. Besides， Pound employs an allusion to "a story of a woman waiting for her husband on a hill." In Pound's version， the line emphasizes the otherworldly nature of her love during her marriage. 3. A Pact This poem is about Pound's evaluation on Whitman. Pound started to find some agreement between "Whitmanesque" free verse， which he had attacked for its carelessness in composition， and the "verse libre" of the Imagists who showed more concern for formal values. In the poem Pound affirmed Whitman's contribution in the experiment on the form and content of American poetry and expressed his eagerness to communicate with Whitman…… Ⅱ。 Robert Lee Frost （l874-l963） 一。 一般识记 His life and writing： Frost is an important poet in the 20th century .He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. He spent his early childhood in the Far West and later the family moved to New Hampshire. He went to Harvard but left in the middle because of his tuberculosis. When he was 28， he began to venture on writing. 二。 识记 His major works： His first book A Boy's Will （1913）， whose lyrics trace a boy's development from self-centered idealism to maturity， is marked by an intense but restrained emotion and the characteristic flavor of New Eng1and life. His second book， a volume of poems North of Boston （1914）， is described by the author as "a book of people，" which shows a brilliant insight into New England character and the background that formed it. Many of his major poems are collected in this volume， such as "Mending the Wall，" in which Frost saw man as learning from nature the zones of his own 1imitations， and "Home Buria1，" which probes the darker corners of individual lives in a situation where man cannot accept the facts of his condition. Mountain Interval （19l6） contains such characteristic poems as "The Road Not Taken，" "Birches". New Hampshire （1923） that won Frost the first of four Pulitzer Prizes includes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"， which stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. The collection West-Running Brook （1928） poses disturbing uncertainties about man's prowess and importance. Collected Poems （l930） and A Further Range （1935） gathered Frost's second and third Pulitzer Prizes. Both translate modern upheaval into poetic materia1 the poet could skillfully control. Frost's fourth Pulitzer Prize was awarded for A Witness Tree （l942） which includes "The Gift Outright，" the poem he later recited at President Kennedy's inauguration. Frost took up a religious question most notably in "After Apple-Picking：" can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God？ A Masque of Reason （l945） and A Masque of Mercy （1947） are comic-serious dramatic narratives， in both of which biblical characters in modern settings discuss ethics and man's re1ations to God. 三。 领会 1. His thematic concerns： （1） Generally Frost is considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature， as well as its beauty， and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully， which he practiced himself throughout his life. （2） Frost wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man's life： the individual's relationships to himself， to his fellow-man， to world， and to his God. Profound meanings are hidden underneath the plain language and simple form. His poetry， by using nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol， often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe when men stand alone， unaided and perplexed. 2. His nature poems： Robert Frost is mainly known for his poems concerning New England life. He learned from the tradition， especially the familiar conventions of nature poetry and of classical pastoral poetry， and made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. A poem so conceived thus becomes a symbo1 or metaphor， a careful， loving exploration of reality， in Frost's version， "a momentary stay against confusion." Many of his poems are fragrant with natural quality. Images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from the rural world， the simple country 1ife and the pastoral 1andscape. However， profound ideas are delivered under the disguise of the p1ain language and the simple form， for what Frost did is to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. These thematic concerns include the terror and tragedy in nature， as well as its beauty， and the 1oneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. But first and foremost Frost is concerned with his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully， which he practiced himself throughout his life. 3. Frost's style in language： By using simple spoken language and conversational rhythms， Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style. He combined traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet， rhyming coup1ets， blank verse with a clear American local speech rhythm， the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. In verse form he was assorted； he wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse， and sometimes he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits of both， in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 四。 应用 Selected Readings： l. After Apple-Picking This poem is so vivid a memory of experience on the farm in which the end of labor leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfilment yet finds him blocked from success by winter's approach and physical weariness. On the one hand， Frost expressed his love of life and his belief in a serenity that only came from working usefully. On the other hand， the poet was concerned with individual's relationships to himself， to his fellow-man， to world， and to his God. He took up a religious question： can a man's best efforts ever satisfy God？ Besides this is a typical lyric poem describing the pastoral landscape in New England. Symbols and images from the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene. The language of this poem is characterized by simple spoken language and conversational rhythms， the combination of traditiona1 verse forms —— the sonnet， rhyming coup1ets， blank verse with the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. Frost wrote in both the metrical forms and the free verse， in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional. 2. The Road Not Taken （1） The theme： This poem seems to be about the poet， walking in the woods in autumn， hesitating for a long time and wondering which road he should take since they are both pretty. In reality， this is a meditative poem symbolically written. It concerns the important decisions which one must take in the course of life， when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another. Then， whatever the outcome， one must accept the consequences of one's choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently. In the poem， he followed the one which was not frequently travelled by. Symbolically， he chose to follow an unusual， solitary life； perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some common profession. But he always remembered the road which he might have taken， and which would have given him a different kind of life. （2） Language： This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas， with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-a-b and conversational rhythm. The poet uses "the road " to symbolize life's journey. 3. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening （1） The theme： This is a deceptively simple poem in which the speaker literally stops his horse in the winter twilight to observe the beauty of the forest scene， and then is moved to continue his journey. Philosophically and symbolically， it stems from the ambiguity of the speaker's choice between safety and the unknown. （2） This poem suggests deep thought about death and about life. The strange attraction of death to man is symbolized by the dark woods silently filled up with the coldness of snow. Frost frequently uses the technique of symbolism in his poetry. Some critics think that the "village" stands for the human world， "woods" for nature， "horse" for the animal world， and "promises" for obligations. The poem represents a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life， an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man. （3） The last stanza shows a kind of sad， sentimental but also strong and responsible feeling. The attraction of the beauty of the nature makes the speaker stop in the journey. He finally turns away from it， with a certain weariness and yet with quiet determination， to face the needs of life. This stresses the central conflict of the poem between man's enjoyment of nature's beauty and his responsibility in society. This shows a man's despairing courage to seek out the meaning of life. In the last stanza， the three adjectives "lovely" "dark" "deep" reinforce one another. Not only do they represent beauty and terror of nature symbolized by the dark woods， but they also reveal the speaker's love for nature and human isolation from it. Besides， the word "sleep" here means "die" symbolically.
下篇：美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 （2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会： （1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 （2）惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会：《白鲸》的 （1）主题：表层及深层意义 （2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 （3）象征手法和寓言的运用 （4）语言特色 4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period （一）“识记”内容： 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. （二）领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. （1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural. （2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. （3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. （4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. （5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. （三）应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings. （1） American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets. （2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.
全部题目用英文作答，请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上 PART ONE (40 POINTS)I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice and write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.1. All of Charles Dickens’ works, with the exception of _________, present a criticism of the more complicated and yet most fundamental social institutions and morals of the Victorian England.A. Bleak House B. Hard TimesC. Great ExpectationsD. A Tale of Two Cities2. From ____________ on, the tragic sense becomes the keynote of Thomas Hardy’s novels, the conflict between the traditional and the moden is brought to the center of the stage.A. The Return of the NativeB. The Mayor of CasterbridgeC. Tess of the D’UrbervillesD. Jude the Obscure3. George Bernard Shaw’s play ____________ shows his almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.A. Getting Married B. Too True to Be GoodC. Widowers’ HousesD. The Apple Cart4. It was only after the publication of ____________ that D.H. Lawrence was recognized as aprominent novelist.A. The Trespasser B. The White PeacockC. Sons and Lovers D. The Rainbow5. T. S. Eliot’s poem ____________ is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream- of -consciousness technique, also a prelude to The Waste Land.A. “Prufrock” B. “Gerontion”C. The Hollow Men D. Lyrical Ballads6. Charlotte Brontё’s ____________ is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.A. The Professor B. Wuthering HeightsC. Villette D. Jane Eyre7. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four - act poetic drama ____________ , which is an ex- ultant work in praise of humankind’s potential.A. Adonais B. Queen MabC. Prometheus Unbound D. Kubla Khan8. Among the Romantic poets ____________ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.A. William Blake B. William WordsworthC. George Gordon Byron D. John Keats9. The most perfect example of the verse drama after Greek style in English is John Milton’s ____________.A. Paradise Lost B. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Areopagitica10. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is____________.A. love and money B. money and social statusC. social status and marriage D. love and marriage11. T. S. Eliot’s most important single poem ____________ has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry.A. The Hollow Men B. The Waste LandC. Murder in the CathedralD. Ash Wednesday12. According to the subjects, William Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two groups, poems about____________.A. nature and human life B. happiness and childhoodC. symbolism and imagination D. nature and commonlife13. Among the following writers ____________ is considered to be the best -known English dramatist since Shakespeare.A. Oscar Wilde B. John GalsworthyC. W. B. Yeats D. George Bernard Shaw14. William Blake’s ____________ composed during the climax of the French Revolution playsthe double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.A. The Book of Urizen B. The Book of LosC. Poetical Sketches D. Marriage of Heaven and Hell15. Charles Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of ____________ and pathos.A. metaphor B. passionC. satire D. humor16. Daniel Defoe describes ____________ as a typical English middle -class man of the eigh- teenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.A. Robinson Crusoe B. Moll FlandersC. Gulliver D. Tom Jones17. In Thomas Hardy’s Wessex novels, there is an apparent ____________ touch in his de- scription of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.A. nostalgic B. tragicC. romantic D. ironic18. Of all the eighteenth - century novelists ____________ was the first to set out, both in the-ory and practice, to write specially a “comic epic in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
《英美文学选读》期末考试A卷姓名： 专业： 学号： 学习中心：? 成绩： Answer the following questions in a brief, clear way. You can use the textbooks for reference (20 points for each question)The famous saying "to be, or not to be" is said by whom? How to understand this famous saying? What does the image “lamb” stand for in William Blake's poem "The Lamb"? How does Jane Austen reveal the natures of the characters in Pride and Prejudice? Please make some examples. Who is the author of The Cask of Amotillado? In the story, what is the time and where is the place the narrator choose for revenge? Why? Who is the author of The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country? What are the writing techniques adopted in the story?福师2022年2月课程考试《英美文学选读》作业考核满分 (出处: 无忧答案网)
The Faerie Queene (canto1) Edmud SpenserThe Faerie Queene1A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,一位高贵的骑士正策马穿过平原，Ycladd in mightie armes and silver shielde,他全副武装，手持银盾，Wherein old dints of deepe wounds did remaine,盾上仍留着陈旧的深深的凹痕，The cruell markes of many a bloudy fielde;这残酷的标记来自多次血腥的战阵；Yet armes till that time did he never wield:但这些武器至今他还未用过；His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,他那愤怒的坐骑暴躁地咬着马勒，As much disdayning to the curde to yield:似乎桀骜不驯，不愿受主人的控制；Full jolly knight he seemed , and faire did sitt,他看上去是位真正的骑士，端坐马上，As one for knightly giusts and fierce encouters fitt.好象准备参加骑士比武，迎接激烈对抗。 2But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,然而，他胸前带着一个血十字The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,这是他对垂死的主耶稣的珍贵记忆，For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,就为了耶稣，他佩带那光荣的徽章，And dead as living ever him adored:虽死犹生，耶稣永受他崇敬；Upon his shield the like was also scored,他的盾上也有着同样的血十字，For soveraine hope, which in his helpe he had:这是耶稣基督帮助他得到最高希望的标记；Right faithfull true he was in deede and word,他忠诚正直，言行一致，But of his cheere did seeme too solemne sad;他的面容却显得过于严肃忧郁；Yet nothing did he dread, but ever was ydrad.但对于任何可怕的东西，他都无所畏惧。3Upon a great adventure he was bond,他承担着一个冒险的壮举，That greatest Gloriane to him gave,这是最伟大的光荣女王交给他的使命，That greatest Glrious Queene of Faerie Lond,那仙国的最伟大的光荣之后，to winne him worship, and her grace to have,使他崇拜，的到她恩宠，Which of all earhly things he most did crave;是他在尘世间最强烈的愿望；And ever as he rode, his hart did earne当他骑马前行，他的心时刻盼望，To prove his puissance in battell brave在抗击敌人的无谓的战争中，Upon his foe, and his new force to learne;证明他英勇和他学习的潜力；Upon his foe, a Dragon horrible and stearne.抗击他的敌人，一个可怕而凶猛的恶魔。4A lovely Ladie rode him faire beside,一位可爱的女士伴他前行，Upon a lowly Asse more white then snow,骑着一头比雪还白的温驯的白驴，Yet she much whiter, but the same did hide而她本人更白，但她的脸藏在Under a vele , that wimpled was full low,面纱之后，面纱带着折纹低低垂下，And over all a blacke stole she did throw,她又用一条黑披肩蒙住全身，As one that inly mournd: so was she sad,如满心哀思之人；她的确十分忧伤，And heavier sat upon her palfrey slow:做在缓缓的坐骑上她显得忧郁，Seemed in heart some hidden care she had,似乎心中藏着重重忧虑，And by her in a line a milke white lambe she lad.她身边还牵着一只乳白色的小羊羔。5So pure an innocent , as that same lambe,她在生活里和每一个关于美德的传说中，She was in life and every vertuous lore,都像那只小羊羔一样纯洁无暇；And by descent from Royall lynage came她出生于皇室贵族，Of ancient Kings and Queenes, that had of yore那昔日的国王与王后的后裔；Their scepters strecht from East to Westerne shore,他们的权杖从东海岸伸到西海岸，And all the world in their subjection held;整个世界都在他们的统治之下；Till that infernall feend with foule uprore直到那可怕的恶魔淫威肆虐，Forwated all their land , and them expeld:蹂躏他们的全部国土，将他们赶走；Whom to avenge, she had this Knight from for compeld.为了给他们报仇，她请来这远方的骑士。6Behind her farre away a Dwarfe did lag,她身后的一个侏儒远远落在后面，That lasie seemed in being ever last,他似乎因为总在后面而显得懒洋洋，Or wearied with bearing of her bag或者因为背负着她的一袋衣物，Of needments at his backe. Thus as they past,已经疲惫。当他们这样行进时The day with cloudes was suddeine overcast,白昼忽然被乌云所笼罩，And angry Jove and hideous storme of raine愤怒的朱庇特将一场可怕的暴风雨Did poure into his Lemans lap so fast,倾注在他的大地爱人的怀中，如此迅疾，That every wight to shrowd it did constrain,每个人都被迫找地方躲避。And this faire couple eke to shroud themselves were fain.这漂亮的一对也欣然地隐蔽自己。7Enforst to seeke some covert nigh at hand,在森林里寻找就近的隐蔽处，A shadie grove not far away they spide,他们看见不远处一片树荫，That promist ayde the tempest to withstand:可以让他们藏身，抵挡暴风雨；Whose loftie trees yclad with sommers pride,那些高高的大树披着夏日的骄傲，Did spred so broad, that heavens light did hide,绿茵伸得宽宽，挡住天上的光，Not perceable with power of any starre:没有一颗星有能力穿透，And all within were pathes and alleies wide,在浓荫下有许多宽宽的路径，With footing worne , and leading inward farre:被行人脚步踏平，通向远远的深处；Faire harbour that them seemes; so in they entred arre.这似乎是平安港湾，于是他们向里走去。
Chapter 5The Modern Period Ⅰ。学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解20世纪批判现实主义文学和现代主义文学产生的历史、文化背景。认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对现当代英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点 1. 英国现代文学的特征 2. 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3. 名词解释：现代主义 4. 应用：选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格，如 （1）叶芝和艾略特诗歌（所选作品）的主题、意象分析 （2）小说《儿子与情人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析 （3）意识流小说的主要特色分析 （4）萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义分析 Ⅲ。考核知识点和考核要求 （一）现代时期概述 1.识记： A. 20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景 B.英国20世纪批判现实主义文学 C.现代主义文学的兴起与衰落 2.领会： A. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张 B.英国现代主义文学思潮 （1）诗歌 （2）小说 （3）戏剧 3.应用： A.名词解释：现代主义 B.英国现代主义文学的特点 C.现代主义文学对当代文学的影响 （二）现代时期的主要作家 A.萧伯纳 1.一般：萧伯纳的生平与文学生涯。 2.识记： A.萧伯纳的政治改革思想和文学创作主张 B.萧伯纳的戏剧创作 （1）早期主要作品：《鳏夫的房产》、《华伦夫人的职业》、《康蒂坦》、《凯撒和克莉奥佩特拉》 （2）中期作品：《人与超人》、《巴巴拉少校》、《皮格马利翁》 （3）晚期作品：《伤心之家》、《回到麦修色拉》、《圣女贞德》、《苹果车》 3.领会： A.萧伯纳戏剧的特点与社会意义 B.萧伯纳的戏剧对20世纪英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《华伦夫人的职业》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义 B.选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物塑造、语言特点、艺术手法等 B.约翰。高尔斯华绥 1.一般识记：高尔斯华绥的生平与文学生涯 2.识记：高尔斯华绥的文学创作 （1）戏剧：《银盒》、《正义》、《斗争》 （2）小说：《福赛特世家》（《有产业的人》、《骑虎》、《出租》）、《现代喜剧》 3.领会： A.高尔斯华绥的创作思想 B.高尔斯华绥批判现实主义小说的主要特点及社会意义 4.应用： 选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格。语言特点、叙述手法等 C、威廉。勃特勒。叶芝 1.一般：叶芝的生平及文学生涯 2.识记：叶芝诗歌的代表作品 （1）早期诗歌：《茵尼斯弗利岛》、《梦见仙境的人》、《玫瑰》 （2）中期诗歌：《新的纪元》、《1916年的复活节》 （3）晚期诗歌：《驶向拜占廷》、《丽达及天鹅》、《在学童们中间》 3.领会： A.叶芝的诗歌创作思想 B.叶芝诗歌的特点及思想意义 C.叶芝诗歌的艺术成就 D.叶芝的诗歌对当代英国文学的影响 E.叶芝的戏剧创作 4.应用：选读：、所选作品的主题思想、语言风格、艺术特色等 D、T.S.艾略特 1.一般识记：艾略特的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：艾略特的主要诗歌作品 （1）《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》 （2）《荒原》 （3）《灰星期三》 （4）《四个四重奏》 3.领会： A.艾略特的文学理论与文艺批评观 B.艾略特诗歌的艺术特色及社会意义 C.艾略特的戏剧 D. 文略特的艺术成就 E.艾略特的文学创作及文艺批评思想对现当代英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《荒原》主题、结构、神话、象征、语言特色及社会意义 B.选读：所选作品的主题结构、思想内容、语言特点、艺术手法等 E.戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯 1.一般识记：劳伦斯的生平及文学生涯 2.识记：劳伦斯的主要小说 （1）《儿子与情人》 （2）《虹》 （3）《恋爱中的女人》 3.领会： A. 劳伦斯的创作思想 B. 劳伦斯小说的主要艺术特色及社会意义 . C. 劳伦斯的小说对现当代英国文学的影响 4.应用： A.《儿子与情人》的故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义 B.选读：所选作品的主要内容、人物性格、语言特点、艺术手法等 F.詹姆斯。乔伊斯 1.一般识记：乔伊斯的生平与创作生涯 2.识记：乔伊斯的主要作品简介 （1）《都柏林人》 （2）《青年艺术家的肖像》 （3）《尤利西斯》 3.领会： A. 乔伊斯的文学创作主张与美学思想 B. 乔伊斯小说的主要艺术特色及思想意义 C.乔伊斯的艺术成就 D.乔伊斯的作品对现当代世界文学的影响 4.应用： A. 意识流小说的主要特色分析 B. 选读：所选作品的主题思想、人物塑造、语言特色、艺术手法等 Chapter 5 The Modern Period 一。识记： 1. The social， ideological background of the modern English literature： （1） The influences of the two World Wars on English literature： Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. The First World War and the Second World War had greatly influenced the English literature. The catastrophic First World War tremendously weakened the British Empire and brought about great sufferings to its people as well. Its appalling shock severely destroyed people's faith in the Victorian values； The postwar economic dislocation and spiritual disillusion produced a profound impact upon the British people， who came to see the prevalent wretchedness in capitalism. The Second World War marked the last stage of the disintegration of the British Empire. Britain suffered heavy losses in the war： thousands of people were killed； the economy was ruined； and almost all its former colonies were lost. People were in economic， cultural， and belief crisises. （2） Ideologically， the rise of the irrational philosophy and new science greatly incited modern writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships. （a） In the mid-19th century， Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels put forward the theory of scientific socialism， which not only provided a guiding principle for the working people， but also inspired them to make dauntless fights for their own emancipation. （b） Darwin's theory of evolution exerted a strong influence upon the people， causing many to lose their religious faith. The social Darwinism， under the cover of "survival of the fittest，" vehemently advocated colonialism or jingoism. （c） Einstein's theory of relativity provided entirely new ideas for the concepts of time and space. （d） Freud's analytical psychology drastically altered our conception of human nature. （e） Arthur Schopenhauer， a pessimistic philosopher started a rebellion against rationalism， stressing the importance of will and intuition. （f） Having inherited the basic principles from Schopenhauer， Friedrich Nietzsche went further against rationalism by advocating the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality. （g） Based on the major ideas of his predecessors， Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy which put the emphasis on creation， intuition， irrationality and unconsciousness. All these irrationalist philosophers exerted immense influence upon the major modernist writers in Britain. So， after the First World War， all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared： symbolism， expressionism， surrealism， cubism， futurism， Dadaism， imagism and stream of consciousness. Towards the 1920s， these trends converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement， which swept across the whole Europe and America. After the Second World War， a variety of modernism， or post-modernism， like existentialist literature， theater of the absurd， new novels and black humor， rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that "the world was absurd， and the human life was an agony." 2. The development of English poetry in the 20th century： The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry. In the early years of this century， Thomas Hardy and the war poets of the younger generation were important realistic poets. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor and his bitter disgusts at the social evils in his poetry as in his novels. The soldiers-poets of World War I revealed the appalling brutality of the war in a most realistic way. The early poems of Pound and Eliot and Yeats's matured poetry marked the rise of "modern poetry，" which was， in some sense， a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism， advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech， to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood， to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects， and to use hard， clear and precise images in poems. The 1930s witnessed great economic depressions， mass unemployment， and the rise of the Nazis. Facing such a severe situation， most of the young intellects started to turn to the left. And therefore the period was known as "the red thirties." A group of young poets during this period expressed in their poetry a radical political enthusiasm and a strong protest against fascism. With the coming of the 1950s， there was a return of realistic poetry again. By advocating reason， moral discipline， and traditional forms， a new generation of poets started "The Movement，" which explicitly rejected the modernist influence. There was no significant poetic movement in the 1960s. A multiplicity of choices opened to both the poet and the reader. Poets gradually moved into more individual styles. 3. Realism in the 20th century English literature： The realistic novels in the early 20th century were the continuation of the Victorian tradition， yet its exposing and criticizing power against capitalist evils had been somewhat weakened both in width and depth. The outstanding realistic novelists of this period were John Galsworthy， H. G. Wells， and Arnold Eennett. The three trilogies of Galsworthy's Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century， which revealed the corrupted capitalist world. In his novels of social satire， H. G. Wells made realistic studies of the aspirations and frustrations of the "Little Man；" whereas Bennett presented a vivid picture of the English life in the industrial Midlands in his best novels. Realism was， to a certain extent， eclipsed by the rapid rise of modernism in the 1920s. But with the strong swing of leftism in the 1930s， novelists began to turn their attention to the urgent social problems. They also enriched the traditional ways of creation by adopting some of the modernist techniques. However， the realistic novels of this period were more or less touched by a pessimistic mood， preoccupied with the theme of man's loneliness， and shaped in different forms： social satires by Aldous Huxley and George Orwell comic satires on the English upper class by Evelyn Waugh； and Catholic novels by Graham Greene. Another important group of young novelists and playwrights with lower-middle-class or working-class background in the mid-1950s and early 1960s known as "The Angry Young Man." They demonstrated a particular disillusion over the depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society. Kingsley Amis， John Wain， John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. They portrayed unadorned working-class life in their novels with great freshness and vigor of the working-class language. Amis was the first to start the attack on middle-class privileges and power in his novel Lucky Jim （1954）。 The term "The Angry Young Man" came to be widely Having been merged and interpenetrated with modernism in the past several decades， the realistic novel of the 1960s and 1970s appeared in a new face with a richer， more vigorous and more diversified style. 二。领会： 1.Modern English poetry： It is， in some sense， a revolution against the conventional ideas and forms of the Victorian poetry. The modernist poets fought against the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionalism， advocating new ideas in poetry- writing such as to use the language of common speech， to create new rhythms as the expression of a new mood， to allow absolute freedom in choosing subjects， and to use hard， clear and precise images in poems. 2. Modern English novels： The first three decades of 20th century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation， the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis played a particularly important role. With the notion that multiple levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind， that one's present was the sum of his past， present and future， and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique， isolated， and private world of each individual， writers like Dorothy Richardson， James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented stream-of-consciousness novels such as Pilgrimage by Richardson， Ulysses （1922） by Joyce， and Mrs. Dalloway （1925） by Woolf. One of the remarkable features of their writings was their continuous experimentation on new and sophisticated techniques in novel writing， which made tremendous impacts on the creation of both realistic and modernist novels in this century. James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist； in Ulysses， his encyclopedia-like masterpiece， Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed， illogical， illusory， and mental- emotional life of Leopold Bloom， who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-ⅠEurope. In the works of E. M. Forster and D. H. Lawrence， old traditions are still there， but their subject matter about human relationships and their symbolic or psychological presentations of the novel are entirely modern. Forster's masterpiece， A Passage to India （1924）， is a novel of decidedly symbolist aspirations， in which the author set up， within a realistic story， a fable of moral significance that implies a highly mystical， symbolic view of life， death， human relationship， and the relationship of man with the infinite universe. D. H. Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing； but unlike Joyce， he was not concerned with technical innovations； his interest lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. He believed that life impulse was the primacy of man's instinct， and that any conscious repression of such an impulse would cause distortion or perversion of the individual's personality. In his best novels like The Rainbow （1915） and Women in Love （1920）， Lawrence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships， especially those between men and women， with a great frankness Lawrence claimed that the alienation of the human relationships and the perversion of human nature in the modern society were caused by the desires for power and money， by the shams and frauds of middle-class life， and， above all， by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization， which turned men into inhuman machines. After the Second World War， modernism had another upsurge with the rise of existentialism which was reflected mainly in drama. 3. The development of 20th century English drama： The most celebrated dramatists in the last decade of the 19th century were Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw， who， in a sense， pioneered the modern drama， though they did not make so many innovations in techniques and forms as modernist poets or novelists. Wilde expressed a satirical and bitter attitude towards the upper-class people by revealing their corruption， their snobbery， and their hypocrisy in his plays， especially in his masterpiece， The Importance-of Being Earnest （1895）。 Shaw is is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare whose works are examples of the plays inspired by social criticism. John Galsworthy carried on this tradition of social criticism in his plays. By dramatizing social and ethical problems， Galsworthy made considerable achievements in his plays such as The Silver Box （1906） and Strife （1910）， in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic pictures of social injustice， but also the workers' heroic struggles against their employers. W. B. Yeats， a prominent poet of the 20th century， was the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement. He was a verse playwright who desired to restore lyrical drama to popularity. With the heroic portrayal of spiritual truth as his main concern， Yeats wrote a number of verse plays， introducing Irish myths and folk legends； but the plot in his plays was seldom very dramatic. The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England. One of the early experimenters was T. S. Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry. Eliot wrote several verse plays and made a considerable success. Murder in the Cathedral （1935）， with its purely dramatic power， remains the most popular of his verse plays， in spite of its primarily religious purpose. After Eliot， Christopher Fry gained considerable successes in poetic drama. His exuberant though poetically commonplace verse drama. The Lady's Not For Burning （1948）， attracted delighted audience. The English dramatic revolution， which came in the 1950s under various European and American influences， developed in two directions： the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd. The working-class drama was started by a group of young writers from the lower-middle class， or working class， who presented a new type of plays which expressed a mood of restlessness， anger and frustration， a spirit of rebelliousness， and a strong emotional protest against the existing social institutions. John Osborne's play， Look Back in Anger （1956）， in a fresh， unadorned working-class language， angrily， violently and unrelentingly condemned the contemporary social evils. With an entirely new sense of reality， Osborne brought vitality to the English theater and became known as the first "Angry Young Man." The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett， who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien， decaying world. His first play Waiting for Godot （1955） is regarded as the most famous and influential play of the Theater of Absurd.
1.“Paradise Lost” is one of John Milton’s novels. ( T) 2. Satan is the hero in Milton’s masterpiece “Prometheus Unbound” ( F) 3. while working for the Virginia City Enterprize, Samuel Langhorne Clemens adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the cry of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fanthom(F ) 4. In his history plays, William Shakespeare’s expressed his wish for freedom and national unity.（ F） 5. Emerson and his young friend Edgar Allan Poe are considered the forerunners of the literary movement of New England Transcendentalism in the 19th century. （ F） 6. The greatest and most distinctive achievement of the Victorian literature is drama. （ F） 7.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a famous British poet.（F ） 8. Emerson and his young friend Edgar Allan Poe are considered the forerunners of the literary movement of New England Transcendentalism in the 19th century. （F ） 9. The greatest and most distinctive achievement of the Victorian literature is drama. （F ） 10. Hamlet’s melancholy derives from his sudden exposures to the evil world and his thoughtfulness of the meaning of life in a corrupted society.（ T） 11. William Wordsworth lived a long life and his creative power never diminished till his last year.（F ） 12.The Greatest English critical realist was Charles Dickinson.（F） 13.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a famous British poet.（F） 14. while working for the Virginia City Enterprize, Samuel Langhorne Clemens adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the cry of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fanthom.（F ） 15. the greatest of America’s realists, such as Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America（ F） 16. William Wordsworth lived a long life and his creative power never diminished till his last year.（ F）
41．“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:” Questions: A．Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken. B．Name the figure of speech employed in the poem. C．What is the theme of the poem? 42．“Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? —You think wrong!… And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you…—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal—as we are!” Questions: A．Identify the author and the novel from which the quoted part is taken. B．To whom is the speaker speaking? C．What does the quoted part imply about the speaker? 43．“The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.” Questions: A．Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken. B．What does the word “sleep” mean? C．What idea do the four lines express? 44．“I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.” (from Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself”) Questions: A．Whom does “myself” refer to? B．How do you understand the line “I loafe and invite my soul”? C．What does “a spear of summer grass” indicate?该文章转载自无忧考网：
Chapter 3 The Modern Period Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解20世纪初期至中叶美国现代文学产生 的历史、文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征、基本主张，及其对当代美国文学发展的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学生涯、创作意图、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品，了解其思想内容和写作特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点 1. 美国现代文学的特征 2. 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格 3. 名词解释：“迷惘的一代”，意象派诗歌，象征主义，表现主义，意识流 4. 选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 Ⅲ。 考核知识点和考核要求 （一）现代时期美国文学概述 1. 识记： A.两次世界大战期间美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 （1）两次世界大战 （2）移居国外的美国人 （3）马克思主义理论和弗洛伊德学说 （4）欧洲现代派艺术 B.战后美国文学产生的历史及文化背景 2. 领会： A. 两次世界大战期间的美国文学 （1）诗歌：意象派诗人；象征主义 （2）小说；“迷恫的一代” （3）戏剧：表现主义 B.战后美国文学 （1）诗歌：“垮掉的一代”等 （2）小说：黑人小说、*人小说、实验小说（荒诞派 小说）等 （3）美国现代文学多元化的现象 C.美国现代文学写作手法的创新 3.应用 A.名词解释：“迷惘的一代”，意象派诗歌，象征主义，表现主义，意识流 B.“荒原”意识在美国20世纪文学中的反映 C.分析选读作品的主题结构、艺术特色、人物刻画和语言风格 （二）美国现代时期的主要作家 A.埃兹拉。庞德 1.一般识记：庞德的生平和创作生涯 2.识记：庞德的诗歌 （1）短诗：《地铁站一瞥》 （2）长诗：《诗章》 3. 领会： （1）庞德与意象主义 （2）庞德与中国文化 （3）庞德的诗歌理论及艺术特色 4.应用：《地铁站一瞥》《盟约》《河商的妻子》：主题、意象、语言 B.罗伯特。弗洛斯特 1.一般识记：弗洛斯特的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：弗洛斯特的诗歌：田园诗；自然诗 3.领会： （1）弗洛斯特诗歌的艺术特色 （2）弗洛斯特的诗论 4.应用： （1） 弗洛斯特的自然诗 （2）《摘苹果后》《未选择的路》《雪夜停马在林边》：主题、 象征与比喻、语言 C.尤金。奥尼尔 1.一般识记：奥尼尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：奥尼尔的戏剧 （1）早期作品：独幕剧；多幕剧《天外边》 （2）中期作品：《琼斯皇帝》《伟大之神布朗》《毛猿》 ——表现主义和象征主义的力作 （3）后期作品：《直到夜晚的漫长一天》 一 自传体戏剧 剧 3.领会： （1）奥尼尔戏剧的悲观主义和神秘主义色彩 （2）奥尼尔戏剧的艺术特色 4.应用：选读《毛猿》第八场：主题结构、表现主义和象征主义手 法、语言特色 D.司各特。菲兹杰拉德 1.一般识记：菲兹杰拉德的生平及创作生涯 2.识记： （1）菲兹杰拉德与“爵士时代” （2）主要作品：短篇小说集：《爵士时代的故事》 中、长篇小说：《人间天堂》《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》《最后一个巨头》 3.领会： （1）《了不起的盖茨比》与“美国梦” （2）菲兹杰拉德的小说艺术 4.应用：《了不起的盖茨比》第三章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格 E.欧内斯特。海明威 1.一般识记：海明威的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：海明威的主要作品 （1）短篇小说集：《在我们的时代里》-一涅克的故事 （2）长篇小说：《太阳照样升起》《永别了，武器》《丧钟为谁而鸣》《老人与海》 3.领会：海明威与“迷惘的一代” 4.应用： （1）海明威小说的艺术特色：“硬汉”形象、“重压下的风 度”、“冰山”原则等 （2）《在我们的时代里》选篇：主题结构、人物刻画、语言 风格 F.威廉。福克纳 1.一般识记： 福克纳的生平及创作生涯 2.识记： （l）福克纳的主要作品：中、短篇小说：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》《老人》《熊》等；长篇小说：《喧嚣与骚动》 《八月之光》《我弥留之际》《押沙龙，押沙龙！》 （2）福克纳的“约克纳帕塔法”神话王国 3.领会： （1）福克纳小说的艺术特色：“意识流”、“内心独白”、“时序颠倒”、“对位式结构”、“象征隐喻”等 （2）福克纳的文体 （3）福克纳与美国南方文学 4.应用：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
下篇：美国文学 第一章美国浪漫主义时期 一、美国浪漫主义时期概述 Ⅰ。本章学习目的和要求 通过本章学习，了解19世纪初期至中叶美国文学产生的历史、文化背景；认识该时期文学创作的基本待征、基本主张，及其对同时代和后期美国文学的影响；了解该时期主要作家的文学创作生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题思想、人物刻画、语言风格等；同时结合注释，读懂所选作品并了解其思想内容和艺术特色，培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。 Ⅱ。本章重点及难点： 1.浪漫主义时期美国文学的特点 2.主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。 3.分析讨论选读作品 Ⅲ。本章考核知识点和考核要求： 1.美国浪漫主义时期概述 （1）“识记”内容：美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景 （2）“领会”内容： 美国浪漫主义在文学上的表现 a.欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响 b.美国本土文学的崛起及其待证 （3）“应用”内容：清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释 2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家 A.华盛顿。欧文 1.一般识记：欧文的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：《纽约外史》《见闻札记》 3.领会：欧文的创作领域、创作思想，及其作品的艺术风格 4.应用：选读《瑞普。凡。温可尔》的主题及其艺术特色 B.拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 1.一般识记：爱默生的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：爱默生的超验主义思想 3.领会： （1）爱默生的散文：《论自然》《论自助》《论美国学者》等 （2）爱默生与梭罗：梭罗的超验主义思想和他的《沃尔登》 4. 应用：《论自然》节选：爱默生的基本哲 学思想及自然观 C.纳撒尼尔。霍桑 1.一般识记：霍桑的生平及创作主涯 2.识记：霍桑的长短篇小说 3.领会： （1）《红字》的主题、心理描写、象征手法和、小说结构 （2）霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的“原罪”对霍桑的影响（人性本恶的观点） （3）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献 4.应用：选读《小伙子布朗》的主题结构、象征手法及语言特色 D.华尔特。惠特曼 1.一般识记：惠特曼的生平及其创作生涯 2.识记：惠特曼的民主思想 3.领会： （1）惠特曼的《草叶集》的主创意图、思想感情及诗体形式、语言风格 （2）惠特曼的个人主义 4.应用：选读《草叶集》诗选：“一个孩子的成长”、“涉水的骑兵”、“自己之歌”的主题结构、诗歌的艺术特色、语言风格 E.赫尔曼。麦尔维尔 1.一般识记：麦尔维尔的生平及创作生涯 2.识记：麦尔维尔的早期作品：《玛地》《雷得本》《白外衣》，后期作品《皮埃尔》《的化装表演》《比利伯德》等 3.领会：《白鲸》的 （1）主题：表层及深层意义 （2）小说结构：浪漫主义和现实主义的统一 （3）象征手法和寓言的运用 （4）语言特色 4.应用：选读《白鲸》最后一章的节选：主题思想、人物刻画、象征手法、语言特色 Chapter l The Romantic Period （一）“识记”内容： 1.The origin of Romantic American literature The Romantic Period， one of the most important periods in thehistory of American literature， stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. 2.The American Renaissance or New England Renaissance is a period of the great flowering of American literature， from the i830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War. It came of age as an expression of a national spirit. One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists， including Ralph Waldo Emerson， Henry David Thoreau. The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Apart from the Transcendentalists， there emerged during this period great imaginative writers ——Nathaniel Hawthorne， Herman Melville， and Walt Whitman——whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. 3.Its social historical and cultural background The development of the American society nurtured "the literature of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politically， economically and culturally independent country. Historically， it was the time of westward expansion in America economically， the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation. Politically， democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation， and the two-party system came into being. Worthy of mention is the literary and cultural life of the country. With the founding of the American Independent Government， the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expression， to make known its new experience that other nations did not have： the early Puritan settlement， the confrontation with the Indians， the frontiersmen''''''''s life， and the wild west. Besides， the nation’s literary milieu was ready for the Romantic movement as we11. Thus， with a strong sense of optimism， a spectacular outburst of romantic feeling was brought about in the first ha1f of the 19th century. 4.Major writers of this period There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period， among whom the better-known are poets such as Philip Freneau， William Cullen Bryant， Henry Wordsworth Long Fellow， James Russel Lowell， John Greenleaf Whitter， Edgar Ellen Poe， and， especially， Walt Whitman， whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the The Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe， from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville， from the psycho1ogical romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. （二）领会内容 1.The impact of European Romanticism on American Romanticism Foreign literary masters， especially the English counterparts exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the new world. Born of one common cultural heritage， the American writers shared some common features with the English Romanticists. They revolted against the literary forms and ideas of the period of classicism by developing some relatively new forms of fiction or poetry. （1） They put emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature， which included a liking for the picturesque， the exotic， the sensuous， the sensational， and the supernatural. （2） The Americans also placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and disp1ayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. Heroes and heroines exhibited extremes of sensitivity and excitement. （3） The strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man was almost a national religion in America. Writers like Freneau， Bryant， and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. （4） The literary use of the more colorfu1 aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving’s effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region， and in Cooper’s long series of historical tales. （5） In short， American Romanticism is， in a certain way， derivative. 2.The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English counterparts， the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，（1） the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America''''''''s landscape with its virgin forests， meadows， groves， endless prairies， streams， and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. （2）The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales， in Thoreau''''''''s Walden and， later， in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （3） With the growth of American national consciousness， American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. （4） Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. （5） Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. （三）应用内容 1. The American Puritanism and its great influence over American moral values， as is shown in American romantic writings. （1） American Puritanism Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. （The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church， who came into existence in the reigns Queen Elizabeth and King James Ⅰ。The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons， but it should be remembered that they were a group of serious， religious people， advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints， Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship， and organization of authority.） The American Puritans， like their brothers back in England， were idealists， believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination， original sin and total depravity， and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America， they became more and more practical， as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. Puritans'''''''' lives were extremely disciplined and hard. They drove out of their settlements all those opinions that seemed dangerous to them， and history has criticized their actions. Yet in the persecution of what they considered error， the Puritans were no worse than many other movements in history. As a culture heritage， Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become， to some extent， so much a state of mind， so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere， rather than a set of tenets. （2） One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. Besides， a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne， Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. New England Transcendentalism New England Transcendentalism is the mot clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period. It was started in the area around Concord， Mass. by a group of intellectual and the literary men of the United States such as Emerson， Henry David Thoreau who were members of an informal club， i. e. the Transcendental Club in New England in the l830s. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold， rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ， the innate goodness of man， and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The writings of the transcendentalists prepared the ground of their contemporaries such as Walt Whitman， Herman Melville， and Nathaniel Hawthorne. The main issues involved in the debate were generally philosophical， concerning nature， man and the universe. Basically， Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively， or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech， "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and， therefore， self-re1iant. 3. American Romanticists differed in their understanding of human nature. To the transcendentalists such as Emerson and Thoreau， man is divine in nature and therefore forever perfectible； but to Hawthorne and Melville， everybody is potentially a sinner， and great moral courage is therefore indispensab1e for the improvement of human nature， as is shown in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.