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自学考试英语笔记

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自学考试英语笔记

Unit9(第26讲—第28讲) 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中,作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异,并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意,把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词,而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用,只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”,相当于type, category.如: 1)It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.(要满足各种读者的需要十分困难) 2)How many classes are you going to divide these books? (你打算把这些书分成几类?) class 还常用来表示“等级”,如:a second-class hotel (二等旅馆); an economy-class ticket (经济舱票);fly first class (乘头等舱航空旅行)。 class 也可以用动词用,意思是“把 …分类;把…看作”,如: 1)At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.(到了十九岁,你仍旧是青少年。) 2)He was classed as a genius (他被看作为天才) make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”,请看例句: 1)Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class (二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班) 2)Twelve doctors made up the medical team (十二名医生组成医疗队) 用被动语态时则应用be made up of,如: This engine is made up of 490 parts (这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的) taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语,对中心词做一些附加说明,相当于一个非限定性定语从句,要用逗号和中心词隔开,如: All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my brother.(抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。) 2. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句,修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with,这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如:Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?) 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别,familiar with 的主语通常是人,而familiar to的主语通常是物。如: 1)I am not familiar with this place. 2) This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语,其作用是对整个一句话进行解释,类似的插入语还有so to speak, if I may say so, if you don't mind等等,如: 1)I'd really rather not go, if you don't mind 我确实不想去,你如果不介意的话。 2) The new emperor was, so to speak, a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及,有关于”,如: 1)Don't interfere in things that don't concern you (别干预跟你无关的事)。 2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源问题关系到我们每个人) stock的意思很多,如“存货”,“股票”,“公债券”,“牲畜”等。 1)They hold a rich stock of information (他们掌握着丰富的材料) 2)You cannot buy it because it's out of stock (你买不成了,货品已经脱销) 3)He used to have a stock farm (他曾经拥有一个畜牧场) 4)The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.(冰箱里周到地放满了食品) stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade,意思是“例行工作”,“常规”,如: 1)Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job (机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉) 2)He was the master of black humor, it was his stock in trade (他是黑色幽默大师,黑色幽默是他的专长) 4.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句,请看例句: 1)Since it was Saturday, he got up very late (因为是周六,他起床很晚。) 2)You can take the place of him since he is not interested (你可以取代他,因为他对这事不感兴趣) at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”,这个词组的意思还有很多,请看下面的句子: 1)The people at large love peace (大多数人热爱和平) 2)The virus is still at large (这种病毒还在蔓延) 3)The murderer is still at large (杀人犯仍逍遥法外) 4)He talked at large about his plans (他详尽地谈了自己的计划) 5)They made the arrangements at large (他们随意地做了安排 ) 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组:in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1)He is in possession of this house (他拥有这所房子) 2)The house is in the possession of him 3)On the other hand, our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语,阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力,写作中注意用这些词,有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气,在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多,比如:Conversely, however, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用,而amount可与不可数名词连用,如: 1)A large number of students have passed the exam (许多学生已经通过了考试) 2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子) 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用,意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用,意思是:“必要性、需要;机会”。如: 1)They're met on several occasions (他们已相遇过好几次) 2)They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。(有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。) 3)I don't remember I had occasion to blame him (我不记得我有责备他的必要) 7.In the latter, we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case,” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时,可以用in the first case, in the latter case 这一类词,条理非常清楚,也可以用the former,the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”,请看例句: 1)These words are derived from Latin (这些词由拉丁语派生而来) 2)The derivation of words is interesting (词的派生很有意思) 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”,如: 1) I don't know how to put this term into Chinese (我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文) 2) Writer is hardly the term to apply to him (“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上) term 还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思,如: 1)During his 4-year term of office, he did a lot of things for the common people.(在他四年的任职期间,他为普通百姓做了不少事。) 2) He decided to rum for a second term (他决定竞选连任。) 3) The autumn term is coming to an end (秋学期快要结束了。) apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”,如: 1)This rule applies to upper class students only (这条规则只适用于高年级学生。) 2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的话对你不适用) 3)They are eager to apply the theory to practice (他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践) apply for 则是“申请”的意思,如: 1)How many people have applied for the job?(有多少人申请了这个工作?) 2)They applied for permission to use the tennis court (他们申请使用网球场。) 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词,意思是“正确的;明智的”,如: 1)He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.(做了正确的决定,他感到很高兴。) 2)He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement(他被权力冲昏了头脑,无法做出任何明智的判断) 请看下面几个句子,注意sound 在句中的意思: 1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康) 2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (这所房了完好无损,别犹豫,买下它) 3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(宝宝在酣睡) 4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父亲给他一顿痛打) 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not (that)…。but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如: 1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .(我又来这儿,不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色,而是我爱这儿的人们。) 2)By calling him Shylock, I don't mean that he is named Shylock,but that he is as miserly as Shylock.(叫他夏洛克,我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克,而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。) due to 在句中的意思是“由于”,如: 1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失败是由于粗心。) 2)Due to lack of funds,they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少资金,他们不得不推迟计划) rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”,“与其……不如…” 1) He is a writer than a teacher (与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。) 2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。) 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter (case) 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary? 短语表达 1. build up (建立;增强;增加) They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across (穿过,出现;遇到) They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties, but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up (查阅) If there are words you don't understand, look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter, look up this book. 4. at top speed (以速度) He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on (依靠;取决于) We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense (有意义、讲得通) What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth(尝试做某事) You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with (提出,想出;提供) He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to(导致) Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all (毕竟) Don't expect too much of him, he is, after all, a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all, we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with (提供) It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with (以……开始) The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with, we ought to know what we are here for.

Text A scientific attitudes 本课主要单词 1.attitude n. 姿势,姿态;态度,看法 1)The plane was in a nose-down attitude. (飞机处于俯冲姿态。) 2)They decided to take an attitude of wait and see to/toward the new policy. (他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。) 3)We should adopt a correct attitude about tests. (对考试我们应抱正确的态度。) 2.environment n. 环境,周围状况,自然环境 1)A child can easily adjust to changes in the environment. (孩子很容易适应环境的变化。) 2)They promised to provide us a good environment for work and rest. (他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。) 3)Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. (科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。) 4)He grew up in an environment of poverty. (他在贫穷的环境中长大。) environmental adj. 环境的 environmental protection 环境保护 environmental pollution 环境污染 environmental biology 环境生物学,生态学 environmental engineer 环境工程师 3.curiosity n. 好奇(心) curious adj. 好奇的;离奇古怪的 1)He walked to the silent old man out of curiosity. (出于好奇,他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。) 2)She showed great curiosity about my past. (她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。) 3)Children are curious about everything. (儿童对什么都感到好奇。) 4)Not long after they left, a curious thing happened. (他们走后不久,一件古怪的事情发生了。) 4.imagination n. 想像,想像力;幻觉;应变能力imagine v. 想像;料想 1)He is a writer of rich imagination. (他是一个富有想像力的作家。) 2)No one moved in the bushes, it was only your imagination. (没人在树丛里走动,只是你的幻觉而已。) 3)Due to his lack of imagination, he just didn't know what to do next. (由于缺少应变能力,他不知道下一步该怎么办。) 4)It is hard to imagine life with electricity. (很难想像没有电,生活会是怎样。) 5)I imagine he will come tomorrow. (我料想他明天会来。) 请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative,imaginary,imaginable 1)It is an imaginative tale. (这是个虚构的故事。) 2)The teacher is waiting for imaginative answer. (老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。) 3)The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth. (赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。) 4)an imaginary enemy (假想敌) 5)They said they would save the patient by every means imaginable. (他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。) (imaginable 常与级形容词或all,every,only等连用,放在被修饰的名词的后面。) 5.apart adv. 分离,分开 1)The two schools are 20 miles apart. (两校相距20英里。) 2)I cannot tell these two things apart. (我无从区分这两件东西。) 3)Apart from what he mentioned just now, there are some other causes for the failure. (除了他刚才提到的,还有一些其他的失败原因。) 4)He took the machine apart to see what was wrong. (他把机器拆开,看看出了什么毛病。) 6.stimulate v. 刺激,激励 stimulation n. 刺激,激励 1)Praise stimulated the students to make greater efforts. (表扬激励学生作更大的努力。) 2)Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. (锻练促进血液循环。) 3)TV, if properly used, can stimulate a child's imagination. (电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。) 4)The intention of lowering interest rates is to stimulate the economy and develop industries. (降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济,发展工业。) 5)Young children needs stimulation. (年幼的孩子需要激励。) 7.regardless adj. 不留心的,不注意的adv. 不顾,不惜 1)He crushed the bloom with regardless tread. (他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。) 2)There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless. (可能会遇到种种困难,但不管怎样,我将继续干下去。) 3)I'm buying the book, regardless of the cost. (不管价钱如何,我都打算买下那本书。) 请注意区别regardless of 和in spite of 1)The plane will take off, regardless of the weather. (不管天气好坏,飞机都将起飞。) 2)The plane took off in spite of the bad weather. (尽管天气不好,飞机还是起飞了。) 8.disagreeable adj. 让人不愉快的,不合心意的;难相处的 disagree v. 不同意;不符;不适宜 1)She is disagreeable towards me. (她对我不友好。) 2)This medicine has a very disagreeable smell. (这药有一股很难闻的气味。) 3)I disagree with you on that point. (在那一点上我跟你意见不同。) 4)The damp weather disagrees with me. (潮湿的天气使我不舒服。) 9.failure n. 失败;变弱 fail v. 失败;变弱;使失望 1)His plans ended in failure. (他的计划以失败告终。) 2)The power failure caused heavy losses. (供电中断造成严重的损失。) 3)His carelessness resulted in his failure of the exam. (他的粗心致使他考试不及格。) 4)I failed in persuading him. (我没能说服他。) 5)His eyesight is failing. (他的视力在衰退。) 6)His courage failed him. (他失去了勇气。)

10.solution n. 解决办法 solve v. 解决 1)The loan was only a temporary solution to the country's financial difficulties.(借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。) 2)After a day's careful thought, he came up with a good solution. (经过一天的仔细考虑,他才想出一个好办法。) 3)We should work together on the solution of our national problems. (我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。) 4)I really don't know how to solve the problem. (我真不知道如何解决这个问题。) 5)They found a new way of solving the problem. (他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。) (请注意用solution这个名词时,通常用a solution to a problem表示“问题的解决办法。”。) 11.adapt v. 使适应,使适合;改写 1)We should adapt our thinking to the new conditions. (我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。) 2)Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment. (一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。) 3)Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style? (你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗?) 4)They adapt a novel for the screen. (他们把小说改编为电影。) 请注意adapt 和adopt的区别,adopt意为“采用;收养”。 1)They are going to adopt new techniques in raising silkworms. (他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。) 2)A little girl was adopted into the family. (一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。) 12. perfect adj. 完美的;完全的 v. 使完美,改善 1)He speaks perfect English. (他说一口地道的英语。) 2)The actor is perfect for the part. (由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。) 3)He is in perfect health. (他身体十分健康。) 4)He is a perfect stranger. (他是个完全陌生的人。) 5)They decided to send their son to England to perfect his English. (他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。) 13. acceptable adj. 可以接受的 accept v. 接受 1)This proposal is acceptable to all. (这个建议大家都能接受。) 2)Tom received an acceptable marks on the test. (汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。) 3)Don't accept everything you see on TV as true. (别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。) 4)I didn't expect him to accept my suggestion. (我没指望他接受我的建议。) 5)The plan has won wide acceptance among the people. (这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。) 6)He nodded in delighted acceptance. (他愉快地点头表示赞同。) 14. evidence n. 发现;(调查或研究)结果;根据 evident adj. 明显的 1)Do you have any evidence for this statement? (你这样说有任何根据吗?) 2)There are evidences that somebody has been living here. (迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。) 3)It is evident that we do not understand each other. (显然,我们彼此不了解。) 4)He spoke with evident disappointment. (他带着明显的失望说话。) 5)We can say with good evidence that their work is one of the best. (我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是的。) 15. determine v. 决定;确定 determined adj. 下决心的 determination n. 决心;结论 1)He has determined on a course of action. (他已决定了行动计划。) 2)The police wanted to determine all the facts. (警察想查明全部事实。) 3)His father is determined to quit smoking. (他父亲决心戒烟。) 4)He made his determination after he read the test report. (他在看了化验报告后下了结论。) 5)Mr. Smith is a man of determination. (史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。) 16. growth n. 生长 grow v. 生长 1)The growth in tourism is really astonishing. (旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。) 2)The rapid growth of world population is creating more and more problems. (世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。) 3)His hair has grown too long. (他的头发长得太长了。) 4)Friendship grew between them. (他们之间产生了友情。) 5)You will grow used to it. (你会渐渐对此习惯的。) 本课主要构词法 Affixation 词缀法 1. 形容词后缀 -able disagreeable acceptable 2. 副词后缀 -ly scientifically previously entirely frequently 3. 名词后缀 -ion imagination solution 4. 反义词前缀 un- unknown unpleasant 本课简介 在“Scientific Attitudes”这篇课文中,作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时,科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见;尊重别人的观点;凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。 人物背景 1.Benjamin Franklin:富兰克林(1706-1790年),美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最的人物,参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验,并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育,全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电,从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。 2.Thomas Edison:爱迪生(1847-1931年),美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一,拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利,还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。 3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体,并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转,否定地心说。 4.Louis Pasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的,创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等,挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。 5.Edward Jenner:金纳(1749-1823年),英国医生,牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认,并传播到欧美大陆及全世界,使天花的病死率大为下降。

英语自学考试笔记

Unit7(第20讲—第22讲) 本课主要构词法 affixation (词缀法) 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural,industrial,traditional,social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中,作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义,但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析,从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage, … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用,在名词前面不加定冠词the,意思相当于“with regard to”,“according to”。请看下面的例句: 1) He is an Englishman by birth. (他祖籍英国。) 2) He is a teacher by profession. (他以医生为职业。) 3) By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class, but he never looked down upon the working-class people. (按其出生和所受的教育,托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层,但他从来不轻视劳动人民。) relate是一个动词,在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句: 1)It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. (人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。) 2)It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.(如果你能把理论和实践联系起来,对你的帮助也许会更大。) relate还可解释为叙述;有关,涉及;相处得好 1) He related us a story vividly. (他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。) 2) His talk related to the international situation. (他的讲话涉及国际形势。) 3) He relates very well to his classmates. (他和同学们相处得很好。) related可以做形容词用,意思是“有联系的,相关的。” 1) These four people are closely related to each other. (这四个人联系紧密。) 2) He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. (他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。) 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor, …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句,修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下,遗传”,如: 1) His family were descended from an Indian tribe. (他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。) 2) Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. (达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。) descend to 的意思是“屈尊,降低;转而说到” 1) The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. (那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。) 2)Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.(李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。) common是一个形容词,意思是“共有的,共同的;普通的”,请看例句: 1)No doubt, this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. (毫无疑问,这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。) 2)How could you have no idea about this common knowledge? (对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。) 3)They have no common interests. (他们没有共同的爱好。) 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother, a father, and their children, … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组,意思是“把…看作…”,如: 1) He often thinks of himself as a genius. (他常把自己看作为天才。) 2) The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. (黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。) 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如: regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others, having a family simply means having children. 本句中,having a family做主语,mean为谓语动词,having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时,在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词,如: 1)Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. (接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。) 2)A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. (增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。) 当mean作“意欲,打算”解释时,在它的后面通常跟不定式,如: 1)I didn't mean to offend you. (我无意冒犯你。) 2)I meant to give you the book yesterday, but I forgot it. (我原打算昨天把书给你的,但我忘了。) 5. Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法,在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词,意思是“然而”。如:Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. (弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱,而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。) while在不同的语境中有不同的意思,请翻译下面的句子,注意while的词义。 1)They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.(在巴黎期间,他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。) 2)He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. (在跟她交谈时,他看了几次表。) 3)One group of children are quiet, while the second group was very active. (一组孩子很安静,而第二组孩子非常活跃。) 4)While I have sympathy for these people, I think they are guilty. (尽管我同情这些人,但我觉得他们有罪。) 5)We will succeed while we don't lose hope. (只要我们不失去希望,我们就会成功。) 6. No matter if it is young or old, large or small traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句,更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外,no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有:no matter what, no matter who, no matter whose, no matter which, no matter when, no matter where, no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句: 1) No matter what happens, please let me know. (无论发生什么事,请让我知道。) 2) No matter who telephones, tell him I'm out. (无论谁来电话,告诉他我出去了。) 3) No matter how hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. (无论我多努力,我总不能成功。) 4) No matter whether you believe it or not, it's truth. (无论你信不信,那总是事实。) 5) No matter where you go, I will follow you. (无论你去哪里,我都跟着你。) 6) No matter which book you like you can have it. (无论你喜欢哪本书,你都可以拿去。) 7) No matter whose money it is, we can't spend it so carelessly. (无论是谁的钱,我们都不能这样随意地花) 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下: 1) Whatever happens, please let me know. 2) Whoever telephones, tell him I'm out. 3) However hard I tried, I couldn't succeed. 4) Wherever you go, I will follow you. 5) Whichever book you like, you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词,意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together, helping and sharing 是定语从句,修饰that feeling of belonging, of love and security. 8. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词,有承接上文的作用,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密,有些接近连词。请看例句: 1) This, however, is not your fault. (但这不是你的错。) 2) I'd like to go with you, however, my hands are full. (我很想和你一起去,可是我忙不过来。) 句中的with是一个介词,意思是“随着”,请看例句: 1)With the change of the economic foundation, the superstructure has to be transformed too.(随着经济基础的改变,上层建筑也必须改造。) 2)With the development of science and technology, the society is changing rapidly.(随着科学技术的发展,社会在迅速地改变。) with是一个十分常用的介词,请看下面的句子,注意with的用法和词意: 1)Who will go with you? (谁和你一起去?) 2)The teacher is very strict with us. (老师对我们很严格。) 3)At the news we all jumped with joy. (听了这个消息,我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。) 4)He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. (他想一举两得。With意为“用,以”,译法可灵活。) 5)China is a country with a large population. (中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有,带有”) 6)He finished this work with great difficulty. (他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。) 7)He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. (他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构:with+名词+过去分词,做方式状语。) 8)What's wrong with you? (你怎么了?with意为“就…来说”) 9)With your knowledge and experience, you are sure to find a good job. (以(凭)你的知识和经验,你肯定会找到一份好工作。) 10)With all his shortcomings, he was a nice person. (尽管他有缺点,他还是个不错的人。) 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语,除了用in order to 以外,还可以用so as to,也可以把in order,so as省去,只用不定式。请看例句: 1)He decided to study harder (so as ) to catch up with the others. (他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。) 2)He ran out in a hurry (in order) to catch the last bus. (为了赶上末班车,他匆匆向外跑去。) 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词,通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果,也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有:so,consequently,as a result 等等。请看例句: 1)It rained, therefore the football match was put off. (天下雨,所以足球比赛延期了。) 2)He is too careless, as a result he failed the exam. (他太粗心,所以考试没及格。) 3)He was ill for about a month, consequently he lagged behind his classmates.(他病了一个月,因此落在了同学后面。) as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词,表示“当…时”。请看例句: 1)As time goes on, you'll like this place better. (随着时间的推移,你会更喜欢这个地方。) 2)As he talked on he got more and more excited. (他谈着的时候,越来越兴奋。) 本课中还有: 1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2)As social scientists study these two new family forms, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词,在表达“谈论某人(某事)”时,talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句: 1)What are you talking about? (你们在谈什么?) 2)They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. (他们正谈论去看张先生的事。) 3) What do you mean when you talk about culture? (你谈论文化时指的是什么?) Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money, on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition (to) In addition, there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread, we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got, Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club, in contrast, reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion, the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you?

Text A scientific attitudes 本课主要单词 1.attitude n. 姿势,姿态;态度,看法 1)The plane was in a nose-down attitude. (飞机处于俯冲姿态。) 2)They decided to take an attitude of wait and see to/toward the new policy. (他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。) 3)We should adopt a correct attitude about tests. (对考试我们应抱正确的态度。) 2.environment n. 环境,周围状况,自然环境 1)A child can easily adjust to changes in the environment. (孩子很容易适应环境的变化。) 2)They promised to provide us a good environment for work and rest. (他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。) 3)Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. (科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。) 4)He grew up in an environment of poverty. (他在贫穷的环境中长大。) environmental adj. 环境的 environmental protection 环境保护 environmental pollution 环境污染 environmental biology 环境生物学,生态学 environmental engineer 环境工程师 3.curiosity n. 好奇(心) curious adj. 好奇的;离奇古怪的 1)He walked to the silent old man out of curiosity. (出于好奇,他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。) 2)She showed great curiosity about my past. (她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。) 3)Children are curious about everything. (儿童对什么都感到好奇。) 4)Not long after they left, a curious thing happened. (他们走后不久,一件古怪的事情发生了。) 4.imagination n. 想像,想像力;幻觉;应变能力imagine v. 想像;料想 1)He is a writer of rich imagination. (他是一个富有想像力的作家。) 2)No one moved in the bushes, it was only your imagination. (没人在树丛里走动,只是你的幻觉而已。) 3)Due to his lack of imagination, he just didn't know what to do next. (由于缺少应变能力,他不知道下一步该怎么办。) 4)It is hard to imagine life with electricity. (很难想像没有电,生活会是怎样。) 5)I imagine he will come tomorrow. (我料想他明天会来。) 请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative,imaginary,imaginable 1)It is an imaginative tale. (这是个虚构的故事。) 2)The teacher is waiting for imaginative answer. (老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。) 3)The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth. (赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。) 4)an imaginary enemy (假想敌) 5)They said they would save the patient by every means imaginable. (他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。) (imaginable 常与级形容词或all,every,only等连用,放在被修饰的名词的后面。) 5.apart adv. 分离,分开 1)The two schools are 20 miles apart. (两校相距20英里。) 2)I cannot tell these two things apart. (我无从区分这两件东西。) 3)Apart from what he mentioned just now, there are some other causes for the failure. (除了他刚才提到的,还有一些其他的失败原因。) 4)He took the machine apart to see what was wrong. (他把机器拆开,看看出了什么毛病。) 6.stimulate v. 刺激,激励 stimulation n. 刺激,激励 1)Praise stimulated the students to make greater efforts. (表扬激励学生作更大的努力。) 2)Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. (锻练促进血液循环。) 3)TV, if properly used, can stimulate a child's imagination. (电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。) 4)The intention of lowering interest rates is to stimulate the economy and develop industries. (降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济,发展工业。) 5)Young children needs stimulation. (年幼的孩子需要激励。) 7.regardless adj. 不留心的,不注意的adv. 不顾,不惜 1)He crushed the bloom with regardless tread. (他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。) 2)There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless. (可能会遇到种种困难,但不管怎样,我将继续干下去。) 3)I'm buying the book, regardless of the cost. (不管价钱如何,我都打算买下那本书。) 请注意区别regardless of 和in spite of 1)The plane will take off, regardless of the weather. (不管天气好坏,飞机都将起飞。) 2)The plane took off in spite of the bad weather. (尽管天气不好,飞机还是起飞了。) 8.disagreeable adj. 让人不愉快的,不合心意的;难相处的 disagree v. 不同意;不符;不适宜 1)She is disagreeable towards me. (她对我不友好。) 2)This medicine has a very disagreeable smell. (这药有一股很难闻的气味。) 3)I disagree with you on that point. (在那一点上我跟你意见不同。) 4)The damp weather disagrees with me. (潮湿的天气使我不舒服。) 9.failure n. 失败;变弱 fail v. 失败;变弱;使失望 1)His plans ended in failure. (他的计划以失败告终。) 2)The power failure caused heavy losses. (供电中断造成严重的损失。) 3)His carelessness resulted in his failure of the exam. (他的粗心致使他考试不及格。) 4)I failed in persuading him. (我没能说服他。) 5)His eyesight is failing. (他的视力在衰退。) 6)His courage failed him. (他失去了勇气。)

Unit9(第26讲—第28讲) 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中,作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异,并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意,把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词,而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用,只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”,相当于type, category.如: 1)It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.(要满足各种读者的需要十分困难) 2)How many classes are you going to divide these books? (你打算把这些书分成几类?) class 还常用来表示“等级”,如:a second-class hotel (二等旅馆); an economy-class ticket (经济舱票);fly first class (乘头等舱航空旅行)。 class 也可以用动词用,意思是“把 …分类;把…看作”,如: 1)At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.(到了十九岁,你仍旧是青少年。) 2)He was classed as a genius (他被看作为天才) make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”,请看例句: 1)Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class (二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班) 2)Twelve doctors made up the medical team (十二名医生组成医疗队) 用被动语态时则应用be made up of,如: This engine is made up of 490 parts (这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的) taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语,对中心词做一些附加说明,相当于一个非限定性定语从句,要用逗号和中心词隔开,如: All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my brother.(抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。) 2. First, there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation, which we learn, that is to say, from the members of our own family and from our friends, and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句,修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with,这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如:Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗?) 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别,familiar with 的主语通常是人,而familiar to的主语通常是物。如: 1)I am not familiar with this place. 2) This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语,其作用是对整个一句话进行解释,类似的插入语还有so to speak, if I may say so, if you don't mind等等,如: 1)I'd really rather not go, if you don't mind 我确实不想去,你如果不介意的话。 2) The new emperor was, so to speak, a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及,有关于”,如: 1)Don't interfere in things that don't concern you (别干预跟你无关的事)。 2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源问题关系到我们每个人) stock的意思很多,如“存货”,“股票”,“公债券”,“牲畜”等。 1)They hold a rich stock of information (他们掌握着丰富的材料) 2)You cannot buy it because it's out of stock (你买不成了,货品已经脱销) 3)He used to have a stock farm (他曾经拥有一个畜牧场) 4)The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.(冰箱里周到地放满了食品) stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade,意思是“例行工作”,“常规”,如: 1)Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job (机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉) 2)He was the master of black humor, it was his stock in trade (他是黑色幽默大师,黑色幽默是他的专长) 4.Such words may be called “popular”, since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句,请看例句: 1)Since it was Saturday, he got up very late (因为是周六,他起床很晚。) 2)You can take the place of him since he is not interested (你可以取代他,因为他对这事不感兴趣) at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”,这个词组的意思还有很多,请看下面的句子: 1)The people at large love peace (大多数人热爱和平) 2)The virus is still at large (这种病毒还在蔓延) 3)The murderer is still at large (杀人犯仍逍遥法外) 4)He talked at large about his plans (他详尽地谈了自己的计划) 5)They made the arrangements at large (他们随意地做了安排 ) 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组:in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1)He is in possession of this house (他拥有这所房子) 2)The house is in the possession of him 3)On the other hand, our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语,阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力,写作中注意用这些词,有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气,在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多,比如:Conversely, however, on the contrary, unlike, whereas, yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用,而amount可与不可数名词连用,如: 1)A large number of students have passed the exam (许多学生已经通过了考试) 2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子) 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用,意思是“时刻、场合”;也可以做不可数名词用,意思是:“必要性、需要;机会”。如: 1)They're met on several occasions (他们已相遇过好几次) 2)They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。(有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。) 3)I don't remember I had occasion to blame him (我不记得我有责备他的必要) 7.In the latter, we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case,” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时,可以用in the first case, in the latter case 这一类词,条理非常清楚,也可以用the former,the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”,请看例句: 1)These words are derived from Latin (这些词由拉丁语派生而来) 2)The derivation of words is interesting (词的派生很有意思) 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”, as applied to words, are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”,如: 1) I don't know how to put this term into Chinese (我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文) 2) Writer is hardly the term to apply to him (“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上) term 还有“期限;任期;学期”的意思,如: 1)During his 4-year term of office, he did a lot of things for the common people.(在他四年的任职期间,他为普通百姓做了不少事。) 2) He decided to rum for a second term (他决定竞选连任。) 3) The autumn term is coming to an end (秋学期快要结束了。) apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”,如: 1)This rule applies to upper class students only (这条规则只适用于高年级学生。) 2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的话对你不适用) 3)They are eager to apply the theory to practice (他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践) apply for 则是“申请”的意思,如: 1)How many people have applied for the job?(有多少人申请了这个工作?) 2)They applied for permission to use the tennis court (他们申请使用网球场。) 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词,意思是“正确的;明智的”,如: 1)He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.(做了正确的决定,他感到很高兴。) 2)He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement(他被权力冲昏了头脑,无法做出任何明智的判断) 请看下面几个句子,注意sound 在句中的意思: 1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康) 2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (这所房了完好无损,别犹豫,买下它) 3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(宝宝在酣睡) 4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父亲给他一顿痛打) 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone, but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not (that)…。but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如: 1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .(我又来这儿,不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色,而是我爱这儿的人们。) 2)By calling him Shylock, I don't mean that he is named Shylock,but that he is as miserly as Shylock.(叫他夏洛克,我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克,而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。) due to 在句中的意思是“由于”,如: 1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失败是由于粗心。) 2)Due to lack of funds,they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少资金,他们不得不推迟计划) rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”,“与其……不如…” 1) He is a writer than a teacher (与其说他是教师,不如说他是作家。) 2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。) 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter (case) 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary? 短语表达 1. build up (建立;增强;增加) They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across (穿过,出现;遇到) They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties, but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up (查阅) If there are words you don't understand, look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter, look up this book. 4. at top speed (以速度) He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on (依靠;取决于) We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense (有意义、讲得通) What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth(尝试做某事) You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with (提出,想出;提供) He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to(导致) Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all (毕竟) Don't expect too much of him, he is, after all, a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all, we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with (提供) It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with (以……开始) The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with, we ought to know what we are here for.

英文自学考试英语笔记

Text A scientific attitudes 本课主要单词 1.attitude n. 姿势,姿态;态度,看法 1)The plane was in a nose-down attitude. (飞机处于俯冲姿态。) 2)They decided to take an attitude of wait and see to/toward the new policy. (他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。) 3)We should adopt a correct attitude about tests. (对考试我们应抱正确的态度。) 2.environment n. 环境,周围状况,自然环境 1)A child can easily adjust to changes in the environment. (孩子很容易适应环境的变化。) 2)They promised to provide us a good environment for work and rest. (他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。) 3)Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. (科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。) 4)He grew up in an environment of poverty. (他在贫穷的环境中长大。) environmental adj. 环境的 environmental protection 环境保护 environmental pollution 环境污染 environmental biology 环境生物学,生态学 environmental engineer 环境工程师 3.curiosity n. 好奇(心) curious adj. 好奇的;离奇古怪的 1)He walked to the silent old man out of curiosity. (出于好奇,他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。) 2)She showed great curiosity about my past. (她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。) 3)Children are curious about everything. (儿童对什么都感到好奇。) 4)Not long after they left, a curious thing happened. (他们走后不久,一件古怪的事情发生了。) 4.imagination n. 想像,想像力;幻觉;应变能力imagine v. 想像;料想 1)He is a writer of rich imagination. (他是一个富有想像力的作家。) 2)No one moved in the bushes, it was only your imagination. (没人在树丛里走动,只是你的幻觉而已。) 3)Due to his lack of imagination, he just didn't know what to do next. (由于缺少应变能力,他不知道下一步该怎么办。) 4)It is hard to imagine life with electricity. (很难想像没有电,生活会是怎样。) 5)I imagine he will come tomorrow. (我料想他明天会来。) 请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative,imaginary,imaginable 1)It is an imaginative tale. (这是个虚构的故事。) 2)The teacher is waiting for imaginative answer. (老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。) 3)The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth. (赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。) 4)an imaginary enemy (假想敌) 5)They said they would save the patient by every means imaginable. (他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。) (imaginable 常与级形容词或all,every,only等连用,放在被修饰的名词的后面。) 5.apart adv. 分离,分开 1)The two schools are 20 miles apart. (两校相距20英里。) 2)I cannot tell these two things apart. (我无从区分这两件东西。) 3)Apart from what he mentioned just now, there are some other causes for the failure. (除了他刚才提到的,还有一些其他的失败原因。) 4)He took the machine apart to see what was wrong. (他把机器拆开,看看出了什么毛病。) 6.stimulate v. 刺激,激励 stimulation n. 刺激,激励 1)Praise stimulated the students to make greater efforts. (表扬激励学生作更大的努力。) 2)Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. (锻练促进血液循环。) 3)TV, if properly used, can stimulate a child's imagination. (电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。) 4)The intention of lowering interest rates is to stimulate the economy and develop industries. (降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济,发展工业。) 5)Young children needs stimulation. (年幼的孩子需要激励。) 7.regardless adj. 不留心的,不注意的adv. 不顾,不惜 1)He crushed the bloom with regardless tread. (他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。) 2)There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless. (可能会遇到种种困难,但不管怎样,我将继续干下去。) 3)I'm buying the book, regardless of the cost. (不管价钱如何,我都打算买下那本书。) 请注意区别regardless of 和in spite of 1)The plane will take off, regardless of the weather. (不管天气好坏,飞机都将起飞。) 2)The plane took off in spite of the bad weather. (尽管天气不好,飞机还是起飞了。) 8.disagreeable adj. 让人不愉快的,不合心意的;难相处的 disagree v. 不同意;不符;不适宜 1)She is disagreeable towards me. (她对我不友好。) 2)This medicine has a very disagreeable smell. (这药有一股很难闻的气味。) 3)I disagree with you on that point. (在那一点上我跟你意见不同。) 4)The damp weather disagrees with me. (潮湿的天气使我不舒服。) 9.failure n. 失败;变弱 fail v. 失败;变弱;使失望 1)His plans ended in failure. (他的计划以失败告终。) 2)The power failure caused heavy losses. (供电中断造成严重的损失。) 3)His carelessness resulted in his failure of the exam. (他的粗心致使他考试不及格。) 4)I failed in persuading him. (我没能说服他。) 5)His eyesight is failing. (他的视力在衰退。) 6)His courage failed him. (他失去了勇气。)

16.indifferent adj. 冷漠的,不关心的 indifference n. 冷漠 1)If parents are indifferent to their success, children will fail to make progress. (如果父母漠视孩子的成功,孩子就不会进步。) 2)He is absolutely indifferent to other people's miseries. (他对别人的痛苦漠不关心。) 3)He put on an air of indifference. (他摆出了一副满不在乎的神气。) 4)She was annoyed by her son's indifference to her. (她儿子对她的冷漠态度令她恼怒。) 17.discipline n. 纪律,训练;学科v. 训练;使有纪律;惩罚 1)The discipline of hard work would do you a lot of good. (艰苦工作的磨练会对你大有好处。) 2)The young teacher couldn't keep discipline in her classroom. (那个年轻的教师无法维持课堂秩序。) 3)Scientists of many disciplines would work together to solve the problem. (许多学科的科学家们将一道来解决这个问题。) 4)They must learn to discipline themselves. (他们必须学会锻炼自己。) 5)He was disciplined for being late. (他因迟到而受罚。) 18.individual n. 个人,个体adj. 个别的,单独的;独特的 1)The freedom of the individual was greatly emphasized in his talk. (他在讲话中十分强调个人的自由。) 2)Handwriting varies from individual to individual. (每个人的笔迹都不相同。) 3)Each individual leaf on the tree is different. (树上的每一片叶子都各不相同。) 4)There was nothing individual about him except a deep scar across his right cheek.(他除了右脸颊有条深疤外别无特征。) 本课简介 在人类共同生活的社会里有一些共认的社会准则,这些准则为大多数人所接受。如果你不能遵循这些准则,你则会被看作为一个缺少文明礼貌举止的人。善待他人,尊重他人能给我们带来一种优势,而这种优势会帮助我们成功。正因为如此,我们应该学会在看电影时保持安静;在点燃香烟前征得他人同意;注意选择接听移动电话的场合;与老师交谈时摘下随身听的耳机;满口含着食物时不随意开口讲话;该尊称他人时不随性而为乱称呼……。这些看似不重要的小节恰恰是最能反映一个人的社会公德的。 本课主要语言点 1. Unless you want to end a relationship, you don't tell another person what you think of her or him like this. unless在本句中的意思是“if not” (除非,如果不),如: 1)You will fail the exam unless you study harder. (你若不更加努力学习,考试会不及格。) 2)We will go on with the experiment unless something unforeseen happens. (如果不发生意外,我们将继续试验。) 3)I will not go to the party unless he invites me. (如果他不邀请我,我就不去参加聚会。) 4)Nothing, unless a miracle, can save him. (除非出现奇迹,他无法得救。) end在本句中用作动词,意思是“结束”。如: 1)The meeting did not end until midnight. (会议开到半夜才结束。) 2)The anti-Japanese War ended in 1945. (抗日战争于1945年结束。) 3)He refused to end his four-week tour in such a manner. (他不愿以这种方式结束为期四周的旅行。) 2. Failing to be impressed by a friend's collection of stamps, yawning when a golfer tells you about what great shot he made… are all things that educated people try not to do. 本句中三个并列的动名词短语做主语,整个句子是一个“主语+系动词+表语”的句型。如: 1)Smoking is not good for your health. (吸烟有害你的健康。) 2)Making experiment is one way of learning. (实验是学习的一条途径。) be impressed by 意思是“给…深刻印象”。如: 1)I was impressed by his talent. (他的才干给我留下了深刻的印象。) 2)He was impressed by the gorgeous sunset. (绚丽的夕阳给他留下了深刻的印象。) golfer意思为“高尔夫球运动员”,这个词是由golf加后缀-er构成的,英语中这一类词很多。如:baker (面包师傅),gardener (园丁),miller (磨坊主),singer (歌唱家),user (使用者。) 1)He tried not to let out the secret. (他试图不泄露秘密。) 2)We tried not to be misled by them. (我们努力不被他们误导。) 3. There are no laws enforcing respect. 本句是一个There be + noun + V-ing 结构,表示存在(有),there失去表示场所的意义。如: 1)There was a fire burning in the fireplace. (壁炉里火在燃烧。) 2)There were two bulldozers knocking the place flat. (两台推土机把那儿夷平。) 句中的enforce是一个及物动词,意思是“实施;强制”。如: 1)It is necessary to enforce discipline in the army. (在部队里执行纪律是必要的。) 2)He strongly objected to enforcing obedience on children. (他强烈反对强迫儿童服从。) 4. These guidelines represent what a majority of people consider acceptable and what they consider unacceptable. represent在本句中做及物动词用,意思是“代表;体现”。如: 1)The blue lines on the map represent rivers. (地图上的蓝线代表河流。) 2)These views don't represent the real thinking of the local residents. (那些观点并不反映当地居民的真实思想。) 句中what引导的是宾语从句,如: 1)I will always remember what my mother said to me before I went to college.(我将永远记住我上大学前妈妈对我说的话。) 2)I didn't see what they were doing there. (我没看见他们在那儿干什么。) 3)His idea couldn't represent what the ordinary people really liked.(他的想法不能代表普通百姓真正所喜欢的东西。) consider是一个常用动词,通常有以下几种用法: 1)consider + 宾语 He had no time to consider the matter. (他没有时间考虑这件事。) 2)consider + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 Some people considered the attack a mistake. (有人认为那次进攻是个错误。) 3)consider + that 从句 We consider that the young man is not guilty. (我们认为那个年轻人无罪。) 4)consider + V. + ing He considered changing his job. (他考虑换一份工作。) 5)consider to be/as They consider themselves to be very lucky. (他们认为自己很幸运。) He is considered to be an authority. (他被认为是权威。) They considered the house as beautiful. (他们认为那房子很美。) 在上面的三个例句中,to be和as都可以被省略,因此三例句可以改写为: They consider themselves lucky. He is considered an authority. They consider the house beautiful. 5. They are not even aware that this habit will bother the other members of the audience. aware这个形容词很常用,需好好掌握,在第十二单元中我们已经接触过这个词,在此再巩固一下。 1)be aware of If you were aware of all that, you would change your mind. (如果你知道了那一切,你会改变主意的。) 2)be aware that He was aware that he had drunk too much. (他知道他喝的太多了。) bother在本句中做动词用,意思是“打扰”。在bother后用不定式则表示“费心去做某事”。如: 1)Don't bother me, I have to finish the work in an hour. (别打扰我,我得在一小时内做完这个工作。) 2)Don't bother to talk to him. He has no interest in anything. (别费心跟他讲话,他对什么都没兴趣。) audience (观众,听众)当一个整体看待,用做单数;当各成员看待,用做复数。如: 1)The audience was (were) enjoying the performance. (观众在欣赏演出。) 2)That book has a large audience. (那本书有广大的读者。)

10.solution n. 解决办法 solve v. 解决 1)The loan was only a temporary solution to the country's financial difficulties.(借贷只能暂时解决这个国家的经济困难。) 2)After a day's careful thought, he came up with a good solution. (经过一天的仔细考虑,他才想出一个好办法。) 3)We should work together on the solution of our national problems. (我们应该一起解决我们国家的问题。) 4)I really don't know how to solve the problem. (我真不知道如何解决这个问题。) 5)They found a new way of solving the problem. (他们找到了解决这个问题的新办法。) (请注意用solution这个名词时,通常用a solution to a problem表示“问题的解决办法。”。) 11.adapt v. 使适应,使适合;改写 1)We should adapt our thinking to the new conditions. (我们应该使自己的思想适应新的情况。) 2)Some animals will modify their behavior to adapt to their environment. (一些动物改变它们的习性以适应环境。) 3)Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style? (你能使你的思想适应新的生活方式吗?) 4)They adapt a novel for the screen. (他们把小说改编为电影。) 请注意adapt 和adopt的区别,adopt意为“采用;收养”。 1)They are going to adopt new techniques in raising silkworms. (他们准备采用新的养蚕技术。) 2)A little girl was adopted into the family. (一个小女孩被收养为家庭一员。) 12. perfect adj. 完美的;完全的 v. 使完美,改善 1)He speaks perfect English. (他说一口地道的英语。) 2)The actor is perfect for the part. (由这位演员担任这一角色再理想不过了。) 3)He is in perfect health. (他身体十分健康。) 4)He is a perfect stranger. (他是个完全陌生的人。) 5)They decided to send their son to England to perfect his English. (他们决定把儿子送到英国去提高他的英语水平。) 13. acceptable adj. 可以接受的 accept v. 接受 1)This proposal is acceptable to all. (这个建议大家都能接受。) 2)Tom received an acceptable marks on the test. (汤姆在测验中的分数尚可。) 3)Don't accept everything you see on TV as true. (别以为在电视上看到的一切都是真实的。) 4)I didn't expect him to accept my suggestion. (我没指望他接受我的建议。) 5)The plan has won wide acceptance among the people. (这个计划受到了人们的普通欢迎。) 6)He nodded in delighted acceptance. (他愉快地点头表示赞同。) 14. evidence n. 发现;(调查或研究)结果;根据 evident adj. 明显的 1)Do you have any evidence for this statement? (你这样说有任何根据吗?) 2)There are evidences that somebody has been living here. (迹象表明有人一直住在这儿。) 3)It is evident that we do not understand each other. (显然,我们彼此不了解。) 4)He spoke with evident disappointment. (他带着明显的失望说话。) 5)We can say with good evidence that their work is one of the best. (我们有充分的证据说明他们的工作是的。) 15. determine v. 决定;确定 determined adj. 下决心的 determination n. 决心;结论 1)He has determined on a course of action. (他已决定了行动计划。) 2)The police wanted to determine all the facts. (警察想查明全部事实。) 3)His father is determined to quit smoking. (他父亲决心戒烟。) 4)He made his determination after he read the test report. (他在看了化验报告后下了结论。) 5)Mr. Smith is a man of determination. (史密斯先生是个有决断力的人。) 16. growth n. 生长 grow v. 生长 1)The growth in tourism is really astonishing. (旅游业的发展实在令人惊异。) 2)The rapid growth of world population is creating more and more problems. (世界人口的迅速发展带来了越来越多的问题。) 3)His hair has grown too long. (他的头发长得太长了。) 4)Friendship grew between them. (他们之间产生了友情。) 5)You will grow used to it. (你会渐渐对此习惯的。) 本课主要构词法 Affixation 词缀法 1. 形容词后缀 -able disagreeable acceptable 2. 副词后缀 -ly scientifically previously entirely frequently 3. 名词后缀 -ion imagination solution 4. 反义词前缀 un- unknown unpleasant 本课简介 在“Scientific Attitudes”这篇课文中,作者指出科学始于人类对周围环境的疑问。当人类具有去伪存真的能力时,科学也开始迅猛发展。好奇和想像是有助于推动科学发现和发展重要素质。作者还认为具有科学头脑的人相信“因果”关系。任何现象的存在必有原因,只是有些尚未被发现。思想开放、无偏见;尊重别人的观点;凡事以事实为依据都是科学的态度。 人物背景 1.Benjamin Franklin:富兰克林(1706-1790年),美国政治家及科学家。美国18世纪名列华盛顿后的最的人物,参加起草独立宣言。在科学方面进行过有名的电实验,并对电做了理论说明。只受过极短的正规教育,全靠勤奋自学成才。法国经济学家杜尔哥颂扬他“从天空抓到雷电,从专制统治者手中夺回权力”。 2.Thomas Edison:爱迪生(1847-1931年),美国发明家。技术历史中显著的天才之一,拥有白炽灯、留声机、电影放映机等1093种发明专利,还创办了世界上第一个工业研究实验室。 3.Galileo:伽利略(1564-1642年),意大利物理学家及天文学家。对现代科学思想的发展作出过重大贡献。最早用望远镜观察天体,并曾用大量事实证明地球环绕太阳转,否定地心说。 4.Louis Pasteur:巴斯德(1822-1895年)法国化学家及微生物学家。证明发酵及传染病是微生物引起的,创始并首先应用疫苗接种以预防狂犬病、鸡霍乱等,挽救了法、英等国的养蚕业和啤酒业。 5.Edward Jenner:金纳(1749-1823年),英国医生,牛痘接种法创始人。历经周折使牛痘接种法得以公认,并传播到欧美大陆及全世界,使天花的病死率大为下降。

法语自学考试英语笔记

今天教务老师给大家收集整理了高级英语自考本科教材,自考本科高级英语怎么备考的相关问题解答,还有免费的自考历年真题及自考复习重点资料下载哦,以下是全国我们为自考生们整理的一些回答,希望对你考试有帮助!请问南师大英语本科自考英语泛读用什么教材的?全新正版27036高级英语阅读教程英语泛读江苏自考教材21世纪英语专业系列教程自学考试英语专业本科指定教材高级英语阅读教程下作者:康文凯出版社:上海交通大学出版社出版日期:2004-4-5定价:28元【内容简介】《高级英语阅读教程》分上中下三册,共精选短文96篇,内容涉及中西文化、语言、教育、生活、媒介、历史、妇女问题、科技、人性、哲学、文学等,每册按主题分为16个单元,每个单元配有与学习内容相关的阅读理解、词义辨析、句子释义以及修辞等练习和思考题。该教程为英语专业高年级学生设计,也可用作大学英语研究生和本科生选修课教材或散文爱好者的读物。【目录信息】UnitOneTextAUniversitiesandTheirFunctionTextBTheCollegeIsforEveryoneCultUnitTwoTextAMotherTongueTextBDoctorTalkUnitThreeTextATheProblemofHappinessTextBMyFather’sLifeUnitFourTextARememberingtheFarmTextBMyWoodUnitFiveTextASpeakingofPicturesTextBTelevision:ThePlug-inDrugUnitSixTextAHowDoesaPoemMean?TextBReading:FromManyRulestoOneHabitUnitSevenTextAWomenTextBWomen’sBusinessUnitEightUnitNineUnitTenUnitElevenUnitTwelveUnitThirteenUnitFourteenUnitFifteenUnitSixteenReferenceKeytotheExercises2010广东省自考英语教育本科教材有哪些?课程代码课程名称使用教材作者出版社版次8469高级英语(一)(B)新编英语教程(5册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社2003.38470高级英语(二)(B)新编英语教程(5、6册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社2004.18266翻译翻译新概念英汉互译实用教程宋天锡国防工业出版社2008重印第四版8268英语词汇学现代英语词汇学概论张韵裴北京师范大学出版社20048269英语语言学新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋、何兆熊上海外语教育出版社2002年7月第1版8475英美报刊选读英美报刊阅读教程端木义万南京大学出版社第二版8476英国文学选读英国文学史及选读吴伟仁外语教学与研究出版社19888478英语论文写作英语写作手册丁往道等外语教学与研究1994.6第二版8477美国文学选读美国文学史及选读吴伟仁外语教学与研究出版社19908479中学英语教学法英语教学法基础何广铿暨南大学出版社20018480外语教学心理学外语教学心理学朱纯上海外语教育出版社1994.98473第二外语《中日交流标准日本语》初级上、下册人民教育/日本光村人民教育/日本光村合作出版19888474第二外语简明法语教程(上下册)孙辉商务印书馆0012英语大学英语自学教程(上册)高远高等教育出版社1999年版8447基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](1、2册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19988448基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](3册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19998449基础英语新编英语教程[修订本](4册)李观仪上海外语教育出版社19998450英语阅读新编英语阅读教程(1-3册)王守仁.赵文书上海外语教育出版社自考英语本科中的《高级英语》比较难,该怎样复习才能通过考试呀?自?高级英语在英语本科中不是很难的,关键是要多看书,一般应该看3遍。有很多题目是书上的东西,没有什么窍门,只有去看透教材。另外,不要把希望寄托在一些复习材料上,北大燕园什么的用处都不大。以前的真题应该做一遍。当然,你参加英语自考,应该有很好的英语基础,我就不多说怎样学习英语了,呵呵。今年自考会计本科的教材?新华书店。大型书市。中职学校书店。淘宝网。自考/成考有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚当地自考/成考政策,点击底部咨询官网老师,免费领取复习资料:

Le?on un课文Qui est-ce?-这是谁? C‘est Pascal.-这是帕斯卡尔。 Où est-il?-他在哪里? Il est à Calais.-他在加来。 读音规则: 1、特殊疑问句中,重音应在疑问词上。如:Qui,Où2、Il est à Calais.[Il-Z-ta-kalZ] 联诵:在同一节奏组中,前一词词末如果是原来不发音的辅音字母,而后一个词以元音开始,那么前一个辅音应发音,与后面的音节合成一个音节。如:Où est-il? Il est à Calais.连音:法语语流中,只要是不该停顿的地方,音与音之间,都要连成一气,不能读断。如:Il est à Calais. 3、[p][t][k]是清辅音,发音时声音不振动,但在元音前不送气(与汉语拼音中的“b、d、g”相类似),在闭音节末要送气,在另一辅音前,往往送气。如:Pascal Le?on Deux课文Est-ce que c‘est Philippe?-这是菲利普吗? Oui, c‘est Philippe.-是的,这是菲利普。 Que fait-il?-他是干什么的? Il est chercheur.-他是研究员。 Est-ce que c‘est Fanny?-这是法妮吗? Oui;c‘est fanny.-是的,这是法妮。 Que fait-elle?-她是干什么的? Elle est journaliste.-她是记者。 语法: 1、est-ce que 是一个固定词组,放在陈述句前,构成疑问句。est-ce que +主语+谓语+其他成分如: Fanny est journaliste.法妮是记者。 Est-ce que Fanny est journaliste?法妮是记者吗? 注意:⑴est-ce que 后面的成分不要用倒装形式。也不可以象英文那样,直接把疑问词提前构成疑问句。如: Est Fanny journaliste?(×) ⑵不要说est-ce que +il(s)/elle(s),而要说est-ce qu‘il(s)/est-ce qu’ elle(s)。 2、表示职业、身份的名词前不加冠词。如:Il est chercheur.他是研究员。 读音规则: 带Est-ce que的疑问句,语调的点在que 上,或语调逐渐上升。 Le?on Trois课文Est-ce que René est avocat ?- 勒内是不是律师? Oui ,il est avocat . -是的,他是律师。 Où habite-t-il?-他住在哪里? Il habite à Paris.-他住在巴黎。 Est-ce que Monique est économiste?-莫尼克是不是经济学家? Oui, elle est économiste.-是的,她是经济学家。 Où habite-t-elle?-她住在哪里? Elle habite à Rome.-她住在罗马。 读音规则: 1、字母h在词中永远不发音,如:Nathalie「natali」, habite「abit」。但是h在词首时有两种情况: ⑴哑音h(h muet)要与前面的音连读,如:il habite「i-la-bit」, une heure「y-noe:r」 ⑵嘘音不能与前面的词联诵,如:le héros「l[-ero」, une haine「yn-Zn」。在词典中,以嘘音h开头的词标有*号。 2、字母h只有在ch中发「F」。如:chef, chercheur语法: 1、Il est avocat.注意Il est是连读,est avocat是联诵。 Elle habite à Berne.Elle habite可连可不连。 2、在第三人称单数倒装疑问句中,如果动词是以元音字母e、a结尾,为了便于读音,要在动词和代词之间加上字母t,并加连字符“-”。如: Où habite-t-il? Où travaille-t-elle?-她在哪里工作? Où-va-t-il?-他去哪里? “t”本身并无任何意义,只起补音作用。 3、Où habite-t-il?主谓倒装构成疑问句,相当于Où est-ce qu‘il habite?(无需倒装)-他住在哪里? 练习翻译: 1、雅克是邮递员,他住在加来。 2、菲利普是研究员,他住在北京。 Le?on Quatre复习Le camarade Wu Feng est notre chef de classe. Le:阳性单数定冠词chef de classe: monitor of class班长读音规则: 1、有些以元音字母结尾的单音节词,如:ce;que;ne;le;la,常和下一个词的词首元音合成一个音节,并省去上一词的词末元音字母。省去的元音字母用省文撇‘代替。如: Ce+est=c‘est Je+ai=J’ai Si+il=S‘il 2、词末辅音字母的发音: 辅音字母c,f,l,r一般在词末要发音。如:sac「sak」,métal「metal」;soir「swB:r」 辅音字母d,s,t,x一般在词末不发音。如: rebond 「」fran?ais 「」saut 「」heureux其他辅音字母在词末一般不发音,在外来词或特殊拼法词中除外。如:mais[mZ],tard[tB:r],film[film](来自英语),fils[fis](特殊拼法)。 拼读规则: “on” 在“p” 或者 “b”前面 拼作 “om”。如:comprendre然而,有一个特殊: un bonbon“en”在 “p”或者 “b”前面拼作 “em”。 如:encore camembert“an”在 “p”或者 “b”前面拼作 “am”。如:enfant tambour“in”在 “p”或者 “b”前面拼作“im”。 如:Tintin timbre语法: 法语的人称代词:je, tu(vous), il(elle), nous, vous, ils(elles) 1、在第三人称单数中只有il-他和elle-她(而没有中文和英文的it它)。 在第三人称复数中有男性的复数ils形式和女性的复数形式elles.但是只有在全数皆为女性时才能使用elles,一群人当中只要有一位男性,语法上完全以男性为主,必须采用男性的复数形式ils. 2、法语中的礼貌形式是vous(您,你们),用以称呼不是很熟悉或者比较重要的人物,所以vous-e^tes可以表示您(们)是或你们是两种意义。 Le?on Cinq课文qu‘est-ce que c’est?-这是什么? C‘est un stylo.-这是一支钢笔。 Est-ce que c‘est le stylo de Charles?-这是夏尔的钢笔吗? Oui, c‘est le stylo de Charles.-是的,这是夏尔的钢笔。 Qu‘est-ce que c’est?-这是什么? C‘est une jupe.-这是一条裙子。 Est-ce que c‘est la jupe de Gabrielle?-这是加布里埃尔的裙子吗? Oui,c‘est la jupe de Gabrielle.-是的,这是加布里埃尔的裙子。 Qu‘est-ce que c’est?-这是什么? C‘est un drapeau.-这是一面旗子。 Quelle est sa couleur?-它是什么颜色的? Il est rouge.-它是红色的。 法语数字zéro(0,zero) un,une(1,one) deux(2,two) trois(3,three) quatre(4,four) cinq(5,five) six(6,six) sept(7,seven) huit(8,eight) neuf(9,nine) 在法语中,只有1(un/une)有阴性、阳性的区别,其余数字只有一种形式。 不定冠词un/une是从数目形容词来的。区别是数目形容词un/une的复数形式是deux,trois,quatre,cinq,six等等,而不定冠词un/une的复数形式是des.词汇: un parfum香水(香精,浓香水) Eau de Parfum香水(通称) Eau de Toilette淡香水Eau de Cologne古龙水quel什么样的(阳性疑问词) quelle什么样的(阴性疑问词) 语法: 1、名词⑴法语的名词无论是表示人还是物,都有阴、阳性之分。表示人和动物的名词,一般按照自然性别而分;但表示物的名词往往是约定俗成的。如:un vélo; une voiture.一般来说,用于事物的名词,如果属于疾病、节日、专门学科以及以eur结尾的抽象名词等,多是阴性。如:la grippe流感;la bronchite支气管炎;la Toussaint万圣节;la valeur价值;而有关树木、金属化学物质、年、月、日、风、方位、数字,以及当名词用的形容词和不定式等等多属于阳性。如:le cuivre铜, le lundi星期一, le huit八, le rouge红色(当名词用的表示颜色的形容词)。 ⑵名词的前面都要有限定词,包括冠词、指示形容词、主有形容词、数词、泛指形容词和疑问形容词。其中最常用的是表示确指的定冠词和表示泛指的不定冠词。不定冠词un用于修饰单数阳性可数名词,une修饰单数阴性可数名词;定冠词le修饰阳性不可数名词,la修饰阴性不可数名词。所以我们在记单词时,常看到有的名词前面用un/une标明阴、阳性,而有的名词则用le/la标明阴、阳性。 ⑶名词的限定词要和名词的性、数一致,与人的性别无关。 如:le stylo de Marie; le stylo de Charles(虽然后面的人物有男有女,可是因为名词stylo是阳性,所以要用阳性的定冠词le)。 son stylo他的钢笔 son stylo她的钢笔(虽然物主的性别有男女之分,但是名词stylo是阳性的,所以物主代词必须用阳性的son)。 2、表示颜色的形容词修饰名词时,必须放在名词后面,其阴阳性与所修饰的名词一致。如:une jupe jaune一条黄裙子 un drapeau rouge一面红旗(注:rouge的阴阳性一致) 3、表示领属关系的de de放在两个名词之间,表示两个名词的领属关系,相当于汉语的“的”和英语中的“of”,但词序要注意不同。如:le stylo de Charles 夏尔的钢笔(the pen of Charles) Le?on Six第六课课文Est-ce que c‘est un roman?这是一本小说吗? Non,ce n‘est pas un roman.不,这不是小说。 Qu‘est-ce que c’est?这是什么? C‘est un manuel.这是一本教材。 Est-ce que ce sont des chaises?这些是椅子吗? Non, ce ne sont pas des chaises.不,这些不是椅子。 Qu‘est-ce que c’est?这些是什么? Ce sont des bancs.这些是长条凳。 语法: 1、在法语里,名词有单数、复数的区分。名词变成复数时,冠词也要做相应的变化。单数名词变成复数,一般有以下规则: ⑴名词变成复数时,一般是在单数名词的词尾加上一个不发音的“s”。 ⑵以“s、x、z”单数结尾的名词,复数时不变。如: le rubis(红宝石) les rubis une noix(核桃) des noix le nez(鼻子) les nez⑶以“eau、au”结尾的单词,复数时加“x”,如: le bateau(船) les bateaux un noyau(果核) des noyaux⑷以“al”结尾的单词,复数时变成“aux”,如: l‘animal(动物) les animaux un journa(报纸)l des journaux有几个词例外,词尾直接加“s”,如: un bal(舞会), un carnaval(狂欢节), un festival(音乐节), un régal(美味), un récital(独奏音乐会) ⑸以“ail”结尾的单词,复数时加“s”,如: le portail(大门) les portails un rail(铁路) des rails有9个词例外,复数时变成“aux”,如: un bail(租约), un vitrail(彩绘玻璃窗), un corail(珊瑚), un fermai(没查到), un émail(珐琅), un vantail(门扇), un soupirail(地下室的气窗), un ventail(没查到), un travail(工作该字还有一种复数形式des travails) ⑹大部分抽象名词以及做名词使用的形容词和不定式只能用单数形式。如: la paresse懒惰, la justice正义, le beau美丽的, le manger吃饭⑺复合名词的复数:构成复合名词的字有名词、形容词、动词、介词和副词,其中只有名词和形容词有复数形式,动词、介词和副词都没有复数形式。 un chou-fleur des chous-fleurs(名词+名词) un rouge-gorge des rouges-gorges(形容词+名词) un avant-conreur des avant-conreus(副词+名词) ①当复合名词由两个名词组成,中间有介系词连接时,若变复数形,第二个名词不变形。如: un pot à lait des pots à lait un arc-en-ciel des arcs-en-ciel②不用连接符号及相连成一个简单字的复合名词,复数规则和一般的普通名词一样,在词尾加“s”或“x”。如:un portemanteau衣帽架 des portemanteaux(porter+manteau); un bourboire des bourboires(bour+boire) ③单、复数形式相同的复合名词多是由动词+名词的形式。如: un cure-dents des cure-dents(pour curer les dents) 2、否定形式ne…pas ne…pas是法语的否定形式,ne(在元音字母前变成n‘)放在动词前,pas放在动词后。如: Ce n‘est pas un roman.这不是一本小说。 Ce ne sont pas des chaises.这些不是椅子。 对于这两种形式(单、复数),提问都用:Qu‘est-ce que c’est?这是什么? 在通俗口语中,ne经常被省略。如:J‘ai pas faim!我不饿! 3、疑问句的基本形式疑问句型分为两类:一类是询问有关动作或状态“是”或“否”的问题,句中没有疑问词,另一类则是询问句中担任不同功能的部分,例如询问主语或宾语,或询问状况(在哪里,什么时候,用什么东西,和谁一起等等),询问部分的疑问词必须放在句首。 疑问句的基本形式有: ⑴在对话中使用,陈述句句末语调上升,若有疑问词,无需提到句首。如: C‘est le stylo de Charles?这是夏尔的钢笔吗? Tu es rentré quand?你什么时候回去? ⑵陈述句前加Est-ce que,陈述句的语序不变,如: Est-ce que c‘est Philippe? Est-ce que c‘est une cassette? 注:在某些带疑问词的问句中,est-ce que 放在疑问词后,如: Qu‘est-ce qu’il fait? Où est-ce que Bernard habite? ⑶主语和动词到装,中间要用“-”连接,如: Est-ce un stylo? Où habite-t-il? 注意:不能说Sont les enfants à l‘école?,而要说:Est-ce que les enfants sont à l’école?

『壹』 自考英语有哪些课程,复不复杂,

//rrting/English/zkyy/ ·自考综合英语 ·自学考试大学英语 ·10月自考英语专科 ·10月自考英语本科 ·10月份自考英语辅导高级英语 ·自考商务英语基础 ·自学考试英语翻译基础班 ·自学考试英语写作基础 ·自考写作与阅读 ·自考英语综合一(下册) ·自考英语综合一(上册) ·自考英语综合二(下册) ·自考英语综合二(上册)

『贰』 英语本科自考的科目

报考条件 凡国家承认学历的专科及专科以上毕业生均可报考本专业,并根据具体情况作如下分类: (1)、英语类专业专科毕业生可以直接报考; (2)、其他专业专科及专科以上毕业生可以报考,但必须加考综合英语(二、英语听力、英语口语等三门课程的合格成绩; 考试课程代号、名称和学分 1、理论考试课程设置 序号 课程代号 课程名称 学分 备注 必考 选考 公共课 1、3709 马克思主义基本原理 4 2、3708 中国近现代史纲要 2 公共课(二外)两门任选一门 3、 8027 日语 6 8011 法语 6 专业课 4 0603 英语写作 6 5 0087 英语翻译 6 6 0600 高级英语 12 7 0604 英美文学选读 6 8、 9 三组任选一组 一 1 0830 现代语言学 4 2 0832 英语词汇学 4 二 1 0833 外语教学法 4 2 0838 语言与文化 4 三 1 0834 英语经贸知识 4 2 0094 外贸函电 4 合计56 2、英语(本科)专业实践环节考核课程设置 序号 课程代号 课程名称 学分 备注 S1 0602 口译与听力[066] 6 S2 7072 毕业论文 合计6 满意请采纳

『叁』 自考英语专业一共考几科

【导读】越来越多人选择自学考试的教育形式来提升学历。自考学历在社会上,与参加高考后就读的大学的结业证书同等对待,是成人学历中含金量最高的学历。那么报考什么专业比较有优势,多久可以拿证。因此,我为诸位考生整理了自考十大热门专业。希望对各位考生有帮助,祝大家备考顺利。

自考热门专业推荐

行政管理

专业优势:简单好过,不用考数学英语。就业方向广,晋升管理层快。

汉语言文学

专业优势:文科专业,实用性强,不考数学,学习容易。

学前教育

专业优势:文科专业,实用性强,市场潜力巨大。

工商企业管理

专科2年,本科2年。

所学知识可以直接应用,数学类科目重点考点非常少,而且题型变化少。

会计

专科2年,本科2年

就业率高,工作稳定。

金融

专科2年,本科2年。

就业前景好,课程难度小,师资力量强,学历含金量高。

英语

取证快。专科1.5年,本科1.5年。

考试简单,以选择题为主,不论任何行业,英语自我涨幅都很大。

法律

专科2年,本科2年。

不考计算机和英语,难度小,就业方向清晰,人才缺口较大。

市场营销

专科2年,本科2年。

企业需求人口大,符合当今社会趋势,培养市场调研与分析、营销策划等工作的应用型高级人才。

国际贸易

下证快,专科1.5年-2年,本科1.5年-2年。

含金量高,就业方向广,社会企业认可度高。

自考学历有什么用

自考本科毕业生待遇规定在工资待遇方面,非在职人员录用后,与普通高等学校同类毕业生相同;在职人员的工资待遇低于普通高等学校同类毕业生的,从获得毕业证书之日起,按普通高等学校同类毕业生工资标准执行。

虽然非普通高等学历教育的其他国民教育形式毕业生取得国家承认的毕业证后,符合职位要求的资格条件的,均可以报考,但是自考本科学历含金量仅次于统招生,在报考公务员方面拥有绝对的优势,深受招考部门喜爱。

自考本科可以报考公务员,公务员工作稳定,待遇较高,压力较小,又有权力,现在许多人都想做公务员,而人事部规定,公务员岗位需要通过公务员考试,现在大多数公务员岗位都要求本科以上才有资格报考,通常只有基层和艰苦的工作岗位留给专科一部分。

如果你正准备报名明年的成人自考,现在开始学习吧。老师为大家贴心整理了2020年广东省成人自考招生院校专业简章,先选好院校专业再复习,录取通过率会更高!点击链接即可查看:

『肆』 自考英语专业科目

1.口译与听力 课程代码:00602学分:6 2.马克思主义基本原理概论 课程代码:0370 *** 分:4 3.中国近现代史纲要 课程代码:03708学分:2 4.第二外语(日语)山东 课程代码:sd00840学分:6 5.英语词汇学 课程代码:00832学分:4 6.英语语法 课程代码:00831学分:4 7.现代语言学 课程代码:00830学分:4 8.英美文学选读 课程代码:00604学分:6 9.英语写作 课程代码:00603学分:4 10.高级英语 课程代码:00600学分:12 11.英语翻译 课程代码:00087学分:6

『伍』 哪些证书可以替代自学考试“英语(一)”课程

如果你可以拿到英语4级的证书,那么你就可以免考自学考试的英语,只要有一个4级就行了。

『陆』 哪些证书可以替代自学考试“英语(二)”课程

获得全国英语等级考试三级(或笔试部分成绩合格)及以上证书、高校毕业生在校期间参加本校考试并取得大学英语四、六级证书,且在有效期间内,可免考自学考试“英语(二)”课程。持大学英语四级考试成绩报告单,成绩达到425分者,可免考“英语(二)”课程。

全国英语等级考试考试分笔试和口试两部分,内容包括:听力、语言知识、阅读、写作、口语。笔试和口试均合格者,由教育部考试中心颁发给《全国英语等级考试合格证书》。

国家承认学历的各类高等学校及自学考试专科以上(含专科)的毕业生(及肄业生、退学生)报考自学考试,根据有关规定,申请免考已学过并考试成绩合格的有关课程。

考生原有成绩的考试方式为考试的课程,可以申请免考表中规定的自学考试笔试类和实践考核类课程,而考试方式为“考查”的课程,只可申请免考表中规定的自学考试“实践考核”类课程。

(6)英语自学考试课程扩展阅读 :

自考免考需提交的材料:

1、原毕业学校或自学考试毕业证原件及复印件一份。

2、当年普通高校的应届本科或专科毕业生(最后一学年)可提供学校教务处证明(原件一份)。

3、原毕业学校的学籍卡复印件一份,并加盖学校教务处公章(红印);或者将本人人事档案中的学籍卡复印一份,并加盖本人人事关系主管单位的组织、人事部门的公章(红印)。

4、学籍卡应含有每学期所学的课程、学分、学时、考试类型、考试成绩等内容。学籍卡上如有更改记录,应由原毕业学校教务处在复印件上更正之处加盖公章(红印),并由经办人签名。

5、自学考试毕业生只需提供本人《毕业生登记表》中成绩栏部分的复印件一份即可。

注:由于各地自考政策不同,提交材料有略有不同,考生可以事先咨询当地自考办。

『柒』 自考本科英语专业要考哪些科目

英语自考本科的开考科目因所在省份及主考院校的不同也有所不同,以山东大学为例英语自考本科段的所有课程,供参考:

1.口译与听力 课程代码:00602学分:6

2.马克思主义基本原理概论 课程代码:0370 *** 分:4

3.中国近现代史纲要 课程代码:03708学分:2

4.第二外语(日语)山东 课程代码:sd00840学分:6

5.英语词汇学 课程代码:00832学分:4

6.英语语法 课程代码:00831学分:4

7.现代语言学 课程代码:00830学分:4

8.英美文学选读 课程代码:00604学分:6

9.英语写作 课程代码:00603学分:4

10.高级英语 课程代码:00600学分:12

11.英语翻译 课程代码:00087学分:6

『捌』 自考本科英文的课程顺序,什么课程大几上的

自考是没有分课程顺序的,自己选择性学习,选择性考试。根据你自己的学习能力选择即可。 在规定的报考时间内报考,而后准备考试。考过的科目就不用再考了,直到考完所有的科目。 目前广东自考是可以一年考三次,1月、4月和10月,一次考试最多可以考4门科目。

『玖』 英语本科自学考试的科目有哪些

具体为: 序号 代码 课程名称 学分 教材名称 编著者 出版社 版次 1 0004 *** 思想概论 2 *** 思想概论 罗正楷 武汉大学出版社 1999年版 2 0005 马克思主义政治经济学原理 3 马克思主义政治经济学原理 卫兴华 武汉大学出版社 1999年版 3 0087 英语翻译 6 英语翻译教程 庄绎传 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 4 0600 高级英语 12 高级英语(上、下册) 王家湘 张中载 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版 5 0602 口译与听力 6 口译与听力 杨俊峰 辽宁大学出版社 2002年版 6 0603 英语写作 4 英语写作 杨俊峰 辽宁大学出版社 1999年版 7 0604 英美文学选读 6 英美文学选读 张伯香 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 8 0830 现代语言学(A) 4 现代语言学 何兆雄 杨德明 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 9 0832 英语词汇学(A) 4 英语词汇学 张维友 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 10 0833 外语教学法(A) 4 外语教学法 舒白梅 陈佑林 高等教育出版社 1999年版 11 0836 英语科技文选(B) 4 英语科技文选 李碧嘉 高等教育出版社 2000年版 12 0837 旅游英语选读(B) 4 旅游英语选读 修月祯 高等教育出版社 1999年版 13 0838 语言与文化(B) 4 语言与文化 王振亚 高等教育出版社 2000年版 14 0840 日语 6 大学日语 王诗荣 高等教育出版社 1999年版 15 8801 毕业论文 0 学分 57 加考 课程 0593 听力 8 英语听力 何其莘王敏等 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 0594 口语 8 英语口语教程 吴祯福 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年版 0795 综合英语(二) 10 综合英语(二)(上、下册) 徐克蓉 外语教学与研究出版社 2000年版

德语自学考试英语笔记

最好还是记笔记,记录一下记得清楚,而且讲的内容也不一定和书本完全一致,相互借鉴。

里德语助手生词笔记可以在德语助手的官网上查看,也可以在德语助手的安卓和iOS客户端上查看。

对啊。stehenstellenstadt就像英语里面的清辅音和浊辅音的发音标准一样,在s后面的清辅音要用浊辅音来发音。如:st,发成sd;sp,发成sb;spielenSpiegelSport usw.

内容如下:

基本起步:

首先要了解下德语,德语(Deutsch)是印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支下的一门语言。德语共同标准语的形成可以追溯到马丁·路德的圣经翻译。德语是三亿多人使用的母语,被誉为世界最严谨的语言之一。除了26个拉丁字母(与英语相同)外德语还有其他四个字母:Ä ä、Ö ö、Ü ü、ß。

前期学习:

德语想达到基本交流的地步,语法和单词是少不了的。建议大家从基础语法知识学起,再记下词汇,如果个人学习能力还可以,三四个月简单的交流应该没太大问题。

推荐资源:刚开始的德语学习发音比较重要,一定要学好,这里推荐个免费资源——网易云课堂里面的语言学习板块,有德语初级免费学习视频。

后期学习:

德语是一本相对较难的语言,如果没有老师的指引还是比较难,但如果你能坚持,还是可以取得很好的效果。

推荐教材:新求精德语强化教程推荐网络资源:同济大学出版社德语资料下载(百度下)

德语(Deutsch)简介:

是印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支下的一门语言。德语共同标准语的形成可以追溯到马丁·路德的圣经翻译。德语是三亿多人使用的母语,被誉为世界最严谨的语言之一。它最初在德国、奥地利、瑞士北部、列支敦士登、卢森堡、意大利南提洛尔,比利时的一小部分地区,部分波兰地区和部分法国阿尔萨斯、洛林、斯特拉斯堡地区内使用。另外,在德国的前殖民地内,例如纳米比亚拥有大量的说德语的人口,在东欧的一些国家中,仍有少量的说德语的少数民族。欧洲语言管理中心2013年3月最新的数据显示,虽然标准德语的使用人数只有一亿,但是如果将各类德语方言计算在内,全球共有4亿左右人口使用德语。

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