基本上没有用。。。
Context is the environment in which some phenomenon occurs. It is mentioned to point out that a phenomenon will be understood better if the circumstances of its creation or use are considered.The reason why the notion of context is essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication is that it helps us to be able to fully understand the others' viewpoints in a conversation and make sure that few misunderstanding and ambiguity would occur. For instance, the word "bank" has several distinct lexical definitions, including "financial institution" and "edge of a river". Without context, we can never be sure which one is referred.
2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试卷＋答案 (课程代码 0832) 第一部分 选择题 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket．(30％) 1． There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．Theyare______. A．primary and secondary B．central and peripheral C．diachronic and synchronic D．formal and functional [ ] 2． Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms? A．Colloquial B．Slang C．Negative D．Literary [ ] 3． Synonyms can be classified into two major groups，that is：_____. A．absolute and relative B．absolute and complete C．relative and near D．complete and identical [ ] 4． In the early period of Middle English，English，____existed side by side， A．Celtic and Danish B．Danish and French C．Latin and Celtic D．French and Latin [ ] 5． Amonomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_______morpheme． A．formal B．concrete C．free D．bound [ ] 6． Whch of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated? A，croak，drum B．squeak，bleat C．buzz，neigh D．bang，trumpet [ ] 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codes B．usage notes C．language notes D．all of the above [ ] 8． From the historical point of view,English is more closely related to A．German B．French C．Scotttish D．Irish [ ] 9． Which of the following is NOT an acronym? A．TOEFL B．ODYSSEY C．BASIC D．CCTV [ ] 10. In the course book，the author lists____types of context clues for inferring word meaning． A．eight B．six C．seven D．five [ ] 11．Sources of homonyms include____. A．changes in sound and spelling B．borrowing C．shortening D．all of the above [ ] 12．The written form of English is a(an)________representation of the spoken form． A．selective B．adequate C．imperfect D．natural [ ] 13．Structurally a____is the smallest meaningful unit of a language． A．molpheme B．stem C．word D．compound [ ] 14．Unlike affixes，____are often free morphemes． A．sufrixes B．prefixes C．inflectional morphemes D．roots [ ] 15．The four major foreign contributors to the English vocabulary in earlier times were French. Latin，____. A．Scandinavian and Italian B．Greek and Scandinavian C．Celtic and Greek D．Italian and Spanish [ ] 第二部分 非选择题 Ⅱ．Complete the rollowing staternents with proper words or expressions according to the course book． 16．The name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo is____. 17．Longman lexicon of Contemporary English is a____dictionary． 18．When a new word appears for the first time，the author usually manages to give hints or ____in the context to help the readers． 19．Radiation and____are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy． 20．Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to____. Ⅲ．Match the words or explessions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1)word Origin，2)word formation. and 3)types of Synonyms or antonyms． A B ( )21．skill A．back—formation ( )22．babysit B．blendlng ( )23．telequiz C．French origin ( )24．composition／compounding D．SCandinavianorigin ( )25．government E．clipping ( )26．same／different F. relative synonyms ( )27．gent G. Germanic ( )28．English H．absolute synonyms ( )29．change／alter I. contradictory terms ( )30．big／small J．contrary terms IV．Smdy the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of meanings,3)processes of meaning development，and 4) forlnation of eompounds． 31．neck→primary meaning：that part of man joining the head tO the body； a secondary meaning：the narrowest part of anything．( ) 32．contradict ( ) 33．mother：love，care ( ) 34．upcoming ( ) 35．window shopping ( ) 36．radlos ( ) 37．property developer ( ) 38．Candidate→earlier meaning：white-robed； later meaning：a person proposed for a place，award etc． ( )overcoat 39．handsomo-tyoewhter ( )man 40．northward ( ) V. Define the following terms. 41.encyclopendia 42.borrcwed 43.blending 44.extension 45.phrasal verb VI. Answer the following questing questions. Your answers should be Clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. 46.what is the difference prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples. 47.what is extra-linguistic context? 48.what is polysemy? Illustrate your points. VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. 49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then what contextual help you to work out the meaning. Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in The street and ate it. 50.Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example. 英语词汇学答案 (课程代码 0832)I．Each Of the smtements below is followed by four alternative answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket． 1.C 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.B 10.A 11.D 12.C 13.A 14.D 15.B II Complete the following statements with proper words Or expressions according to the course book． 16．extension 或generalization 17．specialized 18．clues 19．concatenation 20．1500 III.Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according tO 1) word origin，2)word formation，and 3)types of synonyms or antonyms． 21．D 22．A 23．B 24．H 25．C 26．I 27．E 28．G 29．F 30．J IV．Study the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of bound morphemes underlined，2)types of meanings，3)processes of meaning development，and 4)formation of compounds． 31．radiation 32．bound root 33．connotative meaning 34．adv+v-ing 35．n+v-ing 36．inflectional affix／inflectional morpheme 37．n+v-er 3.concatenation 39．collocative meaning 40．suffix／derivational affix V．Definethefollowingterms． 41．An encyclopedia provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword；it is not concerned with the language per se. 42．Borrowed words,also，known，as loan words，are words taken over from foreign languages． 43．It refers to the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word with a part of another word． 44．Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized． 45.idiom composed of a verb plus a preposition and／or a particle． VI.Answer the following questions．Your answers should be clear and short．Write your answers in the space given below． 46．Prefixation does not generally change the word-class of the stem；it only modifies its meaning. e.g．treat--maltreat Suffixation，On，the other hand，changes the word-class instead of its meaning.e.g．employ—— employer 47.(1)Known as non-linguistic context or context of situation． (2)components a.participants(addresser and addressee) writer and reader speaker and listener／hearer b.time and place c.cultural background 48.要点：1)a common feature peculiar to all natural languages． 2)have more than one sense． 3)The problem of polesemy Can be dealt with from two angles：diachronic approach and synchronic approach． VII．Analyze and comment on the following．Write your answers in the space given below． 49(1)tiger is a hyponym，of carnivore (2)carnivore is a superordinate of tiger (3)tiger feeds on meat as known by all (4)carnivore may feed on meat (5)therefore，a carnivore is a meat-eating animal 50.(1)connotative meaning，known as connotation，refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning． (2)connotative meanings are not given in the dictionary．but associated with the word in actual context to particular readers or speakers．Thus they are unstable.varying considerably according to culture，historical period and the experience of the individual． (3)For example，home may remind one child of warmth，safety or love，while to another child who is often scolded or beaten at home,it may mean indifference，hatred，or even hell．
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
B syntagmatic association 组合关系英语的学习不是一朝一夕的，是需要长时间的积累过程，单词，语法，听力，这些是最基本的，不过最主要的是口语的练习，多听多练是最有效的，最好是可以经常和外国人交流，进行语言的交换，文化的交流也是可以提升外语的。
Context is the environment in which some phenomenon occurs. It is mentioned to point out that a phenomenon will be understood better if the circumstances of its creation or use are considered.The reason why the notion of context is essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication is that it helps us to be able to fully understand the others' viewpoints in a conversation and make sure that few misunderstanding and ambiguity would occur. For instance, the word "bank" has several distinct lexical definitions, including "financial institution" and "edge of a river". Without context, we can never be sure which one is referred.
答案我更正过应为：11~15 A D A A C 16~20 D D A A D
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江苏的不了解
试 2013年4月的要吗？答案
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没有口语，英语二的题型全部是选择题，外加几题翻译。没有听力，也没有写作。
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自考汉语言文学本科,科目中英语二没有口语考试这一项，自考本科英语二考试为笔试。参考全国自考英语（二）考试大纲，考试内容。全国自考英语（二）考试大纲命题“英语（二）”命题按照标准化测试要求设计。命题的广度和难度依据本大纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定。部分命题素材取自《英语（二）自学教程》。统考以阅读和写作为主，听、说不做统考要求。统考试题包括客观性试题和主观性试题，分别占卷面总分的55%和45%.试卷由七部分组成，包括：阅读判断、阅读选择、概括段落大意和补全句子、填词补文、填词补文、完形补文以及短文写作。现对试卷内容及结构分别说明如下：第一部分阅读判断该部分要求考生能够理解文中明确表达的概念或细节，推断隐含表达的内容，理解全文主旨和作者所持观点态度；能够根据上下文推测生词意义，理解句间关系和语篇结构。该部分短文选自英语国家大众读物及旅游手册、操作说明等真实语料，根据语言难度作适当调整，对无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，用汉语注明词义。所选短文题材覆盖广泛，涉及叙述、说明、议论等不同体裁。该部分要求考生在读懂1篇350词左右短文的基础上，对给出的10个句子所表达的信息作出判断，有的信息是正确的，有的是错误的，有的文中没有提到。该部分共l0小题。每小题l分，共计、10分。第二部分阅读选择该部分要求考生：理解文章主旨和要义；把握文章的基本结构；理解文中说明要点的事实和细节；作出简单推理和判断；根据上下文推断生词的释义；领会作者的意图、观点和态度。该部分选用1篇长度350词左右的短文，题材包括人文、科技、经济、环境卫生等热点话题，文中会适当给出个别生词的中文释义。短文后设有5个题目，要求考生从每题后4个备选项中选出最佳选项。该部分共5小题。每小题2分，共计l0分。第三部分概括段落大意和补全句子该部分包括1篇短文（400词左右）和2项任务：概括段落大意和补全句子。其中概括段落大意部分旨在考查考生宏观把握文章结构、概括段落大意和提取关键信息的能力。该任务设有5或6个概括句或小标题，这些标题或文字分别是对文章各段落的概括和阐述，其中1个为干扰项，要求考生根据文章内容选出最恰当的段落大意或小标题。补全句子部分主要考查考生定位查找关键信息的能力。该任务设有5或6个不完整的句子和6或7个备选项，所填内容一般为名词短语、动宾短语、形容词结构、非谓语形式或简短的从句等，要求考生把符合题意的选项填入空格，完成每个句子。该部分共l0小题。每小题l分，共计10分。第四部分填句补文该部分主要考查考生对文章语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的识辨能力以及把握文章结构的能力。要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。该部分选用1篇总长度约400词的短文，所选材料多是观点鲜明、条理清楚的说明文或议论文。要求考生在理解文章整体结构以及段落之间、单句之间关系的基础上，从所给的6个备选项中选出对应的5项。该部分共5小题。每小题2分，共计l0分。第五部分填词补文该部分考查考生对文章及语篇中词汇的理解能力。所选短文一般为250～300词，题材涉及科普知识、社会热点等。短文中留出l0个词汇的空格，要求考生从所给12个备选单词中选择符合上下文语境的词汇填入相应空白处，使短文意思通顺、表达正确；2个非正确选项具有强干扰性。考查的词汇主要涉及名词、动词、形容词、副词等。短文首句不设置空格，两个空格之间会有一定间隔，以保证考生对篇章的正确理解。该部分共10小题。每小题1.5分，共计l5分。第六部分完形补文该部分考查考生综合理解和运用语言的能力。要求考生准确掌握词语拼写，、熟练掌握派生、屈折变化等构词方法；具备语篇分析能力，能够通过上下文意义和文章结构对具体词语的意义、词性、时体和情态等方面的应用作出有效分析。短文选自英语国家大众报纸杂志，内容涉及传记、社会文化、日常知识、科普常识等常见话题。该部分要求考生在通读1篇约150词短文（被删除10个单词）的基础上，将与空白处对应的提示词转换成适当的词汇形式填入文中，使短文意义完整、语法正确。该部分共10小题。每小题1.5分，共计15分。第七部分短文写作该部分考查考生的书面表达能力。要求考生根据所给情境写出不少于l50词（不计算标点符号）的文章。提供情境的形式有图画、图表、文字等。考生需要就具体或一般性抽象话题进行描述、阐释或说明，用词恰当，表达通顺；能正确反映客观情况，表达自己的观点；能准确使用所学语言知识，根据写作要求清楚、有条理、连贯地表达自己的意思。该部分1个题目，30分。考试本课程的考试采用闭卷方式，统考采用笔试。考试时间为150分钟。试卷满分为100分，60分及格。本课程考试采用统一设计的答题卡。考生必须将所有试题的答案按要求填涂和书写在答题卡对应的位置。
【免费定制个人学历提升方案和复习资料： 】青海师范大学自考汉语言文学专业一共需要考16门课程(含选修课)， 分别为：写作(一)、文学概论(一)、中国现代文学作品选、中国当代文学作品选、中国古代文学作品选(一)、中国古代文学作品选(二)、外国文学作品选、现代汉语、古代汉语、思想道德修养与法律基础、毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论、英语(一)、计算机应用基础、计算机应用基础(实践)、心理学、教育学(一)。自考本科专业下方免费学历提升方案介绍： 201910自考00150金融理论与实务真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：26.87KB 2015年04月自考04747JAVA语言程序设计（一）真题试卷 格式：PDF大小：536.56KB自考/成考考试有疑问、不知道自考/成考考点内容、不清楚自考/成考考试当地政策，点击底部咨询猎考网，免费获取个人学历提升方案：
全国2008年4月高等教育自学考试现代汉语试题课程代码：00535一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。1．汉语的方言大体上可以分为（ ）A．北方方言和南方方言 B．北方官话和西南官话C．官话方言区和非官话方言区 D．长江以北地区方言和长江以南地区方言2．韵头都由（ ）A．i、u、o充当 B．a、o、e充当C．o、e、u充当 D．i、u、ü充当3．注音为“fù、guī、xī、yín”的一组汉字是（ ）A．夫、轨、隙、阴 B．肤、瑰、膝、殷C．浮、贵、袭、姻 D．附、龟、夕、吟4．在普通话中，下列韵母都不能和声母h相拼合的一组是（ ）A．ian、ueng B．a、uoC．en、in D．uang、ong5．在普通话语音系统中，“子”都读轻声的一组是（ ）A．莲子、虾子 B．桌子、帘子C．瓜子、椅子 D．孙子、棋子6．决定汉语声调的要素主要是（ ）A．音高 B．音强C．音长 D．音色7．汉字字体中称作“真书”的是（ ）A．隶书 B．楷书C．草书 D．行书8．下列各组中，每个字都是会意字的是（ ）A．拳、信、本 B．拿、行、尘C．奴、集、徒 D．丹、泉、价9．下列各组中属于成词语素的是（ ）A．丽、言、民、伟 B．展、济、基、宏C．火、人、风、大 D．圾、蝠、蛛、朦10．下列各组同义词中，用法（句法功能）不同的一组是（ ）A．幽静、幽寂 B．突然、忽然C．亲密、亲昵 D．优秀、优异11．下列各组中，属于同音词的一组是（ ）A．公式、公事、工事 B．公使、宫室、攻势C．工时、共事、公式 D．共视、工时、公使12．下列各组中，属于支配式合成词的是（ ）A．革新、笔记、图书、纠正 B．眼花、心虚、矛盾、甲鱼C．依靠、解放、眼红、突破 D．建议、司机、冒险、掌柜13．下列各组中，每个成员都带有定位语素的是（ ）A．条子、带子、瓜子 B．木头、石头、磁头C．老虎、老兄、老话 D．花儿、画儿、头儿14．能受程度副词修饰又能带宾语的词是（ ）A．心理动词 B．形容词C．助动词 D．不及物动词15．“他在黑板上写字”和“他在干活”中的两个“在”分别是（ ）A．动词、介词 B．副词、动词C．介词、介词 D．介词、副词16．下列都属于加词性短语的一组是（ ）A．首都北京、把车开走、远距离 B．看看去、关键时刻、朝南的房子C．为人民服务、想去、不久的将来 D．超大型、高速度、关于孩子17．下列都属于述补短语的一组是（ ）A．知道错了、不会参加、不去也好 B．说下去、写得潦草、拉他一把C．不很聪明、想不干了、很像老虎 D．请他留下、严肃活泼、认真学习18．下面属于主谓谓语句的是（ ）A．关于这件事他的心里有数 B．这药的味道真难闻C．他考试成绩很好 D．像这种地方去的人不会多19．下面属于并列复句的是（ ）A．不是我不愿去，而是实在没有空 B．下午我不是在教室，就是在办公室C．雨不但没有停，反而越下越大了 D．他爱玩保龄球，但不喜欢踢足球20．“芦柴棒着急地要将大锅了里的稀饭烧滚，但是倒出来的青烟引起了她一阵猛烈的咳嗽。”句中加点处运用的修辞格是（ ）A．借代 B．双关C．比拟 D．借喻二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）在每小题列出的五个备选项中至少有两个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选、少选或未选均无分。21．下列韵母中属于中响复韵母的是（ ）A．iao B．ianC．uai D．ueiE．iou22．下列各组中，属于反义词的是（ ）A．积极、消极；热情、冷淡 B．先进、中间；赞成、弃权C．肯定、否定；化合、分解 D．进攻、防御；左派、中间派E．高尚、蔑视；上方、中间23．下列句子属于正反问句的是（ ）A．奖金发了多少？ B．是发奖金还是不发奖金？C．奖金还发不发？ D．是不是发了奖金？E．奖金发了没？24．下列句子属于多重复句的有（ ）A．或者小王去，或者小李去，或者他们都去。B．如果你的看法正确，你就不怕别人批评；如果你的意见不正确，批评正好能帮助你纠正错误。C．老王有两个孩子，一个在北京上学，一个在本市工作。D．翠竹滑下溪水，转入大河，挤上火车，走上迢迢的征程。E．野花开满山冈，溪水哗哗地流淌，春天迈开大步，庄稼抢着生长。25．“小鸟在欢唱，溪水在奔流，人们在嬉笑。”中运用的修辞格是（ ）A．比喻 B．对偶C．比拟 D．排比E．夸张三、判断说明题（本大题共5小题，每小题1分，共5分）正确的在括号内打“√”，不用说明理由；错误的在括号内打“×”，并说明理由，不说明理由的扣分。26.从语言学的角度看，口语和书面语的差别主要在风格方面。27.“统一”和“一般”中的两个“一”，虽然所处的位置不同，但声调读法应该是一样的，都是阴平字。28.汉字代表的是汉语的语素，所以每一个汉字都记录汉语中的一个语素。29.“天”和“天空”、“静”和“安静”因为音节数不同，所以不能构成同义词。30.以动词、形容词为中心语的句法结构不一定是谓词性句法结构。四、术语解释题（本大题共2小题，每小题3分，共6分）31.声母的发音方法32.关联词语五、分析题（本大题共7小题，每小题4分，共28分）33.拼写下列带点的字：A.步骤 麻痹 B.簇拥 粗犷C.鞭笞 联袂 D.混淆 冗长34.分析下列汉字的音节结构：35.根据表中的提示，把下列汉字填入表中：看、羊、刃、燕、龚、涉、下、演 象形字 指事字 会意字 形声字 36.“稳定”和“稳固”是一组同义词，请辨析它们之间的相同点和不同点。37.将下列各词按下表所示填入表内：但是、毕竟、最近、突然、某、人次、自从、似的 名词 代词 形容词 量词 副词 连词 介词 助词 38.用层次分析法分析下列短语，是多义短语的分别分析：A.做 有 创 新 精 神 的 青 年B.他 们 五 个 人 一 组C.雨 后 的 天 空 显 得 比 平 时 更 晴 朗39.指出下列语句中比拟的类型：（1）什么都看到了的月亮带着永久性的沉默，一次次来，一次次去，那么世故，那么刁滑。（2）我到了自家的房外，我的母新早已迎着出来了，接着便飞出了八岁的侄儿宏儿。（3）解放军把土匪打得夹着尾巴逃跑了。（4）油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。六、改错题（本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分）40.改正下列词语中声调归类的错误：A.供应（去声，去声）B.差别（去声，阳平）C.装载（阴平，上声）D.勉强（上声，阳平）41.下列音节在声韵配合上有错误，请改正并说明原因：A.波 buō B.扉 fī42.改正下列词语中的错别字：忍劳忍怨 手屈一指 相形见拙 置若枉闻43.用波浪线标示下面句子中使用不当的词语，加以改正后说明理由：谈及那段屈辱凄苦、不堪回首的往事，她哽咽不止，流下了心酸的眼泪。44.用波浪线标示下面句子中使用不当的词语，加以改正后说明理由：这栋楼的界限只能划到这里，绝不允许随意侵占耕地。45.修改病句并说明错误的原因：经过这一阶段的整顿，见到了成效，初步改变了这一条街长期以来一直比较混乱。46.修改病句并说明错误的原因：作为一个翻译工作者，一方面要学好外语，一方面要学好本民族语言也是非常重要的。47.修改病句并说明错误的原因：我把这篇小说没有来得及看完，所以很难发表意见。七、论述题（本大题共3小题，每小题5分，共15分）48.音高、音强、音长、音色是不是和现代汉语语音都有关系？49.举例说明什么是词义的模糊性？词义为什么具有模糊性？为什么词义的模糊性不会影响交际？50.请谈谈紧缩句和连动谓语句的区别。
日语作为本科二外考试 其水平大致相当于 日语能力考试四级--三级水平 也就是相当于 标日初级下册 到中级上册水平至于如何复习 那要看你的日语是个何等水平来定 大致复习方法 不外乎 第一 从日语的字词入手 汉子注假名 假名填汉子 第二 语法 阅读 第三 听力 这三方面是考试的三大部分
第一部分 选择题 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare‘s play “Romeo and Juliet” ’A rose by any other name would smell as sweet‘ well illustrates _______.（ ） A.the conventional nature of language B.the creative nature of language C.the universality of language D.the big difference between human language and animal communication 2.Of the following sound combinations， only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.（ ） A.kibl B.bkil C.ilkb D.ilbk 3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”。（ ） A.hierarchical B.linear C.tree diagram D.vertical 4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.（ ） A.Case Condition B.parameter C.Adjacent Condition D.Adjacent Parameter 5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. A.phoneme B.word C.phrase D.sentence 6.According to Searle，those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.（ ） A.commisives B.directives C.expressives D.declaratives 7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic C.comparative D.historical comparative 8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age， sex， social group， and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name， last name， title+last name， _______，and kin term. A.title+first name B.title+title C.title alone D.first name+last name+title 9.Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other， we may regard thought as “subvocal speech，” and speech as “_______”。（ ） A.vocal thought B.subvocal thought C.covert thought D.overt thought 10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition _______.（ ） A.Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B.Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 第二部分 非选择题 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。） 11.In the course of time， the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies， such as sociology and psychology. 12.Clear ［1］ and dark［ ］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations， thus they are said to be in c________ distribution. 13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word， but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear， definite meaning. 14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses， one of which is incorporated in the other. 15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms. 16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized， that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent. 17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example， Modern English verb ask was Old English askian， with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________. 18.In many societies of the world， we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies， b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages. 19.The brain‘s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________， which is specific to human beings. 20.In order to acquire a second language， learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________. 三、判断说明题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。）判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。 （ ）21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form. （ ）22.In English， long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i：/，the larynx is in a state of tension. （ ）23.A compound is the combination of only two words. （ ）24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”，and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. （ ）25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. （ ）26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition， unlike entailment， is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say， if a sentence is negated， the original presupposition is still true. （ ）27.The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary. （ ）28.Language reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist， just as it is not obscene； but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. （ ）29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment， he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. （ ）30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language， they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。） 31.cultural transmission （as a defining feature of human language） 32.phonic medium of language 33.voicing 34.inflectional morphemes 35.reference 36.locutionary act 37.protolanguage 38.ethnic dialect 39.registers 40.acculturation 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。） 41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples. 42.Describe the process of language perception， comprehension and production. 全国2001年10月高等教育自学考试 现代语言学试题参考答案 课程代码：00830 一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A 二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 11.social 12.complementary 13.root 14.complex 15.complementary 16.utterance 17.metathesis 18.bilingualism 19.lateralization 20.transfer 三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） 21.F The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention. 22.T 23.F Some compounds contain more than two words. 24.T 25.F It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions “morning star” and “ evening star.” They refer to the same star but differ in sense. 26.T 27.F The division of English into Old English， Middle English， and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary. 28.T 29.T 30.F Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world， no matter what language they are exposed to ，and in later stages acquire the “ more difficult” sounds. 四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分） 31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted， rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt. 32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. 33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords. 34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-（e）s，-est in English. 35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world； it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。 36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean. 37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages. 38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation. 39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects. 40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community. 五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分） 41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e.the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous.Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women 42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke‘s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.
同命相连啊 我已经考了好几年了 就这一门课，让我伤心