自考英语二一考通题库的原文翻译

taxt a :批评性阅读 阅读纪实文学适合用批评性的阅读方法，因为在非文学类作品里，作者常常会提出某种观点或是寻求作者的态度。批评性的阅读方法系一种主动性很强的阅读方法。它涉及到的不仅仅是理解作者所说的话。批评性的阅读方法还涉及到质疑和评估作者所说的话，涉及到对于作者所说的话要形成你自己的观点。如果你想要成为一名有批评性思维的读者，在这里我列出一些你应该做到的。 仔细思考作者的写作背景。你可能正在读一篇与你的文化背景截然不同的作者缩写的文章。或者，你可能正在读一篇谢雨不同于你所处的时代的文章。不论哪种情况，你必须能搞清楚通史好好考虑你的价值观和态度与作者的不同之处。 合理质疑捉着所卓楚的论断。对于作者写出来的不要全盘接受。你在接受作者的观点之前，要确保作者提供了足够多的论据来支持其论点。你要仔细查看支持论断的事实`举例和统计数据。通史，你要查看作者是否参考了权威专家的著作。 把作者所写的内容和该题材其他著作做对比。看看作者所写的内容与改题材领域其他人所写的是否一致。如果有不一致之处，要仔细评估该处作者提供的论据。 认真分析作者所做的假设。假设指的是作者为了提出其论断所必须相信是正确的那些观点。在许多情况下，作者的假设都不是直接陈述出来的。这就意味着你必须通过仔细地阅读来找到作者的所做的那些假定。一旦你找到一个假设，你必须判断一下这个假设是否是合理的。 评估作者的引用来源。评估时，要确定这些来源是合适的。举例来说，如果作者写的是关于物理学上里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦就是一个可靠的引用。第二，要确定这些引用是相关的。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦这个例子就是不相关的。最后，如果作者所写的这个主题是当今局势，那就一定要确保引用来源也是当前的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学当今的学科知识情况，那么20世纪早期爱因斯坦的研究可能就不太合适了。 识别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人换货是民主党人迥然而异。写出来的文章可能会很好的反映出作者的偏见态度和立场。你需要在阅读作者的文章的过程中考虑到其可能带有的偏见。这也就是说，要有持保留态度看待作者所写的文章。 通过做一个有批判性的读者，你会成为一个更加有见识和学问的人，并可能适当的改变你自己的观念。 【注】我还有其他的文章的翻译，要吗？也是英语二的，2012年版的

原文我打出来了 放翻译里面去翻译下，差不了太多Most of the arts in america are a combination of ideas and influences from many sources. Tap dancing certainly fits in this category.It is truly and American art, but it has been influenced by English and Irish dance steps as well as steps from AfricasSome historians argue that tap dancing was first done by slaves on Southern plantations in North America, and that originally steps were done wearing soft-soled shoes. Irish step dancing,which also involves intricate foot patterns,contributed the movement of the free leg to one side and the swing of the elbows outward. Wooden clog shoes were worn as tap dancing evolved, but for a long time the steps were done flat-footed。Tap dancing developed into the form we recognize today int he early 20th century. Metal taps were added to dance shoes, and a number of new techniques were perfected.One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dacing on the balls of the feet.This is commonly attributed to dancer Bill.Another was the "cramp roll", in which thedancer would rapidly move from the ball of the right foot to the ball of the left, and then to the heel of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, and innovation by dance John, allowd dancers to improvise even more new patterns. Slides across the floor and movements up and down stairs further enlivened tap. So relaxed arm and shoulder movements. Challenges became a common part of dance routines,with dancers competeing very hard to outperform each other with new and difficult steps.Many dancers excellened at tap and contributed to its development.