自考英语二讲义第十一章

08自考“英语（二）”常考词汇第一单元1.常考单词：goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity2. 常考词组：in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down3. 常考句子：1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made.4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like.5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.第二单元1.常考单词：escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all2. 常考句子：1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova.4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly.5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.第三单元1.常考单词：weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive2. 常考词组：to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account3. 常考句子：1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.第四单元1.常考单词：demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite deserving shelf minimum status deport2. 常考句子：1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported.第五单元1.常考单词：Musician，rhythmic，distinct，consciousness，originate，readily，instrument，electronic，thereby，passive，participant2. 常考词组：to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of3. 常考句子：1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence.2）Folk music，old and modern，was popular among college students.3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music.4）With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could.第六单元1.常考单词：efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective2. 常考词组：in that in question plenty of3. 常考句子：1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies.2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although to a lesser degree，in other industries as well.3）The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.4）Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.5）Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots.6）With the ability to “see”，robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.7）Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.第七单元1.常考单词：research attach underlie relevant positive possession desirable relaxation occupation urban acquire participation2. 常考词组：be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective3. 常考句子：1）People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.2）The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.3）The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.4）Since leisure is basically self-determined，one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.5）Basically，such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that Leisure can and should be put to good use.6）For example，the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games，sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.7）Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.8）The more seriously this is sought，the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.第八单元1.常考单词：flight negotiation transport overcome internal external rhythm feasible assumption promote2. 常考词组：effect on to blame… on to advantage now that out of step to leave … alone3. 常考句子：1）The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. （para.1）2）The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. （para.2）3）He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag. （para.3）4）Now that we understand what Jet lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it.（para.4）5）The other belongs in our internal clocks which，left alone，would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes，25 - rhythm.（para.5）6）In time the physiological system will reset itself，but it does take time. （para7）7）One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （para.8）8）It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. （para.9）第九单元1.常考单词：classify approximate proportion appreciation acknowledge alter lengthen wealthy neglect expectation2. 常考词组：to approximate to resistance to to cope with attribute … to3. 常考句子：1）Nation classified as “aged” when they have 7percent of more of their people aged 65 or above. （para.1）2）The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth，the older its population is likely to be - at least，for any future that concerns us now.3）The older you are now，of course，the greater this proportion will be，and greater still if you are a woman.4）If you are now in your thirties，you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60.第十单元1.常考单词：election vote certainty loyalty decline democrat strategy pursue impact headquarters economy stir congress representative2. 常考词组：to identify……as impact on3. 常考句子：1）Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. （para.4）2）Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external factors than on a candidate's personal characteristics. （para. 4）此句注意主语从句作主语。3）A year later，with the nation's economy in trouble，Bush's approval rating dropped below 40 percent.4）Candidates are particularly concerned with winning the states which have the largest population.5）Clinton received only 43 percent of the popular vote in 1992，compared with Bush's 38 percent and Perot's 19 percent.第十一单元1.常考单词：disorder irrelevant misleading irresponsible eventual replace partly undergo suitable to do research into be central to be irrelevant to to aim for2. 常考句子：1）The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics.2）Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.3）People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs and in the way their bodies work.4）It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.5）The eventual aim of computer modeling is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.6）Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research to be done in the test tube to see if chemicals produce harmful biological effects.7）The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years.8）This is partly due to alternatives and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed so fewer need to be used.9）Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.10）This includes keeping them in more suitable cages.include 后面接动名词作宾语。11）In the US，one experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg.involve 后面接动名词作宾语。12）When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body，or diseases of the brain for example，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.When it comes to 当提到 … 的时候第十二单元1.常考单词：symptom intellectual detail initial inventor confront sensitivity reflection creativity character trace modest investment to substitute … for be contrary to to put off be confronted with to gaze at be unaware of to impress…on be free from be beneficial to2. 常考句子：1）At its best，daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.2）There are always those who would substitute fantasy lives for the rewards of real activity.（para.2）3）Most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. （para.2）4）Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence，but also their self -control and self-direction become endangered. （para.2）5）But its beneficial effects go beyond this. （para. 3）Go beyond 表示“超越 …，不仅仅是 … ”6）Historically，scientists and inventors are one group that seems to take full advantage of relaxed moments.Take advantage of 利用7）Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. （para.7）8） Picture yourself as winning and that will contribute remarkably to success.The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them.第十三单元1.常考单词：compel voluntary undertake coincide manual efficiency compulsion division eliminate boring amusement so far as …knows to coincide with attitude toward to go in for2. 常考句子：1）He cannot be really happy if h is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing.2）Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertake it.3）The difference does not，for example，coincide with the difference between a manual and a mental job.4）So that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring，and the more hours he is free to play，the better.第十四单元1.常考单词：device compassion grab belonging threatening convince foster persuasion avail suspect profound to convince sb. to do sth. to comment on2. 常考句子：1）It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein's shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion.本句是个强调句，另外注意 found 的用法2）It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 本句是强调句。3）Weinstein's body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker on March17.4）But before she died she somehow slipped the microcassette into her pocket without her killer knowing it.第十五单元1.常考单词：solely content sensible persist vital logic evaluate raw ultimate functional extension undue concrete conquer error prolong technician proof possess to pull down to mistake…for to distinguish between to come to terms with to end in to reflect on to come about to speculate on2.常考句子：1）Electronic brains can reduce the profusion of dead ends involved in vital research.2）Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to - the reality of pain in others.注意本句的倒装形式。并且注意“ connect … to ”表示“把 … 与 … 连接起来”。3）The reason these matters are important in a computerized age is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom.本句中注意“ tendency ”后面要接动词不定式作定语。另外“ mistake … for ”表示“把 … 错认为 … ”4）For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled by the computer as that he may imitate it.祝你成功！