自考英语笔记整理大全

Unit7（第20讲—第22讲） 本课主要构词法 affixation （词缀法） 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural，industrial，traditional，social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中，作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义，但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析，从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage， … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用，在名词前面不加定冠词the，意思相当于“with regard to”，“according to”。请看下面的例句： 1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英国。） 2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以医生为职业。） 3） By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people. （按其出生和所受的教育，托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层，但他从来不轻视劳动人民。） relate是一个动词，在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句： 1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。） 2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理论和实践联系起来，对你的帮助也许会更大。） relate还可解释为叙述；有关，涉及；相处得好 1） He related us a story vividly. （他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。） 2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的讲话涉及国际形势。） 3） He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同学们相处得很好。） related可以做形容词用，意思是“有联系的，相关的。” 1） These four people are closely related to each other. （这四个人联系紧密。） 2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。） 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下，遗传”，如： 1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。） 2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。） descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；转而说到” 1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。） 2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。） common是一个形容词，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，请看例句： 1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫无疑问，这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。） 2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。） 3）They have no common interests. （他们没有共同的爱好。） 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组，意思是“把…看作…”，如： 1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作为天才。） 2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。） 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如： regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others， having a family simply means having children. 本句中，having a family做主语，mean为谓语动词，having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时，在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词，如： 1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。） 2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。） 当mean作“意欲，打算”解释时，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如： 1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我无意冒犯你。） 2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把书给你的，但我忘了。） 5. Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法，在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱，而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。） while在不同的语境中有不同的意思，请翻译下面的句子，注意while的词义。 1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期间，他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。） 2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交谈时，他看了几次表。） 3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一组孩子很安静，而第二组孩子非常活跃。） 4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （尽管我同情这些人，但我觉得他们有罪。） 5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我们不失去希望，我们就会成功。） 6. No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句，更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句： 1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （无论发生什么事，请让我知道。） 2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （无论谁来电话，告诉他我出去了。） 3） No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （无论我多努力，我总不能成功。） 4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （无论你信不信，那总是事实。） 5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。） 6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （无论你喜欢哪本书，你都可以拿去。） 7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （无论是谁的钱，我们都不能这样随意地花） 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下： 1） Whatever happens， please let me know. 2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out. 3） However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. 4） Wherever you go， I will follow you. 5） Whichever book you like， you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词，意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定语从句，修饰that feeling of belonging， of love and security. 8. However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词，有承接上文的作用，可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密，有些接近连词。请看例句： 1） This， however， is not your fault. （但这不是你的错。） 2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。） 句中的with是一个介词，意思是“随着”，请看例句： 1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（随着经济基础的改变，上层建筑也必须改造。） 2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（随着科学技术的发展，社会在迅速地改变。） with是一个十分常用的介词，请看下面的句子，注意with的用法和词意： 1）Who will go with you？ （谁和你一起去？） 2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老师对我们很严格。） 3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （听了这个消息，我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。） 4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一举两得。With意为“用，以”，译法可灵活。） 5）China is a country with a large population. （中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有，带有”） 6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。） 7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. （他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构：with+名词+过去分词，做方式状语。） 8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意为“就…来说”） 9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（凭）你的知识和经验，你肯定会找到一份好工作。） 10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （尽管他有缺点，他还是个不错的人。） 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语，除了用in order to 以外，还可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。请看例句： 1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。） 2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （为了赶上末班车，他匆匆向外跑去。） 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词，通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果，也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。请看例句： 1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比赛延期了。） 2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考试没及格。） 3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一个月，因此落在了同学后面。） as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词，表示“当…时”。请看例句： 1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （随着时间的推移，你会更喜欢这个地方。） 2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他谈着的时候，越来越兴奋。） 本课中还有： 1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词，在表达“谈论某人（某事）”时，talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句： 1）What are you talking about？ （你们在谈什么？） 2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. （他们正谈论去看张先生的事。） 3） What do you mean when you talk about culture？ （你谈论文化时指的是什么？） Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition （to） In addition， there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion， the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you？

Unit22（第65讲—第67讲） 19. positive adj. 确定的；积极地，肯定地 positively adv. 确定地，明确地；积极地，肯定地 1） He was frightened by the results of his blood test， for all tested items show positive reactions.（验血结果把他吓坏了，每一个项目都显示阳性反应。） 2） I'm positive about it.（对这点我有绝对把握。） 3） They longed for a positive answer.（他们渴望得到肯定的答复。） 4） You should adopt a more positive attitude toward life.（对生活你应该采取更积极的态度。） 5） He never answered my questions positively.（他从不肯定地回答我的问题。） 20. aspect n. 方向；外表 1） They considered the plan in all its aspects.（他们全面地考虑了这一计划。） 2） His face had a frightening aspect.（他的脸色很吓人。） 21. emerge v. 出现 1） The sun emerged from behind a cloud.（太阳从云朵后面出来了。） 2） Different ideas have emerged.（不同意见出现了。） 3） A modern industrial city is now emerging.（一个现代化的工业城市正在兴起。） 本课简介 人人都知道健康的重要，但人们对于参加健身活动的态度如何呢？本文作者通过许多具体的事例告诉我们，人们对于参加健身活动有许多认识上的误区，因而有必要重新审视自己在这一问题上的态度和做法。 人们对于健康活动有哪些看法呢？一些学生认为，留出时间来健身是浪费时间，健身活动并不比学打桥牌对他更有用，学业和前程才是最重要的。还有人认为健身固然重要，但实在没有时间健身。也有人说自己已经够健康了，保持现状应该没有问题。另外有些人则抱怨没有运动设施，也无法从他人那儿得到什么帮助，或者觉得运动后的浑身汗味令他们不舒服。 以上种种皆是不愿意进行健身活动的人们的看法，那么对于那些原意进行健身活动的人们来说，他们的认识和做法也并非没有问题。有人说，我跑步是因为宿舍里的每一个人都在晚上跑步。也有人说，我运动时每消耗3500卡热量就能减掉一磅体重，圣诞节前我只有十磅要减了。还有人说，这个周末天气凉爽，星期六看来是个好日子。另外，健身只是为了长寿也是常见的看法。 你的认识是否类似于上述某种观点？请记住健康虽不一定保证长寿，但能有助于你快乐地生活每一天。 本课主要语言点 1. Recently we were told by a student that setting aside time for improving his physical fitness would be a total misuse of his working hours. that引导的是一个宾语从句，在这个从句中，动名词短语setting aside time…做主语，此类结构在英语中很常见。如： 1） He told me that getting up early in the morning was hard for him.（他告诉我早起对他来说很困难。） 2） The teacher said that cheating on exams was on the increase in many schools.（那位老师说在许多学校考试作弊现象在增长。） 3） My brother told me that setting up his own company would not be totally impossible.（我兄弟对我说建立他自己的公司并不是一件完全不可能的事。） set aside 意思是to reserve or keep sth. for a special use or purpose （留出、拨出）；set aside也可表示overturn（驳回、取消），disregard（不顾）。如： 1） He decided to set aside 50 yuan every month so that he could buy a used bike.（他打算每个月留出50块钱以便能买辆二手自行车。） 2） His parents asked him to set aside 30 minutes every morning reading English.（他父母要求他每天早晨留出30分钟读英语。） 3） The government set aside thirteen per cent of the money for health and education.（政府拨出这笔钱地百分之十三用于健康和教育。） 4） The original verdict was eventually set aside by the Supreme Court.（原先地裁决最终被法庭驳回。） 5） We must set aside all formality and another try.（我们必须不拘形式再试一次。） a / the misuse of sth.意思是 use sth. in an incorrect or improper manner（误用、滥用）。如： The misuse of company assets brought about heavy losses.（滥用公司财产造成了严重损失。） 在词汇部分我们讲到mis-是一个前缀，常指things being done badly or wrongly. 如：understand-misunderstand ， print-misprint等等。 2. He assured us that he would be no better served by a fitness program than by learning to play bridge. 本句中地no是一个副词，用在副词比较级地前面，表示“并不、毫不”。no也可以在形容词比较级地前面。如：no more than， no less than， no longer than，no farther than 等等。 1） I could no more play piano than you.（我和你一样不会弹钢琴。） 2） This place is no better than slum.（这地方与贫民窟差不多。） better是副词well的比较级形式，served是个过去分词，可用作形容词，如： better organized， better prepared， better managed等等。 assure是个及物动词，意思是“使确信、使放心”，主要用法是： 1） assure sb. of sth. He assured me of the feasibility of the plan.（他使我确信这个计划是可行的。） 2） assure sb. that…… I assured my mother that I would handle the problem.（我向母亲保证我能处理这个问题。） 请注意区别assure，ensure，insure和secure这四个动词。 assure指以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定发生，多用assure sb. of / that在结构中；ensure意为确保某种行动或动因的结果一定会发生，后面可以跟sth.或that从句，但不能带双宾语；insure意思是“给…保险”；secure的意思是make safe（使安全）。 1） He assured me that Dr. Baker would come.（他向我保证贝克博士会来。） 2） To ensure the child's quick recovery， the doctor gave him three different medicines.（为了保证孩子尽快康复，医生给了他三种不同的药物。） 3） The house is insured against fire.（这房子保了火灾险。） 4） They tried their best to secure the bridge from further attack.（他们尽力保护桥梁免受进一步的攻击。） 3. College and his preparation for a career were his only priorities.请注意区prepare 和prepare for的区别。 prepare sb. or sth. 指make them ready for an event or action that will happen in the future，如： We have to prepare our lessons carefully.（我们得仔细备课。） prepare for an event or action指get oneself ready for it； make plans for it so that it and prepared when it happens， 如： The children washed out hands and prepared for the meal.（孩子们洗好手准备吃饭。） 名词preparation通常用在短语make preparations for和in preparation for当中，如： 1） They were making preparations for the old man's funeral.（他们在为老人的葬礼做准备。） 2） We will have to collect new material in preparation for the experiment.（我们得收集新资料为实验作准备。） priority指 give priority to和 take / has priority当中。如： 1）This project has priority over all others.（这个项目比所有其他项目都更受重视。） 2）Education is given first priority in their family.（教育在他们家是予以先考虑的问题。） 4. This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means we know it to be. see sth. as意思是“把…看作为”，我们以前学过不少类似的短语，如：regard…as，look upon…as，think of…as，view…as等等。 being physically fit意思是“身体健康”。 an end rather than the means意思是“是一种目的而不是达到目的的方法”。 rather than意思是“而不是”。 1）He was seen as the most capable person in the company.（人们认为他是公司最能干的人。） 2）We saw her silence as consent.（我们把她的沉默看作为同意。） 3）To be physically fit is our greatest wish for grandfather.（身体健康是我们对爷爷的希望。） 4）You need to do more exercise if you want to be physically fit.（如果你想身体健康，就需要进行更多的锻炼。） 5）He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.（他千里迢迢来到中国不是为了赚钱，而是为了增进友谊。） 5. His opinion is one of the many feelings， pro or con， that people hold about their personal involvement in a physical fitness program. pro和con在本句中作形容词用，pro的意思是for（赞成），con的意思是against（反对）。pro or con在句子中作后置定语，修饰名词feeling.后置定语在英语中也很常见。如： 1） Countries， big or small， should be equal.（国家无论大小都是平等的。） 2） He studied in a room， clean and tidy.（他在干净整齐的房间里学习。） （在上述例句中，两个成对的或反对的形容词，用and或or连接，共同修饰一个名词。这是形容词作后置定语的一种用法。） 1）The active involvement of thousands of people in the election campaign surprised him.（成千上万的人积极参与竞选活动令他惊奇。） 2） He avoids involvement in politics.（他避免卷入政治。） 6. Certainly some of there individuals may have physical limitations that make activity extremely difficult， and others are engaged in time-consuming activities that until finished do not permit opportunities for recreation. that make activity extremely difficult是一个定语从句，修饰physical limitations. Be engaged in sth. 意思是be involved in sth.（使从事，使忙于），如： 1）They were engaged in the study of soil conservation.（他们在从事土壤保持的研究。） 2） It is inappropriate for him to engage in this activity.（他从事这一活动是不合适的。） 7.…I'll have no difficulty staying that way. have （no） difficulty doing sth.（做某事有/无困难），也可以用have （no） trouble doing sth.。如： 1）He has no difficulty understanding the Chinese film.（看懂那部中国电影他没有困难。） 2）I had a lot of trouble getting back to sleep after I answered the phone call.（接过电话后，我无法再入睡。） 8.…you may have made a commitment to a physical fitness program that might be rather narrow in scope. make （a） commitment to 意思是make a firm promise（作出），或者involvement（投入）。 Narrow in scope意思是范围很窄，很狭隘。我们接触过在形容词后面加介词in再加名词的机构，如similar in appearance（外表相像）。 9.What could I achieve if I were really in top physical condition？ 本句中用了虚拟语气，从句中用过去时（be动词用were），主句中用could或should / would / might加动词原形，表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，如： 1）If he were on time， we wouldn't have to wait for him.（如果他能准时，我们就不用等他了。） 2） If they had time now， they would come to see us.（如果他们现在有时间，他们就来看我们了。） in top physical condition 意思是“身体很健康”。如： The old man is in top （very good， excellent…） physical condition though he is already 76.（老人虽已七十六岁，但身体非常健康。） 10. In the final analysis， we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you will live longer， it can help you enjoy the years you do live. in the final analysis意思是ultimately（归根结底），如： They realized in the final / last analysis that their job was to tell public the facts.（他们认识到他们的工作归根结底是把事实公诸于众。） guarantee的意思是保证，担保，后面可跟名词；to do或that从句。如： 1） Wealth doesn't guarantee happiness.（财富不能保证快乐。） 2）They guaranteed to finish the work in two hours.（他们保证在两个小时内完成这项工作。） 3）I guarantee that they will win the game.（我保证他们会赢这场比赛）。 do在句中起强调作用。 本课主要短语（phrases and expressions） 1.set aside 2.a misuse of 3.no better than 4.prepare for / make preparations for 5.be physically fit 6.be seen as 7.rather than 8.pro or con 9.involvement in / be/become/get involved in 10. in pursuit of 11. be engaged in 12. have （no）difficulty doing sth. 13. get support from 14. make commitment to 15. narrow in scope 16. approach to 17. in top physical condition 18. be capable of 19. keep in mind 20. in the final analysis Text B people and colors 短语表达 1. in general In general， girls do better on test about vocabulary than boys. In general， there are two different ideas about where to go. 2. remind sb. of sth. The way he walks reminds me of his father. The picture reminds me of the days I spent in the countryside. 3. associate with People usually associate the underground with something evil. They like to associate with people from all walks of life. 4. react to I cannot imagine how the audience will react to his speech. Young children react to the color of an object before they react to its shape.