装饰小板凳
14. … they look for such a chance. 句中的such是前置限定词，可放在可数或不可数名词前，如： 1） I've never seen such beautiful scenery.（我从没见过这样美丽的景色。） 2） He didn't expect that the audience would give him such a response.（他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。） 3） She didn't feel like going out on such a cold day.（她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。） 从下面的句子中可以看出so与such的区别，so是副词，通常用来修饰形容词或副词： 1） The question was so difficult that nobody could answer it. （这个问题太难了，没人能回答。） 2） His eyesight was so poor that he couldn't see anything clearly. （他的视力不好，什么也看不清。） 3） He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him. （他跑得那么快，没有人能赶上他。） 15. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 不定式短语to learn to think in the language是句子的真正主语。it常常被用来代替不定式，在句子中充当形式主语，而把真正的主语移到句子后面去，这样使句子显得比较平稳。为了说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，便在不定式前加for引起的短语。又如： 1） It is not at all difficult for him to understand the poem. 2） It is necessary for us to lend him a helping hand at this time. more important than是形容词比较级形式，请翻译下面的句子： 1） 汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。（Tom is older than Mary.） 2） 这本书比那本书更有趣。（This book is more interesting than that one.） 3） 我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。（There are more students in our class than in theirs.） 16. … you have probably been learning independently， actively， and purposefully. 句中所用的时态为现在完成进行时，表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。又如： 1） He has been working for a whole day. 2） They have been watching TV for two hours. 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 老李已经在南京生活了二十年。（Lao Li has been living in Nanjing for 20 years.） 2） 雨下多久了？（How long has it been raining？） 3） 我等了他一个多小时了。（I have been waiting for him for more than an hour.） 17. … if your language learning has been less than successful， you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above. less than用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。又如：It would be less than fair to put all the blame on him.（把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 父亲对他的成绩不太满意。（Father was less than satisfied with his performance.） 2） 这个计划远不够完美。（The plan was a good deal less than perfect.） do well to do sth. 的意思是“…做”，如：She would do well to go away from these dishonest people.（她远离这些不诚实的人。） 本课主要词组 1. disagree with 2. be different from 3. succeed in 4. offer sth. to sb. 5. as much as 6. practice doing sth. 7. be similar to 8. first of all 9. depend on 10. instead of 11. wait for 12. look for 13. learn from 14. communicate with 15. be willing to 16. be interested in 17. in order to 18. on the other hand 19. less than 20. do well to do sth. 本课主要句型 A. 动名词做主语 1） Learning a language is easy. 2） Learning a language is a very difficult task. B. 定语从句 1） Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. 2） Some people who are intelligent and successful in their fields… 3） They are good guessers who find clues and form their own conclusions. 4） They find people who speak the language… 5） …they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. C. it 做形式宾语 1） …some people…find it difficult to succeed in… 2） They find it easy to practice using the language regularly… D. it 做形式主语 1） It is more important for them to learn to think… 2） It is necessary for them to learn the language… Text B Language 1. not only…but also （不但……而且） 例：To some people language learning is not only time-consuming， but also difficult. You can find the place not only with the help of a map， but also by asking the way. 2. up and down （上上下下，前前后后） 例：His eyes moved up and down the rows of people， looking for the escaped prisoner. He walked up and down the street， not knowing what decision he should make. 3. neither…nor （既不……也不） 例：Neither you nor I should be responsible for this accident. This book is neither interesting nor instructive. 4. mean to do sth.（打算做某事，想要做某事） 例：I meant to say “sorry” to him， but he didn't want to listen. He didn't mean to hurt you. 5. not at all（一点也不） 例：I am not at all tired. He was not at all frightened by the strange noise. 6. consist of（由……组成） 例：Our class consists of 20 boys and 26 girls. The medical team consists of 3 doctors and two nurses.
中艺古典家具
4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice， and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组： 1） 十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2） 五百年 five hundred years 数百年 hundreds of years 3） 两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4） 三百万美元 three million dollars 数百万美元 millions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from 意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的观点与你的观点不同。） 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组： Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。 6. … find it difficult to succeed in language learning. … find it difficult to succeed in other fields. 句中的it是形式宾语（formal object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it difficult to remember all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 （The noise outside made it difficult for me to go on with my work.） 2） 他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。 （They consider it a waste of time to argue any further.） 3） 她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。 （She thought it right to tell Xiao Wang the truth.） 7. Language teachers often offer advice to language learners. 本句中注意掌握动词offer的用法，请看下面的例句： 1） He offered me a cup of tea after I sat down. （我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。） 2） What suggestions would you like to offer to those young teachers？ （对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗？） 3） This shop offers all kinds of stationery.（这家商店供应各种文具。） 4） The old man offered me 100 yuan for the used bike. （那个老人向我出价100元买这辆旧自行车。） 5） She offered to help me with my English.（她表示愿意帮我学英语。） 句中的advice为不可数名词，其后不加s，正如课本第六页注解3所说，有许多东西在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却是不可数的。如news， information， paper 等，若要表示“一个”这类概念，就必须加a piece of这类定语，例如： a piece of news a piece of advice a sum of money a piece of bread 8. Read as much as you can. 句中的much 是副词，用副词作同等比较时，可以用as … as和so … as 这种结构，如： 1） Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.（尽量多阅读，你的词汇量就会扩大。） 2） We must arrange everything as well as we can.（我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。） 3） Please give me a call as soon as possible.（请尽早给我打电话。） 4） I don't speak English so well as you.（我英语讲得没你好。） 9. Practice speaking the language every day. practice 在美国英语中可以做动词也可以做名词，而在英国英语中，practice是名词，动词的拼写则是practise. 作动词用时，其后只能跟动名词，不能跟不定式。如：It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.（在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。） 10. Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. that successful language learners are similar in many ways 是宾语从句。在非正式场合下that引导宾语从句时可省略。如：I think （that） you are right. 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 小男孩承认是他打碎了窗玻璃。 （The little boy admitted that he broke the window.） 2） 大量证据表明他是有罪的。（Plenty of evidence shows that he is guilty.） 3） 我保证将会给他更多的帮助。（I promised that I would give him more help.） 11. … they discover their own way to learn the language. to learn the language 不定式做定语，例如：Is it the best way to solve the problem？（这是解决问题的方法吗？） 请翻译下面的句子： 1） 他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。（He has no courage to say that he is ignorant.） 2） 这将是一个交流思想的好机会。（This will be a good opportunity to exchange ideas.） 3） 他们在会上没有发言权。（They had no right to speak at the meeting.） 12. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain， they try to find the patterns and rules for themselves. 动词不定式to explain和名词 teacher构成复合结构，作wait for的宾语，称为复合宾语。此类用法在英语中很常见，例如： 1） I'll get someone to repair the bike for you.（我去找人来帮你修自行车。） 2） He wants you to call him in the afternoon.（他要你下午给他打电话。） 3） The teacher is waiting for the students to answer the questions. （老师在等学生们回答问题。） 4） You can count on him to give you full support.（你放心，他会给你全力支持。） 请注意 instead of 与 instead 的区别： 1） Instead of staying at home watching TV， he went out for a walk. He didn't stay at home watching TV， instead he went out for a walk. 2） Instead of having milk for breakfast， he had a cup of coffee. He didn't have milk for breakfast， instead he had a cup of coffee. 13. When they guess wrong， they guess again. wrong常常作形容词或动词用，而本句中的wrong则作副词用。请注意下面句子中wrong的词类： 1） He was annoyed that he had been given some wrong information.（wrong adj.错误的） 2） I knew I had wronged her terribly when I gave her all the complaints.（wrong v. 冤枉） 3） The whole class burst into laughter when the teacher pronounced her name wrong.（wrong adv.错，不对）
小黑鬼佐二
Unit7（第20讲—第22讲） 本课主要构词法 affixation （词缀法） 1. 名词后缀 -iondefinition 2. 名词后缀 -agemarriage 3. 名词后缀 -itysecurity 4. 形容词后缀 -alagricultural，industrial，traditional，social 5. 动词后缀 -izeindustrialize 本课简介 在Families这篇课文中，作者首先告诉我们对于不同的人来说“家庭”有不同的含义，但是家庭意味着某种归属这一点是所有人的共识。作者还对核心家庭和大家庭的演变进行了分析，从中我们更可以看出家庭成员在家庭中的角色和作用的变化。 本课语言点 1. …a group of people related by blood or marriage， … 句子中的by常可与某些名词连用，在名词前面不加定冠词the，意思相当于“with regard to”，“according to”。请看下面的例句： 1） He is an Englishman by birth. （他祖籍英国。） 2） He is a teacher by profession. （他以医生为职业。） 3） By birth and by education Thomas Jefferson belonged to the highest social class， but he never looked down upon the working-class people. （按其出生和所受的教育，托马斯·杰弗逊都属于社会的了阶层，但他从来不轻视劳动人民。） relate是一个动词，在句子中的意思是“使联系”。请看例句： 1）It is not difficult for people to relate the result to the cause. （人们要把结果和原因联系起来并不困难。） 2）It might be more helpful to you if you can relate theory to practice.（如果你能把理论和实践联系起来，对你的帮助也许会更大。） relate还可解释为叙述；有关，涉及；相处得好 1） He related us a story vividly. （他生动地给我们讲述了一个故事。） 2） His talk related to the international situation. （他的讲话涉及国际形势。） 3） He relates very well to his classmates. （他和同学们相处得很好。） related可以做形容词用，意思是“有联系的，相关的。” 1） These four people are closely related to each other. （这四个人联系紧密。） 2） He is very much interesting in painting and the related arts. （他对绘画及其有关的艺术很感兴趣。） 2. …all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有来自同一祖先的人们。 “descended from a common ancestor”是一个省略了that的定语从句，修饰people.descended from的意思是“传下，遗传”，如： 1） His family were descended from an Indian tribe. （他的家庭是印第安部落的后裔。） 2） Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes. （达尔文断定人由猿进化而来。） descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低；转而说到” 1） The firm had descended to using nude pictures for advertising. （那家公司堕落到用*照做广告。） 2）Mr. Lee then descended to the details we had to be careful about.（李先生转而谈到了我们必须注意的细节问题。） common是一个形容词，意思是“共有的，共同的；普通的”，请看例句： 1）No doubt， this is a grammatical mistake common to beginners in English. （毫无疑问，这是英语初学者常犯的语法错误。） 2）How could you have no idea about this common knowledge？ （对这个普通常识你怎么会一无所知。） 3）They have no common interests. （他们没有共同的爱好。） 3. Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， … think of …as …是一个很常用的词组，意思是“把…看作…”，如： 1） He often thinks of himself as a genius. （他常把自己看作为天才。） 2） The Yellow River is thought of as the cradle of the Chinese nation. （黄河被看作为中华民族的摇篮。） 与think of…as…意思相近的词组在英语中还有很多。如： regard…aslook upon…as… see…as…view…as… consider…as… 4. For others， having a family simply means having children. 本句中，having a family做主语，mean为谓语动词，having children 做宾语。mean在句中的意思是“意味着”。当mean作“意味着”解释时，在它的后面应该跟名词或者动名词，如： 1）Accepting the job would mean moving to another city. （接受这份工作将意味着我得搬到另一个城市去。） 2）A raise in the worker's salary will mean a cut in the profit. （增加工人的工资意味着利润的降低。） 当mean作“意欲，打算”解释时，在它的后面通常跟不定式，如： 1）I didn't mean to offend you. （我无意冒犯你。） 2）I meant to give you the book yesterday， but I forgot it. （我原打算昨天把书给你的，但我忘了。） 5. Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors. 请注意while的用法，在本句中while是一个表示转折意味的连词，意思是“然而”。如：Fred gambled all his money away while Jane saved every penny for her son's schooling. （弗雷德赌输了他所有的钱，而珍妮却为儿子的教育攒下每一分钱。） while在不同的语境中有不同的意思，请翻译下面的句子，注意while的词义。 1）They decided to find a less expensive place to stay while in Paris.（在巴黎期间，他们打算找个更便宜的地方住。） 2）He looked at his watch several times while talking to her. （在跟她交谈时，他看了几次表。） 3）One group of children are quiet， while the second group was very active. （一组孩子很安静，而第二组孩子非常活跃。） 4）While I have sympathy for these people， I think they are guilty. （尽管我同情这些人，但我觉得他们有罪。） 5）We will succeed while we don't lose hope. （只要我们不失去希望，我们就会成功。） 6. No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is. no matter if 连接让步状语从句，更常见的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引导的让步状语从句还有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引导让步从句也是十分常见的。请看下面的例句： 1） No matter what happens， please let me know. （无论发生什么事，请让我知道。） 2） No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out. （无论谁来电话，告诉他我出去了。） 3） No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. （无论我多努力，我总不能成功。） 4） No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth. （无论你信不信，那总是事实。） 5） No matter where you go， I will follow you. （无论你去哪里，我都跟着你。） 6） No matter which book you like you can have it. （无论你喜欢哪本书，你都可以拿去。） 7） No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly. （无论是谁的钱，我们都不能这样随意地花） 上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下： 1） Whatever happens， please let me know. 2） Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out. 3） However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed. 4） Wherever you go， I will follow you. 5） Whichever book you like， you can have it. 7. It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing. 本句中的it代指课文前一句中的a sense of what a family is. feeling of belonging 意思为“归属感”。 security 是一个名词，意思是“安全”。 that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定语从句，修饰that feeling of belonging， of love and security. 8. However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. 本句中的however是一个表示转折意味的副词，有承接上文的作用，可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接得更紧密，有些接近连词。请看例句： 1） This， however， is not your fault. （但这不是你的错。） 2） I'd like to go with you， however， my hands are full. （我很想和你一起去，可是我忙不过来。） 句中的with是一个介词，意思是“随着”，请看例句： 1）With the change of the economic foundation， the superstructure has to be transformed too.（随着经济基础的改变，上层建筑也必须改造。） 2）With the development of science and technology， the society is changing rapidly.（随着科学技术的发展，社会在迅速地改变。） with是一个十分常用的介词，请看下面的句子，注意with的用法和词意： 1）Who will go with you？ （谁和你一起去？） 2）The teacher is very strict with us. （老师对我们很严格。） 3）At the news we all jumped with joy. （听了这个消息，我们都高兴得跳了起来。With表示原因。） 4）He wanted to kill two birds with one stone. （他想一举两得。With意为“用，以”，译法可灵活。） 5）China is a country with a large population. （中国是一个有众多人口的国家。With表示“有，带有”） 6）He finished this work with great difficulty. （他好不容易才完成了这项工作。With引起短语作方式状语。） 7）He was sitting in a chair with his hands folded. （他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。With引导独立结构：with+名词+过去分词，做方式状语。） 8）What's wrong with you？ （你怎么了？with意为“就…来说”） 9）With your knowledge and experience， you are sure to find a good job. （以（凭）你的知识和经验，你肯定会找到一份好工作。） 10）With all his shortcomings， he was a nice person. （尽管他有缺点，他还是个不错的人。） 句子中的in order to find work做目的状语，除了用in order to 以外，还可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式。请看例句： 1）He decided to study harder （so as ） to catch up with the others. （他决定加紧学习好赶上别人。） 2）He ran out in a hurry （in order） to catch the last bus. （为了赶上末班车，他匆匆向外跑去。） 9. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes. 句子中的therefore是一个副词，通常用来表示后面将要表述的内容是前面已经表述的内容的结果，也可以用来引导一个结论。类似的表达还有：so，consequently，as a result 等等。请看例句： 1）It rained， therefore the football match was put off. （天下雨，所以足球比赛延期了。） 2）He is too careless， as a result he failed the exam. （他太粗心，所以考试没及格。） 3）He was ill for about a month， consequently he lagged behind his classmates.（他病了一个月，因此落在了同学后面。） as the society industrializes随着社会的工业化。as是一个连词，表示“当…时”。请看例句： 1）As time goes on， you'll like this place better. （随着时间的推移，你会更喜欢这个地方。） 2）As he talked on he got more and more excited. （他谈着的时候，越来越兴奋。） 本课中还有： 1）The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children. 2）As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age. 10. social scientists now talk of two new family forms… 本句中的talk是一个不及物动词，在表达“谈论某人（某事）”时，talk后面应该用介词of或者about.请看例句： 1）What are you talking about？ （你们在谈什么？） 2）They are talking of visiting Mr. Zhang. （他们正谈论去看张先生的事。） 3） What do you mean when you talk about culture？ （你谈论文化时指的是什么？） Text B The Changing American Family 短语表达 1. all over We have friends all over the world. I have been looking all over for him. 2. provide for Father had to work very hard to provide food and clothes for the family. They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers. 3. be expected to Parents are expected to provide for their children. You are expected to be here before eight. 4. take care of The nurse took care of the old lady when her daughter was away. The cat and the dog were taken good care of. 5. on the other hand I don't think this proposal is workable. On one hand we don't have so much money， on the other hand time is too limited. 6. be considered to be He is considered to be the best candidate for the job. Father is considered to be a humorous and responsible person. 7. in addition （to） In addition， there are some magazines on the table. In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast. 8. make decision You have to make an immediate decision about the project. It is difficult for me to make a decision right now. 9. help with He hoped that his brother would help him with his math. At weekends I often help my mother with the housework. 10. in contrast In contrast with the low grade I got， Paul got a full mark on the biology test. Their club， in contrast， reached a membership of 2000 last year. 11. give up You will amount to nothing if you always give up easily. The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking. 12. get ready for He got up early in the morning in order to get ready for the exam. I haven't got ready for the interview yet. 13. be busy doing Mother is busy cooking in the kitchen. The teacher is busy distributing the test papers. 14. in conclusion She will say a few words about the arrangement in conclusion. In conclusion， the old people are happy in most of the Asian countries. 15. instead of Instead of getting the bike repaired he bought a new one. Who is going to the meeting instead of you？
耗时短，自考是最快的，只要学满学分就能毕业，有的省一年可以考12科，要是一次性都过一个专科或者本科，1年半就能毕业。但是难度大，每门都要达到60以上容易的话，成
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