2003年以前的自考考试题

全国2003年7月高等教育自学考试组织行为学（二）试题课程代码：00938一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。1.研究组织的运行及其规律的学科是（C）A.社会学 B.管理学 C.组织行为学 D.市场营销学2.提出了理想的行政组织体系理论，主张通过职务或职位而不是个人或世袭地位来管理，还著有《新教的伦理》、《社会和经济组织的理论》等著作，因此被称为组织管理之父的是（C）A.法约尔 B.泰罗 C.马科思•韦伯 D.亨利•甘特3.管理层次与管理跨度的关系是（C）A.正相关关系 B.等比关系 C.反相关关系 D.互动关系4.20世纪20年代至30年代，美国有关研究人员在美国西方电气公司进行了有关工作条件、社会因素与生产效率之间关系的试验。这个试验为后来的行为科学研究奠定了基础，对企业管理的发展有着重要的影响。这个试验是（B）A.社会试验 B.霍桑试验 C.疲劳试验 D.心理试验5.管理层次是组织中建立的授权级别的数量，是企业纵向管理的等级层次，又称为（D）A.组织结构 B.管理跨度 C.控制幅度 D.组织层次6.命令统一性的基本含义是（A）A.一个下级只服从一个上级的直接指挥B.命令由上级作出C.命令由专门部门拟订D.命令必须执行7.依照有关管理部门的决定、命令、批示，为完成特定的任务而建立的组织被称为（B）A.有机式组织 B.正式组织 C.机械式组织 D.非正式组织8.把按职能划分的部门同按产品（或工程项目、服务项目等）划分的小组结合成的一种纵横交错的组织形式是（C）A.职能型结构 B.参谋型结构 C.矩阵型结构 D.直线型结构9.大量事实表明，群体能够给予其成员巨大压力，使他们改变自己的态度和行为，采取与群体多数成员的言行保持一致的行为，这种行为是（D）A.大众行为 B.社会行为 C.自然行为 D.从众行为10.当群体确立了被强制执行的一系列的行为规范后，有必要通过沟通使群体的新成员了解和执行这些行为规范，这样一种沟通活动被称为（D）A.群体影响 B.群体约定 C.群体压力 D.群体社会化11.梅雷迪思•拜尔宾（Meredith Belbin）把个人的个性特征同群体的角色行为相联系，提出的理论是（B）A.功能角色理论 B.团队角色理论 C.社会角色理论 D.相关角色理论12.自然或者自发形成的、以共同的兴趣或者爱好为基础而建立的群体是（B）A.正式群体 B.非正式群体 C.工作群体 D.业余群体13.当假设（也许这种假设是错误的）某个人有某一行为特征时，将推断某人必然具有其他的行为特征，这种现象是（D）A.刻板印象 B.轮换效应 C.波及效应 D.晕轮效应14.按照不同的具体条件，采取相应的组织结构、领导方式和管理机制。把一个组织看成社会系统中的分系统，要求组织各方面的活动都要适应外部环境的要求。这是（A）A.权变方法的特点 B.管理方格理论的特点C.信息沟通理论的特点 D.突变调节理论的特点15.领导理论的发展大致经历了领导特征理论阶段、领导行为理论阶段和（A）A.领导权变理论阶段 B.独裁领导理论阶段C.民主领导理论阶段 D.领导风格理论阶段16.就一般情况来看，领导者的主要职能是（C）A.完成任务职能和管理职能 B.完成任务职能和指挥职能C.完成任务职能和群体维持职能 D.完成任务职能和控制职能17.除了少数重大问题由领导者做出决策外，一般的决策均由下属做出的领导类型是（B）A.独裁型领导 B.民主型领导C.参与型领导 D.放任型领导18.日裔美国管理学者威廉•大内（William Ouchi）提出的专门研究人与企业、人与工作之间关系的理论是（B）A.X理论 B.Z理论 C.超Y理论 D.Y理论19.一个有效的沟通所涉及的环节步骤的总称是（B）A.沟通渠道 B.沟通过程 C.沟通方法 D.沟通环节20.在社交场所进行的沟通属于（A）A.非正式沟通 B.正式沟通 C.内部沟通 D.外部沟通二、简答题（本大题共6小题，每小题5分，共30分）21.组织设计的权变因素有哪些？P3322.群体与团队的区别。P16823.个体力量与群体动力之间的关系。P12424.途径-目标理论认为有4种领导方式，说明指示型、支持型和成就导向型领导方式的适用范围。P19925.赫塞-布兰查德领导模型的基本观点。P20126.克服沟通障碍的方法有哪几种？P265三、论述题（本大题共3小题，共32分）27.冲突可以分为功能正常的冲突和功能失调的冲突两种类型，请联系实际解释这两种冲突类型的含义，并指出其判别标准。（10分）P39828.库尔特•卢因三步变革模型的含义。（10分）P46529.联系实际说明弗鲁姆和耶顿决策模型中提出的5种决策方式。（12分）P360四、案例分析题（本题18分）30．案例：杰克约50岁，在一家大银行的分行做经理助理。他已经做助理经理11年了，但是他的表现实在平庸，以至于几乎没有哪个分行经理愿意要他做助手。通常他的现任行长都会设法将他派到新的分行去当助理，以便摆脱他。所以杰克在这11年里，曾在8个分行任职。在他现在工作的这第九个分行，经理很快就了解到了他的经历，虽然也曾想过将他转到别的分行，但是最后还是决定来试着激励一下他。经理了解到，杰克没什么经济上的需要，因为他继承了一笔可观的遗产，拥有几套公寓房。他的太太在家里打理家务，两个孩子都是大学毕业，有很好的收入。所以，他是一个衣食不愁的人。经理的尝试进展甚微，甚至有两次考虑想解雇杰克。杰克偶尔会鼓起劲儿干几个星期，但随后又变成了老样子。通过仔细分析杰克的情形，经理认为，虽然杰克对有形的物质需要基本上都得到了满足，但他也许会需要更多的别人的认可。于是，经理开始朝着这个方向努力。在分行周年的店庆日，经理召集所有员工开了一个庆祝会。会上，经理订做的大蛋糕上写着分行最近颇爱好评的一个财务指标。这一指标是在杰克的努力下实现的。经理对此做了一番夸奖。杰克的情绪被这种赞扬以及很多同事善意的玩笑鼓舞。从此以后，他的行为彻底改观。经过不断的认可和赞扬，杰克有了极大进步，两年后成为另一家分行的杰出经理。问题：在这个案例中，杰克之所以有进步是因为他的经理仔细分析了具体情形并运用了恰到好处的激励方式，例如赞赏等，由此取得了对双方都有利的结果。请结合马斯洛的需要层次理论对杰克成功的原因进行评论。P279

2003年4月自考英语(一)试题及答案 Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure(10 points,1 point for each)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1�Since Americans pay very high taxes,they often feel that they are working one day each week justtheir taxes.A�pay B�to be paying C�paid D�to pay【】2�Advertising is only part of the total sales effort,but it is the part thatthe most attention.A�attacks B�attracts C�attaches D�attributes【】3�Information that does not make any to you is difficult to remember.A�trouble B�way C�sense D�mistake【】4�The United States is known for its supermarkets,huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles are sold.A�which B�that C�when D�where【】5�The ants,hardworkingthey are,have time for play.A�as B�but C�so D�lest【】6�Diamonds are the hardestfound in nature.A�instance B�circumstance C�substance D�existence【】7�Large and powerful,the atmosphere consists of an ocean of gases hundreds of miles.A�high B�higher C�highly D�height【】8�Curiosity and imagination are importantwhich help stimulate the discovery of new facts and the laws of science.A�techniques B�technologies C�qualities D�quantities【】9�Information in long�term memory can beat a later time when it is needed.A�remarked B�reminded C�removed D�recalled【】10�Insurance agents are always friendly,well dressed,and cager to behelp.A�for B�of C�from D�into【】Ⅱ�Cloze Test(10 points,1 point for each)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For human beings there is more to living than just staying alive.Therefore,your 11,or emotional and mental needs are important.You need to love and 12.You need to feel safe and secure.At the same time,you need to feel13.You need stimulation and variety to keep your brain14and to achieve personal growth.You also need to have a sense of 15,a personal identity,in order to know 16you are and how you fit in the environment. Of all the emotional needs,a need for love is the17basic.At different times in life,you experience the need for love in different ways.18.a helpless baby feels love in 19to care.Love means being kept dry and warm and being fed.Gentle touch and firm support create a feeling of trust20 the baby for the people who care for it. 11�A�physical B�political C�psychological D�educational【】12�A�to be loved B�to be loving �to have loved D�to be for love【】13�A�depend B�depended C�dependent D�independent【】14�A�act B�acted C�active D�action【】15�A�self B�own C�you D�yours【】16�A�that B�who C�which D�how【】17�A�much B�more C�most D�very【】18�A�In addition B�On the average C�Of course D�For example【】19�A�response B�regard C�terms D�view【】20�A�at B�in C�with D�by【】Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension(30 points,2 points for each)从下列每篇短文的问题后所给的四个选择项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。Passage one Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. The term “flying saucer”refers to strange objects travelling through the earth�s atmosphere at very high speeds.Thousands of people all over the world claim to have seen them.Some believe them to be spaceships from other planets.Others insist that they are a secret type of aircraft being built on earth.Many people maintain that they are only natural phenomena happening under special temperature,light,or weather conditions All reports,however,agree that the strange objects move at extremely high speeds and fail to follow the laws of motion by reversing(逆转) direction instantly without slowing down. In the United States,the first flying saucers were reported on June 4,1947,by a private plane pilot.He saw nine objects travelling in the sky.Each was disk�shaped and very bright.Because their movements were compared to those of a “saucer skimming across the water”, newspaper reporters called them “flying saucers”. Some weeks after the first reported sighting,the United States Air Force was given the job of investigating all the reports of flying saucers.Because of the confusing variety of shapes,sizes,and colors reported,the Air Force adopted the term Unidentified Flying Objects(UFO) to describe them. Since the Air Force officials began their investigation of flying saucers,they have identified most of the objects as stars,planes,man�made satellites,experimental missiles(导弹),or weather phenomena.Some of the UFO reports,including photographs,were deliberate(蓄意的)tricks made to cheat people. All the research so far has failed to prove that UFOs are spaceships coming from outside the earth.Most investigators agree,however,that more study is needed before the question of whether or not flying saucers really exist can be answered.21�The term“flying saucer” is generally used to refer to.A�spaceships from other planetsB�a secret type of aircraft being builtC�some natural phenomenaD�strange objects flying very fast in the sky【】22�The first flying saucers got their name.A�from a private plane pilot who saw themB�for their brightness in colorC�because they looked like disks moving in the airD�because they skimmed across the water【】23�The Air Force preferred the term UFO because.A�newspaper reporters used itB�the term “flying saucer” was very confusingC�UFO is a general term that can refer to a larger variety of objectsD�the Air Force didn�t find any objects that looked like flying saucers【】24�All the research has failed to identify any UFOs as.A�man�made satellitesB�aircraftC�experimental missilesD�spaceships sent from other planets【】25�From this passage we know that.A�the US Air Force was the first reporter of flying saucersB�the term UFO was first used by the US Air Force investigatorsC�UFOs are not worth further investigationD�the question of whether there exist flying saucers has already been answered 【】Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. The American educator Horace Mann once said:“As an apple is not in any proper sense an apple until it is ripe,so a human being is not in any proper sense a human being until he is educated.”Education is the process through which man attempts to pass on to his children his hard�won wisdom and his ideals of a better world.This process begins shortly after birth,as parents seek to train the infant to behave as his culture demands.Schooling,or formal education,consists of experiences that are carefully planned to help young people learn what adults consider important for them to know and how they should respond to choices. While almost everyone accepts the goal of developing skills in the three R�s—reading,writing and arithmetic—it often seems impossible to reach agreement on any goal beyond that.In the broadest terms,the conflict over educational goals can be viewed as a conflict between two groups of people—conservatives and liberals(自由派). The conservatives tend to identify a desirable education with the transmission of the cultural knowledge,offering courses featuring the three R�s at the elementary level and academic(普通文化课的)studies or strong vocational(职业的)or business courses in the secondary school.They stress training of the mind and development of abilities. The liberals tend to be interested in the development of the “whole child,”not merely in training his mind or in preparing him for adult life in a remote future.They emphasize rich,meaningful school living in the present,and they view subject matter as a resource for total human development rather than as a goal in itself.They believe that content should be acquired not for its own sake but as a means of encouraging thought and inquiry.26�What Horace Mann means is that.A�education is essential for man�s growthB�an apple is delicious only when it is ripeC�a man is like a child without proper educationD�education can be compared to the growth of an apple tree【】27�At school,children.A�find it hard to win wisdomB�have choices in what they learnC�are taught what adults select for them to learnD�learn how they should respond to teachers� questions【】28�The three R�s does not include.A�arithmeticB�writingC�readingD�reasoning【】29�It�s most unlikely that the conservatives should emphasize.A�the teaching of basic cultural knowledgeB�courses in three R�s in the elementary schoolC�courses such as modern physics and marketing at the secondary levelD�the development of the student as an individual person【】30�The liberals hold that.A�the goal of school education is mainly to prepare students for adult lifeB�teaching activities should be rich and meaningful to the studentsC�course content should be learned and remembered for future useD�book knowledge is the only resource for learning【】Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. It has been a wide�spread belief that the American family is dying.But a new study reveals that the American family is stronger than ever.This study affords surprising evidence of the persistence of American commitments to family life. The American family is changing,not dying:It is becoming smaller,men and women are becoming more equal,and the divorce rate is higher.But despite the high divorce rate,marriage has never been more popular.The majority of divorced people remarry,but only 2% marry more than twice.Most marriages last a long time,and a large proportion of divorces are from teenage marriages.Depending on the specific situation,there�s often good reason for teenage marriages to break up. There is no evidence that children receive less attention from mothers who work outside the home than from mothers working inside the home.So far the amount of educational or development time hasn�t varied very much,whether or not the mother works outside the home.In fact,working mothers try to make up for it by setting aside time only for their children. The study shows that television is by far the most significant new child�care arrangement of this century.The most important activity for children up to age 14 is watching television. School is the second most time�consuming activity for children.They spend an average of about 19 hours a week in school.A larger proportion of children go to school now than ever before,and they stay in school longer.Another big change is that the proportion of very young children in day�care centers(日托站) has almost doubled in recent years.Compared with these two dramatic changes in child activity,the changes caused by mothers working outside the home appear very small.31�The main idea of this article is that.A�the American family is dyingB�young people today don�t want to get marriedC�the American family is changing,but it is stronger than everD�education has resulted in dramatic changes in the American family【】32�Which of the following statements is NOT true?A�Marriage is more popular than before.B�Many divorced people remarry.C�The majority of marriages last long.D�Working mothers devote less time to their children.【】33�The author of this article believes that.A�the American family is here to stayB�children should not watch so much televisionC�mothers should not work when their children are smallD�teenage marriages should be encouraged【】34�What is the most significant new child�care arrangement of this century?A�The day�care center.B�Television.C�The schoolD�Development time.【】35�According to the writer,which two major factors have led to the belief that the American family is dying?A�The divorce rate is high and working mothers neglect their children.B�The divorce rate is high and children care more about television than anything else.C�Divorces are becoming increasingly more and many teenage marriages break up.D�Children stay in school longer and mothers have little time to take care of them.【】PART TWOⅣ.Word Spelling(10 points,1 point for two words)将下列汉语单词译成英语。作为提示，每个单词的词类、首字母及字母数目均已给出。请将完整的单词写在答题纸上。36�表扬 v.p 37�橡皮n.r 38�表面n.s 39�厚的a.t 40�蒸汽n.s 41�权力n.p 42�噪声n.n 43�第九num.n 44�大声的a.l 45�方法n.m 46�羞耻n.s 47�紧张n.t 48�非法的a.l 49�运气n.l 50�中间的a.m 51�严重的a.s 52�财富n.w 53�浅的a.s 54�信号n.s 55�胜利n.v Ⅴ.Word Form(10 points,1 point for each)将括号中的各词变为适当的形式填入空白。答案写在答题纸上。56�Many people feel that the United States(have) a very complicated tax collection system.57�In 1964,the Olympic Games in Tokyo(become) the first program to be transmitted via satellite.58�In the recent past,medical researchers(begin) to emphasize the fact that heart diseases are associated with stress,smoking and a lack of exercise.59�Taxes consist of the money which people pay(support) their government.60�For centuries the Atlantic Ocean kept the Americas from(discover) by the people of Europe.61�The American consumer often feels constantly(disturb) by insurance agents.62�Women tend to engage in more eye contact than men,especially when(talk) to other women.63�Though marriage(practice) in almost all countries of the world,the customs are quite different from one culture to another.64�No one has been able to prove that fish is any(good) for the brain than many other kinds of food.65�If we did not have atmospheric pressure,we(can,not have) automobile tires.Ⅵ.Translation from Chinese into English (15 points,3 points for each)将下列各句译成英语并将答案写在答题纸上。66�人所共知，大西洋仅有太平洋一半大。67�人们可以在电视里观看他们想看的任何电影。 68�在过去几年里你在保险上花了多少钱？69�为了不被人误解，你应当认识肢体语言与文化关系密切。70�直至14世纪较精确的地图才开始出现。Ⅶ�Translation from English into Chinese (15 points)将下列短文译成汉语并将答案写在答题纸上。 While the quantity of food needed by the body is measured by the amount of energy,or calories,it has,the quality of food is determined by its nutrients.Nutrients are the substances in food that are needed by your body.You can consume enough soft drinks,bread,and potatoes to supply you with enough calories for the energy you need.But these foods will not supply you with all the necessary nutrients your body needs in order to function well. It is believed that there are forty�five nutrients needed by the human body.It is essential that each of them be present in various amounts in a good diet.Each nutrient is responsible for performing a special body function.2003年下半年高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(一)试卷完全详解Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure1�【analysis】句中意思为美国人每周有一天的工作是为付高额税的， 因而为目的状语，应用一般式的主动形式。 【key】选D.to pay。2�【analysis】这后半句为强调主语的强调句，意思为这部分最吸引注意， 故应选B�attracts吸引；而A�attacks攻击；C�attaches依附；D�attributes引起，都不对。 【key】选B�attracts。3�【analysis】全句意思为“对你没有任何意义的信息是难以记忆的”。 应为C�sense意义；而trouble苦恼，way方式，mistake错误，都不符合。 【key】选C�sense。4�【analysis】后部分为定语从句说明supermarkets超市，即为场所， 应用D�where。 【key】选D�where。5�【analysis】 以as引出的状语从句，可以把表语提到主语前面来，如Cold as the weather was,it couldn�t cool our enthusiasm for work.故本句应选A�as。 【key】选A�as。6�【analysis】全句意思为“钻石是自然中所发现的最硬的物质”。 应选C�substance物质；而instance实例，circumstance（通常作复数）环境，existence存在，都不合适。 【key】选C�substance。7�【analysis】 数字后说明高应用形容词high,如The house is ten meters high。 【key】选A�high。8�【analysis】句子含意“好奇心与想像力是重要的品性”， 品性或品质为quality, 而technique技巧，technology工程学，quantity重量，数量都不合适。 【key】选C�qualities。9�【analysis】句子意思为“长期记忆的信息在以后需要的时候能记起来。” 应为D�recalled记起；而A�remark评论；B�remined sb.of sb./sth.使某人回想起来某人；C�removed移开；因句中无of结构，故应为D。 【key】选D�recalled。10�【analysis】be of help有帮助，为习惯用语。 【key】选B�of。Ⅱ�Cloze Test11～12【analysis】句意为“你的心理的或感情的，思想上的需要是重要的。你需要去爱和接受爱。” 11�C�psychological心理的；12�A�to be loved被爱。【key】11�选C；12�选A。13～14【analysis】句意为“你需要感到平安和无忧虑。同时，你需要能自立，你需要激励和多姿多彩以保持大脑活跃和实现个人成熟”。【key】13�选D�independent自立；14�选C�active活跃。15～16【analysis】句意为“你也需要有理性，个人特性，为了了解你自己和你如何适应环境”。【key】15�选A�self;16�选B�who。17～19【analysis】句意为“在所有的感情需要中，爱的需要是最基本的。一生中的不同时段，你会经历不同方式的爱的需要。例如，不能自立的婴儿感到关心的爱护”。【key】17�选C�most最；18�选D�Forexample例如；19�选A�response,in～to应…而。20【analysis】句意为“轻柔触摸和坚定保护能使婴儿对照顾他的人产生信任感”。【key】选B�in。Ⅲ.Reading Comprehension21 【analysis】全文意思为“飞碟指地球上空高速飞行的奇异物体，1947年6月4日美国私人飞机驾驶员，看到天空九个碟形物盘旋，因此报上称之为飞碟，因形状不一，所以美国空军称之为不明飞行物”。21题应为D，即飞碟一般用于指空中飞速快的奇怪物体，即D。 【key】选D.22 【analysis】题意为“最初飞碟名称来自看来如空中运动的碟似物”。 【key】选C.23 【analysis】“空军用不明飞行物是因为这个术语能指代种类较多的物体”。 【key】选C.24 【analysis】“关于从其他行星过来的宇宙飞船的辨认的研究全失败了”。 【key】选D.25 【analysis】“从本文我们知道美国空军研究人员首先用了不明飞行物的术语”。 【key】选B.26【analysis】第二篇阅读理解文章含意为“教育是从出生开始，经学校正规教育，使之学会成人认为重要的经验，即三种技巧——阅读，写作与算术。教育的目标分为保守派与自由派。保守派为传播文化知识，提供三种技巧的文化课与职业专业课，强调思想训练和能力培养。自由派强调当前丰富的有意义的学校生活而且把课程看作全人类发展的才能而不仅是目标的本身”。26题Horace Mann的意思是“教育对人们的成长是必要的”【key】选A.27 【analysis】“在校内，孩子们按大人们为他们所选的教材教学”。 【key】选C.28 【analysis】三R并不包括“推理”。 【key】选D.29 【analysis】“保守派极可能强调学生作为个人培养”。 【key】选D.30 【analysis】自由派认为“教学活动应对学生是富有意义的”。 【key】选B.31 【analysis】第三篇意义为“广泛的信念为美国家庭正在消失，而新的研究揭示美国家庭比以前更牢固了。是正在变化，而并不消亡，是更小了，男女更平等了而离婚率更高了。没有证据说明在家外工作的母亲比在家内干活的对孩子们较少关心。不管是否母亲在家外工作，对孩子的教育培养并无太多的变动。孩子在14岁前最重要的活动是观看电视，而学校成为其次花费时间的活动”。 31题这篇文章主题思想为“美国家庭正在变化，但比以前更牢固了”。 【key】选C.32 【analysis】以下叙述哪点是不正确的？ 应为D�劳动妇女更少时间专心于孩子了。 【key】选D.33 【analysis】本文作者相信， 应为A�美国家庭仍稳固着。 【key】选A.34 【analysis】本世纪新的孩子照料的安排最有影响的是什么？ 应为B.电视。 【key】选B.35 【analysis】按照作者，哪两种主要因素导致美国家庭正在消亡的信念？ 应为A�离婚率高和劳动妇女忽视他们的孩子。 【key】选A.Ⅳ�Word Spelling36 【analysis】表扬 v.p 。 【key】praise37 【analysis】橡皮n.r , 来自rub v.擦。 【key】rubber38 【analysis】表面n.s , sur�超过+face面。 【key】surface39 【analysis