kanyuan820
Unit18（第53讲—第55讲） 本课主要句型 1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so. 本句中it做形式主语（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主语（real subject）。用it 做形式主语， 主要是因为主语较长，谓语较短，于是不定式常放在谓语的后面。例如： 1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（尽快把这消息告诉他是很必要的。） 2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽车到那儿花了我们30分钟时间。） 3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不礼貌的方式与那位老人谈话，我们非常气愤。） 4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速递这个包裹花了你多少钱？） 请翻译下列句子，注意用做形式主语： 1）掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。 2）能来参加这个晚宴是我们的荣幸。 3）我们不帮助他们是错误的。 4）他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。 上面的四个句子可以翻译为： 1） It is not easy to master a foreign language. 2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party. 3） It was a mistake for us not to help them. 4） It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion. Visualize是一个动词，意思是 imagine （想像）。在词汇部分我们讲到过－ize是动词后缀。常用在形容词后面构成动词，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使国有化）， finalize（最后定下来）visualize 这个动词，我们在第四单元中已经学过，请把下面两个句子译成英语，注意使用 visualize： 1）我难以想像等待着我的将会是什么。 2）一整天，他都在想像着将在教堂举行的婚礼。 这两句话可以译为： 1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me. 2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day. ……this was not always so中的 so 是个代词，意思是“如此，这样”，如： 1）――I think you made the wrong decision. ――Is that so？ （是这样吗？） 2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解为什么如此是没有必要的。） 3）I believe so.（我相信是这样。） 2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag. 本句中的known是过去分词做形容词用，意思是“已知的”，在某些语境中，known意为“的”。如： 1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（这是人类已知的最危险的物质。） 2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（这儿已成为的度假胜地。） in the…sense of the word 意思是“就这个词的…意义上而言”，如： 1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（这是真正的奇迹。） 2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒险。） sense是个常用词，请看下面的句子，注意sense的词意。 1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。） 2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所说的话有些道理。） 3） What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已经晚了，做那件事还有什么意义呢？） 4） She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （输血之后，他苏醒过来。） 5） In a sense what he said is true.（在某种意义上说，他说的话是正确的。） 6） Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解释讲不通。） 7） I cannot make sense of what has written.（她写的东西我弄不懂。） 3. This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing. 本句中的前一个it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不过是）。请注意下列句子中的little的意思： 1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他简直跟书呆子差不多。） 2） That is little short of open scorn.（那简直就是公然藐视。） It was not until…that…。是一个常见的强调句型，意思是“直到…才”。如： 1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到猫从灌木后面出来，我才注意到它。） 2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他给我打电话我才想起下午有个会。） 3） It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（几个星期以后那辆失窃的汽车才被找到。） 请翻译下列句子，注意使用上述句型。 1）直到20世纪60年代人类才实现登上月球的梦想。 2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。 3）直到妈妈来幼儿园接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。 这三个句子可以翻译为： 1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon. 2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth. 3） It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying. place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于坚实的基础上”。 4. The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位语，对主语he作进一步的补充说明。 Be based on 意思是“以……为基础”。 Guess在句中做名词用，意思是“推测，猜想”。 Rather than在本句中的意思相当于instead of “而不是”。 1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些简单词汇而不是难词。） 2）He bought two books rather than one.（他买了两本书而不是一本。） 3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他没有食言，而是言而有信。） 5. Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， …… 在第十五单元中，我们学过given这个介词，意思是“考虑到”，在本句中given仍是这个意思，请再看两个例句： 1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考虑到工作条件差，你不能指望工人们的效率很高。 2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天气不好，我们得改变计划。） Times在本句中的意思是“时代”，如： 1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（时代不同了，现在男女平等了。） 2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科学技术在加速发展。） 3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限难时世，许多人因饥饿而死。） 6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed. 本句中的since引导的是一个原因状语从句，如： 1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我们将此会延期。） 2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你对此一无所知，我就不会怪你。） Unaware与aware一样是形容词，其用法也与aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。 1）I was unaware of his presence.（我没注意到他在场。） 2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟踪了。） 7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust. 本句中，that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句的结构为： 主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句也可用where， why， how引导。如： 1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。） 2） That was why I hated it.（这就是我不喜欢这个的原因。） 3） That is how he cheated people.（他就是用这种方式人的。） Which所引导的是一个定语从句修饰guiding light限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”，关系代词that和which都可用，但在介词的后面只能用which，在口语中一般把介词放到从句后部去，这时则可以用that.如： 1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（这就是我们昨晚讨论的问题。） This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night. 2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我们的观点就是建立在这个事实之上的。） This is the fact that we base our opinion on. Trust在句中做名词用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。 1）I don't have any trust in him.（我对他一点也不信任。） 2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（对未来有点信心吧，一切都会好起来。） 3） The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太对她孙子非常信任。） 8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science. 本句中when引导一个由逗号把前面句子隔开的句子，其意思相当于at the time.如： 1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚会被推迟到下周，那时我们能准备得更好些。） 2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我们在这儿等到6点，那时经理就能给我们几分钟了。） Interfere with意思是“妨碍”，如： 1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的饮食习惯常常妨碍健康。） 2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（这两国相互间没有利害冲突。） 9. Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps. 在第十五单元的Text B中，我们已经学过assume这个词 It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（长期以来，人们认定好斗是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。） 在本句中assume的意思是acquire（获得，取得） 请注意下列例句中assume的意思： 1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我认定这误会会消除。） 2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那报告不可靠。） 3） Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如风调雨顺，农民将会有好收成。） 4） Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （谁来负担开设一所学校的费用？） 5） He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他担任领导职务。） 6） Hitler assumed power in 1933.（希特勒于1933年夺得政权。） 7） He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了这家公司。） 本课主要词组 1. in the sense of 2. more than 3. be based on 4. rather than 5. attempt to do sth 6. in the form of 7. in search of 8. at the top 9. in the direction of 10. place trust in 11. interfere with 12. in accordance with 13. from…point of view 14. reliance on Text B You Have a Choice 短语表达 1. side by side They are sitting side by side. We walked side by side along the river. 2. be seated Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee. The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in. 3. ahead of The boy is running ahead of his classmates. I believe we can finish the work ahead of time. 4. be certain of I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival. Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？ 5. bring about The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes. What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality. 6. account for This excuse cannot account for your absence. Her explanation doesn't account for the failure. 7. regardless of All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex. Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same. 8. make a difference Whether he comes or not will not make any difference. I hope my participation will make a difference. 9. lead to Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer. The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel. 10. pull out of The train pulled out of the station at 10：00. When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？ 11. for sure I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department. He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance. 12. apply to It is hard to apply the rule to real work. It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice. 13. deal with He is hard to deal with. I have no idea how to deal with this situation.
boboyoung1983
Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.
2022蒋军虎英语二 链接: 若资源有问题欢迎追问~
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