自学考试英语笔记怎么写

Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.

15. intense adj. 强烈的，紧张的；热烈的 1） Because of the intense heat， I slept very little last night. （由于天气酷热，我昨夜没怎么睡。） 2） The intense light dazzled my eyes. （强光使我目眩。） 3） He has intense interest in computer. （他对计算机有极大的兴趣。） 4） Diplomatic activity has been intense recently. （近来外交活动紧张频繁。） 16. brief adj. 简短的，简洁的v. 作简要的介绍，汇报 1） He will go to England for a brief visit. （他将去英国进行短期访问。） 2） She only made a brief statement at the meeting. （她在会上只作了简短的陈述。） 3） They briefed the press about the recent happenings. （他们向报界通报最近发生的事情。） 4） They had been well briefed about the political situation. （对政治形势他们已被简要告知。） 17. volume n. 卷册，书卷；体积；音量 1） The community has a library of 12，000 volumes. （这个社区有一个藏书12，000的图书馆。） 2） The passenger volume this May was not as big last May. （今天五月的客流量没有去年的大。） 3） Turn down the volume please. The baby is sleeping. （宝宝在睡觉，请把音量调低。） 本课简介 谈到人与人之间的交流方式，人们会很自然地想到语言（口头语言或书面语言），而另一种人们在无意识之中常常运用的交流方式（非语言交际或称肢体语言）也正受到越来越多的关注和研究。 一般的欧洲人会对自己所赞同的东西以微笑和点头的方式表示赞许，对自己所不赞同的东西则皱眉和摇头。不用说一句话，人们就可以此来表明自己的态度。肢体语言与文化是密切相关的，比如中国人的微笑不一定表示赞许，倒可能是出于不安。 肢体语言可被分为五类：1）身体姿势和脸部表情 2）目光交流 3）肢体距离 4）服装和外貌 5）语言特性。关于第三点，不同的文化有不同的反映。在某些文化中，人们在交谈时紧挨在一起是很自然的事，而在其他中，如美国，这样做则是不甚妥当的。 有些信号对所有的人来说都很熟悉。比如一个正跟你交谈的人不停地摆弄铅笔或眼镜，这就表明他很紧张。一个用手捂着嘴巴讲话的人则缺少自信。如果你坐在椅子里扭动身体，悄悄看手表，用手掩着嘴巴打哈欠，这就表明你感到倦了。 某些信号可以人为地控制，但眼神不易控制。如果不是想表达心中挚爱，请别长时间地盯着别人的眼睛看，那样会令人尴尬。 本课语言点 1. That isn't a catch question. catch多用作动词，意思是“抓住；赶上；感染到；着（火）；领会”。如： 1） The thief was caught by the police on the scene. （小偷被警察当场抓住。） 2） He didn't catch the last train. （他没赶上末班火车。） 3） He caught a bad cold last week. （他上周得了重伤风。） 1）The building caught fire and many people were trapped in it. （大楼着了火，许多人被困在里面。） 2）Sorry， I didn't quite catch you. （对不起，我没听清你的话。） 在本课文的这个句子中，catch用作名词，意思是a hidden problem，difficulty，or obstacle in sth. （难人的问题，诡计）。如： 1）There is a catch in it. （这里面有蹊跷。） 2）Don't worry. There are no catch questions in the paper. （别担心，试卷里没有怪题。） 3）He was taken surprise by the catch question. （那个怪题使他诧异。） 2. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. 在第四单元中我们已经学过refer to （提到，涉及）这个短语。再请看几个例句。 1）In his speech he referred to the difficulties they had overcome. （在发言中，他提到了他们所克服的困难。） 2）What he said at the meeting doesn't refer to you. （他在会上所说的不是指你。） 在第二单元和第二十二单元中，我们已学过动词involve和名词involvement，再请看下面的例句， 注意involve在本课文中的意思和用法。 1）If I were you， I wouldn't get myself involved in this problem. （如果我是你，我不会让自己卷进这个问题中。） 2）She didn't want to be involved in trouble. （她不想卷入纠纷。） 以上两例句中，involve都是“卷入，陷入，牵涉”的意思。 3）To accept the job would involve my living in London. （若接受这份工作，我必须得住在伦敦。） 4）Building this road will involve the construction of some tunnels. （造这条路包括建造一些隧洞。） 在例句3）和4）中，involve的意思是“必须包括某种结果”。在involve后面必须用名词或者动名词。 3. NVC for short. 这是一个省略句，补充完整应该是Non-verbal communication is called NVC for short. （非语言交际被简称为/缩写为NVC.） for short是个常用短语，意思是“简称；缩写”。如： 1）Unidentified flying object is called UFO for short. （不明飞行物被简称为UFO） 2）People's Republic of China is ften written as P.R.C. for short. （中华人民共和国常被缩写为P.R.C.） 4. …the average European will smile and nod approval. 在第三单元中我们已经学过average这个词。average可以做形容词、名词和动词用。如： 1）The average driver thinks that accidents only happen to other people. （司机一般都认为事故只发生在其他人身人。） 2） We averaged 70 miles an hour. （我们平均每小时行70公里。） 3）His performance is above the average. （他的成绩在一般水平之上。） 在本课文的这个句子中，average做形容词用，意思是“普通的”。 nod可以用作及物动词、不及物动词和名词。如： 1）They nodded agreement. （他们点头表示同意。） 2）He nodded me a welcome when I went in. （我进去时，他向我点头表示欢迎。） 3）I nodded to him in greeting. （我向他点头打招呼。） 4）Father nodded in approval when he listened. （父亲听着时点头表示赞同。） 5）Homer sometimes nods. （智者千虑，必有一失。） 6）He didn't give our plan the nod. （他没有同意我们的计划。） 5. …because body language is very much tied to culture… 本句中的be tied to sth.意思是be related to， have to do with （与…有关），如： 1）Many diseases are tied to smoking. （许多疾病与吸烟有关。） 2） The misunderstanding was tied to cultural differences. （这个误会与文化差异有关。） be tied to 也可以表示be restricted by （受…约束），如： 1）She was tied to housework and wouldn't be able to come. （她被家务事束缚，无法前来。） 2）If you have small children， you will be tied to your home. （如果你有小孩子，你就会被束缚在家了。） 6. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC， which is obviously important， for instance， to managers， who have to deal every day with their staff， and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. 本句中，which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰NVC；who引导的也是非限定性定语从句，修饰managers；what引导的是宾语从句，做understand的宾语。 一般说来，用which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰表物的先地词；用who引导的非限定性定语从句则修饰表人的先行词；也可用关系副词where或when引导非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句常用逗号与主句分开，而且引导从句的关系代词which，that和关系副词where， when不能省略。 1）I want to buy the house， which has a garden. （我想买那座房子，它有一个花园。） 2） The students， who wanted to go out on a picnic， were disappointed when it rained. （学生们想出去野餐，天下雨了大家都感到失望。） 3）The football match will be put off till next week， when we can get everything ready. （足球赛将推迟到下周，那时我们能把一切准备就绪。） 4）The place， where we stayed， has changed so much. （那个地方我们住过，那儿的变化很大。） deal with的意思是“对付，打交道”。如： 1）He is not easy to deal with. （他不容易打交道。） 2）I don't know how to deal with this situation. （我不知道如何应付这种局面。）