jasmine7927
The concept of childhood in the western countries
1. FALSE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. FALSE
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE
8. history of childhood
9. miniature adults
10. industrialization
11. The factory Act
12. play and education
13. Classroom
Passage 2：新冰河时代
A New Ice Age
A
William Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic .But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s famous painting “George Washington Crossing the Delaware,” which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. “Most people think these other guys in the boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away,” says Curry, tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. “I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn’t happen anymore.”
B
But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalized by the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also return to Europe. His works, including the 1565 masterpiece “Hunters in the Snow,” make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a little ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return. A growing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolonged cool down, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers (n. 冰川) about 12,000 years ago, the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northern Europe, and northern Asia.
C
“It could happen in 10 years,” says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. “Once it does, it can take hundreds of years to reverse.” And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously.
D
A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick, persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled“Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises,” produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests, increased housing expenses, dwindling freshwater, lower crop yields (n. 产量)， and accelerated species extinctions.
E
Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficult for the world’s poor. During previous cooling periods, whole tribes simply picked up and moved south, but that option doesn’t work in the modern, tense world of closed borders. “To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people,” says the report.
F
But first things first. Isn’t the earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce. In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning, he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of fresh water the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer-mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting (adj. 融化的) Arctic ice, caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy.
G
The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea— a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic”arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in the modern instrumental oceanographic record.”
H
The trend could cause a little ice age by subverting the northern penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden with heat soaked up in the tropics, meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air. Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That’s why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston, for example, lies at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heat also warms Americans and Canadians. “It’s a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon,”says Joyce.
I
Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deepwater current called the Great Ocean Conveyor that snakes through all the world’s oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with freshwater, it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink. The new mass of relatively freshwater sits on top of the ocean like a big thermal blanket, threatening the thermohaline circulation. That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point, the whole system could simply shut down, and do so quickly. “There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point, from which we can jump to a new state. Small changes, such as a couple of years of heavy precipitation or melting ice at high latitudes, could yield a big response,” says Joyce.
J
“You have all this freshwater sitting at high latitudes, and it can literally take hundreds of years to get rid of it,” Joyce says. So while the globe as a whole gets warmer by tiny fractions of 1 degree Fahrenheit annually, the North Atlantic region could, in a decade, get up to 10 degrees colder. What worries researchers at Woods Hole is that history is on the side of rapid shutdown. They know it has happened before.
Questions 14-16
14 The writer mentions the paintings in the first two paragraphs to illustrate
A that the two paintings are immortalized
B people’s different opinions
C a possible climate change happened 12,000 years ago
D the possibility of a small ice age in the future.
15 Why is it hard for the poor to survive the next cooling period?
A because people can’t remove themselves from the major safety nets.
B because politicians are voting against the movement.
C because migration seems impossible for the reason of closed borders.
D because climate changes accelerate the process of moving southward.
16 Why is the winter temperature in continental Europe higher than that in North
America?
A because heat is brought to Europe with the wind flow.
B because the eastward movement of freshwater continues.
C because Boston and Rome are at the same latitude.
D because the ice formation happens in North America.
Questions 17-21
Match each statement with the correct person A-D in the box below
NB You may use any letter more than once.
17 A quick climate change wreaks great disruption.
18 Most Americans are not prepared for the next cooling period.
19 A case of a change of ocean water is mentioned in a conference.
20 Global warming urges the appearance of the ice age.
21 The temperature will not drop to the same degree as it used to be.
List of People
A Bob Dickson
B Terrene Joyce
C William Curry
D National Academy of Science
答案
14-16 DCA 17-21 DBABC
22. heat 23. denser 24. Great Ocean Conveyer 25. Freshwater 26. southward
Passage 3：澳大利亚土壤盐碱化
一、单词词义(meaning)上的理解
这个理解层面是最基础的(the most basic)。因为要读懂一篇文章在说什么，自然要知道每句话的意思，但是每句话意思的理解(understanding)又是建立在每个单词的理解上。所以我们说要做好阅读，词汇量一直都是强调的重点(importance)。精读雅思阅读文章，第一步就是把文章中的生词都解决掉。换句话说，就是利用字典(dictionary)把文章中不认识的单词都查出来。我们以剑4上TEST1的PASSAGE1这篇文章为例(example)。这篇文章是讲一个调查研究(investigation)关于孩子们对热带雨林的了解状况。文章的第一句话Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. 这句话中常见的不认识的单词可能有confronted, statements, alarming 和tropical rainforests. 所以要理解句子，我们就要把这几个单词的意思在字典中查找出来。Confront是指面临、遭遇，statement是指声明、陈述，alarming是指令人担忧的，令人震惊的，tropical rainforest是指热带雨林。查找完这些词的意思仅是第一步，因为光是把意思查找出来记忆(to memorize)并不深刻，所以建议(to suggest)大家可以准备一本单词本，专门记录(to record)文章中不认识的单词。但是记录下来还没有完成文章词义的理解，我们还要去具体分析(analyze)一下这些词，尤其是动词(verb)，要注意查找其同义词和反义词(opposite)。例如confront 这个词是一个动词，它的同义词有encounter, 意思都有遭遇，对抗的意思，但是区别有encounter常用于军事方面(army)。Statement是一个名词(noun)，它是state加ment，由动词state变成名词，其同义词有announcement、declaration等。而动词state除了有声明、陈述的意思以外，还有作为名词州(state)、国家(country)以及形容词国家的'，国有的，正式的等含义(meaning)。而alarming则是由动词alarm加上ing变成形容词，alarm的意思是恐吓、警告，同时也有名词意义为警报、恐慌。最后tropical的意思是热带的，tropical rainforest为热带雨林，那么可以引申出其他的类似(similar)词汇，例如温带就是temperate zone, 寒带就是frigid zone，极地就是polar region。
从一个词汇可以引申出一系列(a series of)的词汇，尤其是同义词，这在以后的阅读理解上也是非常有帮助的(helpful)，因为雅思阅读很多时候都是在考察学生的 paraphrasing同义转换的能力(ability)。所以如果在精读词汇的时候有意识的(conscious)去学习和认识同义词，对阅读能力的提高(improvement)大有裨益。当然在精读的单词挑选上我们也有一定的原则(rule)，并不是所有的单词都值得去精读。主要挑选的单词最好是具有普遍(general)含义的动词、形容词，其次是副词和名词。而那些比较难比较偏的名词是不适合精读的，基本上以认知为主就可以。
二、句子的分析和理解(understanding)
句子的分析和理解最好是结合题目来做。因为之前已经做过题目也对过答案，因此对于答案与文章对应的(correspondent)句子应该有所了解，那么分析起来就更具有针对性。同样以上文提到的文章为例。这篇文章的第四题是一道判断题(judgment)，题目为The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them. 题目的意思是孩子们关于科学的观点是融合在一个比较大的想法框架中的，这个事实意味着如果要改变孩子们的观点也还是相对容易的。这道题目在文章中对对应的相关句子是These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. 这句话是一句难句(a difficult sentence)，中间有不少的插入成分来影响(influence)我们对句子的理解，但是如果我们从句子主干开始分析，一步一步，就能把整个脉络梳理清楚。这句话的主语是 misconceptions, 这些错误的观点或想法，然后用了一个not….but…的结构(structure)，告示我们这种错误(mistake)的观点不会是一直孤立的(isolated)，而是会合并到一个框架体系(system)中，framework之前的multifaceted, but organized, conceptual都是修饰这个framework的特征的(characteristic)，也就是这个框架体系是多方面的，有序的以及有概念(concept)系统的。接下来的句子则要理解2个代词所指代的意义，一个是making it 中的it, 还有一个是some of which 中的which. It 指的是一个单数名词(single noun)概念，而它之前就一个单数名词，就是framework, 而which 前离它最近的名词是ideas，所以它所指代的就是component ideas. 搞清楚了这2个代词所指代的内容，后面半句话也就容易理解了，意思是可以使这个概念体系及构成这个体系的思想(mind)——其中一部分是错误的——更加健全，同时也更加容易得到修正(revised)。从这个分析上来看，题目的意思和文章相关句子的意思一致，所以判断题目是TRUE，正确的。因此要分析清楚雅思阅读文章的句子结构，最有效的方法还是从句子的主干着手，然后再分析其修饰成分(mortified)，然后再用中文的思路去组织句意。当然重点分析的句子还是以与题目相关的句子为主，有些比较简单的句子就不需要花太多时间(too much time)。
三、文章宏观结构上的分析(analysis)
这一点是一个更高程度的精读要求(requirement)，是对基础比较好的学生来说应该去学会的一种精读方法(way)。雅思阅读文章大多是学术类气息浓厚的文章，因此多以说明文和议论文为主，而内容上也多关于调查研究报告，实验结果，课题研究以及其他自然(nature)原理现象说明的内容。所以文章结构很多会有类似(similar)。如果能分析出相似题材的文章结构(essay structure)，那么对做目前来说大家都头疼的段落细节配对题(matching)是有很大的帮助的。同样以雨林那篇文章为例。这篇文章是比较典型的(typical)调查研究报告类说明文，文章的结构脉络比较清晰(clear)。在经过上面两步骤的精读后，对文章的内容理解应该已经不成问题，现在要做的就是去掉外皮，将其骨骼提炼出来。文章分为11个小段落(paragraph)，前3段是调查研究的背景(background)介绍，后面的4到9段介绍了调查的具体内容，也就是5个开放式问题孩子们给出的答案及分析，最后2段进行了总结(summary)和对接下来调查的预期(prediction)。所以文章的总体结构和调查研究报告类文章是类似的，背景介绍——调查具体内容结果——总结51ielts预测，以后如果遇到类似的调查研究报告类文章最有可能的(impossible)行文结构也是这样，那么如果出了相关的段落细节配对题就可以利用文章结构快速定位(locate)相关的段落然后再进行选择，有了正确的范围(scope)，那么正确率也就大大提高了。
第一、明确答案的字数限制。
对字数限制的要求会出现在题目要求中，通常是以“NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS”或“NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER”的形式出现，因此大家要仔细阅读题目要求。
第二、阅读题目，划出题干中出现的定位词，并对所填答案的词性或其他特征进行预判。
划出的定位词应具备以下两个特点：①不容易被同义替换;②特征明显、易于查找。对于所填答案的词性或其他相关特征，大家可通过特殊疑问词及其在句中所指代的成分进行判断。
第三，根据题干定位词回原文查找相关答案信息出现的地方。
只有定位词出现的地方才有可能出现题目答案，所以大家应重视训练自己的快速定位能力。
第四，定位到答案信息后，阅读定位词所在的原文内容，结合对所填答案特征的预判确定最终的题目答案。
同学们应认真阅读读懂定位到的原文内容，确认该原文内容与题干是否构成同义表述，在构成同义表述的原文内容中找出应填答案，并确保所填答案与题目的内容要求相一致。除此之外，还应再确认一下所填答案的特征或词性是否与自己的预判。
伟哥是老顽童
1月5日新一期的雅思考试已经顺利完成，相信大家对真题及其答案非常感兴趣，接下来就和的我一起看看2019年1月5日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
Passage 1
文章题材：说明文（自然科普）
文章题目：Reef Fish Study（关于岩礁鱼的研究）
文章难度：★★★
文章内容：
介绍了reef fish的三个生命阶段，并且介绍了bigger means better的理论，以及该理论（体型越大越占优势）对于被捕食者和捕食者是否适用。
题型及数量：判断题4+填空题9
题目及答案：
1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. FALSE
5. mouth size
6. medium
7. artificial light
8. net
9. laboratory
10. new moon
11. fish body
12. open ocean
13. reef
14. mortality
可参考真题：C11T3P2：Great Migrations
Passage 2
文章题材：说明文（商业科普）
文章题目：Corporate Social Responsibility（企业社会责任）
文章难度：★★★☆
文章内容：
文章介绍了企业社会责任是如何帮助企业解决面临的各种问题，并且促进了企业和社会的相互依赖的关系。举例了三个公司（GE， Microsoft和Whole Food Market）如何在日常运营中提现中企业社会责任。
题型及数量：标题配对题7+段落填空题2+匹配题4
题目及答案：
14. v
15. viii
16. vi
17. vii
18. iii
19. i
20. ii
21. equal opportunity
22. internal costs
23. C
24. C
25. A
26. B
可参考真题：C13T2P3：MAKING THE MOST OF TRENDS
考试原文：（上下滑动查看）
Corporate Social Responsibility
The moral appeal---arguing that companies have a duty to be good citizens and to “do the right thing”---is prominent in the goal of Business for Social Responsibility， the leading nonprofit CSR business association in the United States.
A An excellent definition was developed in the 1980s ‘‘Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The notion of license to operate derives from the fact that every company needs tacit or explicit permission from governments， communities， and numerous other stakeholders to do business. Finally， reputation is used by many companies to justify CSR initiatives on the grounds that they will improve a company’s image， strengthen its brand， enliven morale， and even raise the Value of its stock.
B To advance CSR， we must root it in a broad understanding of the interrelationship between a corporation and society. To say broadly that business and society need each other might seem like a cliché， but it is also the basic truth that will pull companies out of the muddle that their current corporate-responsibility thinking has created. Successful corporations need a healthy society. Education， health care， and equal opportunity are essential to a productive workforce. Safe products and working conditions not only attract customers but lower the internal costs of accidents. Efficient utilization of land， water， energy， and other natural resources makes business more productive. Good government， the rule of Jaw， and property rights are essential for efficiency and innovation. Any business that pursues its ends at the expense of the society in which it operates will find its success to be illusory and ultimately temporary. At the same time， a health society needs successful companies. No social program can rival the business sector when it comes to creating the jobs， wealth， and innovation that improve standards of living and social conditions over time.
C A company’s impact on society also changes over time， as social standards evolve and science progresses. Asbestos， now understood as a serious health risk， was thought to be safe in the early 1900s， given the scientific knowledge then available. Evidence of its risks gradually mounted for more than 50 years before any company was held liable for the harms it can cause. Many firms that failed to anticipate the consequences of this evolving body of research have been bankrupt by the results. No longer can companies be content to monitor only the obvious social impacts of today. Without a careful process for identifying evolving social effects of tomorrow， firms may risk their very survival.
D No business can solve all of society’s problems or bear the cost of doing so. Instead， each company must select issues that intersect with its particular business. Corporations are not responsible for all the world＇s problems， nor do they have the resources to solve them all. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is best equipped to help resolve and from which it can gain the greatest competitive benefit. Addressing social issues by creating shared value will lead to self-sustaining solutions that do not depend on private or government subsidies. When a well-run business applies its vast resources， expertise， and management talent to problems that it understands and in which it has a stake， it can have a greater impact on social good than any other institution or philanthropic organization.
E The best corporate citizenship initiatives involve far more than writing a check： they specify clear， measurable goals and track results over time. A good example is GE’s program to adopt underperforming public high schools near several of its major . Facilities. The company contributes between $250， 000 and $1 million over a five-year period to each school and makes in-kind donations as well GE managers and employees take an active role by working with school administrators to assess needs and mentor or tutor students. The graduation rate of these schools almost doubled during this time period. Effective corporate citizenship initiatives such as this one create goodwill and improve relations with local governments and other important constituencies. What’s more， GE’s employees feel great pride in their participation. Their effect is inherently limited though. No matter how beneficial the program is， it remains incidental to the company＇s business， and the direct effect on GE’s recruiting and retention is modest.
F Microsoft is a good example of a shared-value opportunity arising from investments in context. The shortage of information technology workers is a significant constraint on Microsoft’s growth， currently， there are more than 450，000 unfilled IT positions in the United States alone. Community colleges， representing 45% of all . Undergraduates， could be a major solution. Microsoft recognizes， however， that community colleges face special challenges： IT curricula are not standardized， technology used in classrooms is often outdated， and there are no systematic professional development programs to keep faculty up to date. In addition to contributing money and products， Microsoft sent employee volunteers to colleges to assess needs， contribute to curriculum development， and create faculty development institutes. Note that in this case， volunteers and assigned staff were able to use their core professional skills to address a social need， a far cry from typical volunteer programs. Microsoft has achieved results that have benefited many communities while having a direct-and potentially significant-impact on the company.
G At the heart of any strategy is a unique value proposition： a set of needs a company can meet for its chosen customers that others cannot. The most strategic CSR occurs when a company adds a social dimension to its value proposition， making social impact integral to the overall strategy Consider Whole Foods Market， whose value proposition is to sell organic， natural， and healthy food products to customers who are passionate about food and the environment. Whole Foods’ commitment to natural and environmentally friendly operating practices extends well beyond sourcing. Stores are constructed using a minimum of virgin raw materials. Recently， the company purchased renewable wind energy credits equal to 100% of its electricity use in all of its stores and facilities， the only Fortune 500 Company to offset its electricity consumption entirely. Spoiled produce and biodegradable waste are trucked to regional centers for composting. Whole Foods’ vehicles are being converted to run on biofuels. Even the cleaning products used in its stores are environmentally friendly. And through its philanthropy， the company has created the Animal Compassion Foundation to develop more natural and humane ways of raising farm animals. In short， nearly every aspect of the company’s value chain reinforces the social dimensions of its value proposition， distinguishing Whole Foods from its competitors.
Passage 3
文章题材：人文社科
文章题目：政府对于network的应用和好处
文章难度：★★
文章内容：待补充
题型及数量：待补充
阿拉丁摸神灯
上周的雅思考试已经圆满结束，真题及答案也新鲜出炉。下面来跟着看一看2019年5月11日雅思阅读考试真题及答案。
真题
P1 Multiple Intelligences教育学的多元智能理论（旧题）
P2独特的金色纺织品蜘蛛丝与纺织品（旧题）
P3 persuation的秘密营销劝导（旧题）
第1段：教育学的多元智能理论
1，T
2，T
3，NG
4，F
5，讨论
6，录音
7，obervation技能
8，建筑材料
9，情绪
10，收藏
11，熟练掌握
12，失败
13，个人差异
第2段：蜘蛛丝
1，VII
2，V
3，九
4，I
5，静脉
6，六
7，B
8，A
9，C
10，A
11，细菌
12，腺
13，力
第3段：劝说的秘密心理学的说服理论
Cialdini的毛巾实验（稍后更多）是他研究我们如何说服别人说是的一部分。他想知道为什么有些人有歪曲别人意志的诀窍，是一个电话冷静的人打电话给你谈论分时度假，还是父母的孩子即使没有极端暴力的威胁也是如此。虽然他急于不被视为为蛇油销售人员写圣经的人，但几十年来，亚利桑那州立大学社会心理学教授一直在为说服原则和方法创建系统，并撰写有关它们的畅销书。有些人似乎天生具备这些技能，Cialdini声称通过应用一点科学，即使是我们这些不应该能够更频繁地走自己路的人。
B他发现说服心理学的实验室实验只讲述了故事的一部分，所以他开始在现实世界中研究影响力，参加销售培训计划：“我学会了如何从很多地方出售汽车，如何从办公室出售保险，如何出售门到门的百科全书“。他总结说，有六种一般的“影响原则”，并且在稍微更科学的条件下对它们进行了测试。最近，这意味着要弄乱毛巾。许多酒店在每个浴室都留下一张小卡片，要求客人重复使用毛巾，从而节约水和电，减少污染。Cialdini和他的同事想要测试不同单词在这些卡上的相对有效性。客人是否有动力合作只是因为它有助于拯救地球，还是其他因素更引人注目？为了测试这一点，研究人员将卡片的信息从环境信息转换为大多数信息的简单（和真实）声明
酒店的客人至少重复使用过一次毛巾。收到此消息的客人重复使用毛巾的可能性比旧消息的26％。
C毛巾很多。Cialdini也从糖果中学到了很多东西。是！ 引用新泽西州行为科学家大卫·斯特罗梅茨的作品，他想看看餐馆顾客如何回应他们的食物服务器上的一个可笑的小恩惠，以每餐晚餐的餐后巧克力的形式。看来，秘诀在于你如何给巧克力。当巧克力与账单到达时。与没有巧克力的时候相比，提示吝啬3％。但是当巧克力被单独丢弃在每个用餐者面前时，提示上升了14％。然而，科学突破发生在服务员给每个用餐者一个巧克力，离开餐桌然后翻了一倍再给他们一个，好像这样的慷慨只发生在她身上。小贴士上涨23％。这是行动中的“互惠”：
Aucldand＇s Soul Bar的运营经理D Geeling Ng表示，她从来没有听说过新西兰等候工作人员使用这种玩世不恭的伎俩，尤其是因为新西兰的小费文化与美国不同：“如果你在新西兰这样做，当食客们离开时，他们会说我们能有更多吗？“但她当然理解互惠的一般原则。到餐馆的心脏的方式是“给他们一些他们在服务方面不期望的东西”。它可能就像在盘子上留下薄荷一样小，或者可能记得上次他们在他们想要的水中没有冰和没有柠檬。“在美国，它将转化为即时提示。在新西兰，它转化为一个巨大的微笑并感谢你。“毫无疑问，回访。
PERSUASION原则
E互惠：人们想要回馈那些给予他们的人。这里的诀窍是先进入。这就是为什么慈善机构在邮件中放入一支蹩脚的笔，以及为什么超市中的微笑女性会分发免费食物。稀缺性：人们需要更多可以拥有的东西。广告商无情地利用稀缺性（“每个客户限制四个”，“销售必须很快结束”），Cialdini建议父母也这样做：“孩子们想要的东西不那么可用，所以说＇这是一个不寻常的机会，你只能拥有这个一段时间＇。“
权威：我们相信那些知道他们在谈论什么的人。因此，在您开始影响他们之前，请诚实地告知人们您的凭据。“你会惊讶于有多少人没有做到这一点，”Cialdini说。“他们觉得谈论他们的专业知识是不礼貌的。”在一项研究中，建议患者不做运动的治疗师突出显示他们的资格证书。他们确实做到了，并且在患者依从性方面立即实现了飞跃。承诺/一致性：我们希望以符合我们已经做出的承诺的方式行事。在征求慈善捐款时，利用这一点来获得更高的注册率。首先询问同事是否认为他们会赞助你的鸡蛋和勺子马拉松比赛。胶乳
以赞助形式返回给那些说是并提醒他们早些时候的人
承诺。
喜欢：我们经常对我们喜欢的人说“是”。很明显，但“喜欢”的原因可能很奇怪。在一项研究中，人们收到了调查表格，并要求将他们归还给一位名叫研究员。当研究人员给出一个类似于该主题的假名时（例如，辛西娅约翰逊被“辛迪约翰逊”送去调查），调查的可能性是完成的两倍。我们喜欢与我们相似的人，即使这些相似之处与他们名字的声音一样小。社会证明：“我们通过环顾四周来看看其他人和我们一样在做什么来决定做什么。Cialdini说，对父母有用。“找到一群孩子，他们表现得像你希望你的孩子一样，因为孩子看向一边而不是你。”更有害，
问题14-17
以下陈述是否与阅读第2段中的信息一致？
如果声明同意该信息，则为TRUE
如果声明与信息相矛盾，则为FALSE
如果没有相关信息，请不要提供
14 Robert Cialdini在家中体验了“说服原则”。
15说服原则在两个不同的国家有不同的类型。
16在新西兰，人们倾向于在服务巧克力后给服务员提示。
17原则上，餐馆的额外服务很容易吸引新西兰的老一代
互惠。
问题18-21
选择正确的字母A，B，C或D.
18 Cialdinienrollin在B段中的“销售培训计划”是什么？
他的兴趣在于学术部分。
B他研究秘密说服力的动机。
C他的教授身份使他很容易进入这个过程。
D本课程与他进行的毛巾实验有关。
19关于Robert Cialdini，以下哪项不正确？
他是大学的学术心理学家。
B他是皂甙销售的代表。
C他参加了一个销售培训课程。
他和同事们进行了毛巾实验。
20根据毛巾实验，以下哪项是正确的？
这个实验的灵感来源于劝说科学。
B不同的消息对宾客有不同的影响。
C客户在重新发布消息后表现得更加生态。
D酒店留下卡片要求客人关灯。
21根据糖果店实验中的哪一项是正确的？
呈现方式会影响用餐者的提示。
B常客比非正规客户提供更多提示。
C人们只在提供巧克力时给出提示。
D巧克力与法案得到更高的提示。
问题22-26
使用段落中的信息来匹配类别（列出的AI）以及下面的正确描述
一个奇特的头衔
B先前的承诺
C愤世嫉俗的伎俩
D不寻常的机会
引人注目的消息
F不良行为
G相对值
H竞争唯物主义
我的名字相似
22巧克力实验表明人们不会在获得和获得之间评估_____
发行。
23父母用“互惠原则”来说服他们的孩子＇是____制造他们
珍爱。
24专家不会出示他们的证书，因为它可能被视为______炫耀。
25如果他们对你的慈善机构说“是”，你可以提醒那些进一步承诺的人
提案。
调查组织者和受访者之间的A_____将有助于调查以积极的方式进行
办法。
劝说的秘密
没有给
真正
假
没有给
BBBAGDFBI
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