布朗英语level4教案

、目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 2、结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so… that 或 such…that引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can't go to school. He is such a young boy that he can't go to school 3、让步状语从句 though, although 注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用 Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。 He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2) as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3) ever if, even though. 即使 We'll make a trip even though the weather is ) whether…or- 不管……都 Whether you believe it or not, it is ) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whicheverno matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 4、条件状语从句 连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。. if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not. Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.典型例题You will be late ___ you leave immediately. A. unless B. until C. if D. or 答案A。 句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late. B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词 和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1． 时间状语从句 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 如：The box is so heavy that I can't carry it. 让步状语从句：是由though, although 引导的状语从句。，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2． 地点状语从句 常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3． 原因状语从句 常用引导词：because, since, as, since 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of m is quite remarkable. 4． 目的状语从句 常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5． 结果状语从句 常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that, 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6． 条件状语从句 常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7． 让步状语从句 常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 8． 比较状语从句 常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。 9． 方式状语从句 常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the way When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.回答者：dickzhu12 - 江湖豪侠 十级 10-9 21:30

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1． 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … whenI didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an John was watching TV, his wife was children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the sooner had I arrived home than it began to time I listen to your advice, I get into ． 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are you go, you should work ． 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and that everybody has come, let’s begin our higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of m is quite ． 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more ． 结果状语从句常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first ’s such a good chance that we must not miss such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last ． 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president will certainly succeed so long as you keep on that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting ． 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is matter how hard he tried, she could not change her won’t listen whatever you may ． 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her house is three times as big as more you exercise, the healthier you will is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9． 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman behaved as if she were the we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

状语从句 （Adverbial Clause）状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。状语从句的种类：用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为： 1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison) 8.程度状语从句；(adverbial clause of degree) 9.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) 状语从句的时态特点：一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如： I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive） As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished） If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back） 一、时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time） 1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如： When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。 when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。。。一边”的意思as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 用于发生时间较段时when 1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作”之前 ”或”之后”发生。2、when＝and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)while 1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lIt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)lWhen I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )lWhen I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)while, as不能代替 lShe thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它) lWhile the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)lMother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如： I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 知识扩展1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before…(。。。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。 8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如： You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 二、地点状语从句：地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导.例如： 句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 三、条件状语从句：要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。 it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. will go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.) will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.一般将来时， 一般现在时lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week.一般将来时, 一般现在时四、原因状语从句：要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导 didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.难点——because , since , as , for,辨析1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn’t go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.五、目的结果状语从句：要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。…that 如此…以至于The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。He always studied so hard that he made great progress.他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 that 以至, 以便I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。3. such…that 如此。。。以至It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 order that=so that:为了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)5.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school 难点+形容词或副词+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that+much或 little+不可数名词 so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前敬爱冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.2。there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any.笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.3。It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk.天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. 六、让步状语从句：要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导.难点：lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even 。He is looking fit, though.但是,他看上去很健康. 考点2。Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。典型例题 1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2) as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 3) ever if, even though. 即使 We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whether…or- 不管……都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。七、比较状语从句：要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级1. as…as 和。。。一样Jack is as tall as Bob.捷克和汤姆一样高。2. not so(as)…as …和不一样She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.她不如她姐姐外向。比较级more…than (更)This book is more instructive than that one.这本书比那本书由教育意义。最高级 most…in/ofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2. the + 形容词+est…of/inThis road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。知识扩展no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)1。I have no more than two pens.我只有两支笔。2。It’s no more than a mile to the shops.去商店不过一英里。not more than不如。。。；(前者不如后者)1。Jack is not more diligent than John.捷克不如约翰勤奋。2。one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。 八、方式状语从句： 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： 1。Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 2。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： 1。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： 1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 2。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 九、状语从句在写作中的运用：写作中能合理、正确地使用状语从句，不但能地道的表达英文习惯，而且还能使文体结构更加严谨、美观。例如下文：My hobbyThe hobby I enjoy most is started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I’ll never forget the day (2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But experience didn’t put me off and I have been fishing ever I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river.(1)是由when引导的时间状语从句，这列从句的使用频率很高。(2)句是由I’ll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两局组成。When在从句中做时间状语。(3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句。When 常与suddenly 连用，主句常用过去进行是。译为 “正在……, 忽然……”.(4)是以 so…that… (太…..一直于……)引导的结果状语从句.

教案是教师为顺利而有效地开展教学活动，根据教学大纲和教科书要求及学生的实际情况，以课时或课题为单位，对教学内容、教学步骤、教学方法等进行的具体设计和安排的一种实用性文书。下面，我为大家分享全英文英语教案，希望对大家有所帮助!

Period ： Period1

Type ： Reading

Duration: 45minutes

Teaching ideology

The current theory view reading as a interactive process which involves not only the printed page but also the readers old knowledge of the language in general, the world and the text types. In the reading process, these factors interact with each other and compensate for each other. Based on the understanding of reading as an interactive process, teaching reading in the classroom is divided into three stages in which the top-down and bottom-up techniques integrated to develop the students language efficiency in general and reading strategies. The three stages are pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading.

Teaching material and learning condition The analysis of teaching material

The teaching material is the reading part from NSEFC Module2 Unit . The topic of this unit is . This passage mainly introduces The passage consists of paragraphs. The first paragraph is a general introduction of the . to introduces . The last paragraph tells about . The topic is not new to the Ss. But there is some new words and phases in the passage. The analysis of learning condition

The students are from grade1 in senior high school. As high school students, they have achieved certain English level and they have the ability to get the basic idea of the reading. Since they are in grade1, they are easily activated and want to air their own opinions on the topic. They are familiar with the topic of and know some. But they may not know before. Moreover, their vocabulary is limited so they may have difficulties in understanding some sentences.

Learning objectives

1. Language skills

● At the beginning of the class, Ss can predict the content of the passage based on the title. ● Ss can scan the passage and find out the specific information such as the person related with

● Ss can summarize the passage with the help of the clues of the passage.

2. Language knowledge

● Ss can master the key words and phrases of the passage as follows, . ● Ss can learn , especially

3. Affects

● Ss will realize that and they will concern themselves with the issue of

4. Cultural awareness

● Ss will broaden their minds by knowing something about

5. Learning strategies

● Ss will cultivate their ability individual learning and cooperative learning by doing some activities independently and some in groups.

● Ss will communicate with each other in English while doing the group work. Language

difficulties focuses and anticipated

Language focuses

This is a reading period so the focus is to cultivate the students reading skills. The many activities are designed to help Ss to train their reading skills, such as predicting, skimming, scanning and summarizing.

It is also important for the Ss to master the new words and phrases.

Anticipated difficulties

As the Ss have a limited vocabulary, so they may have some difficulties in understanding the passage. So the teacher will help them learn the new words and phrases.

Ss may did not heard before, so the teacher will tell them some background knowledge about it.

Teaching method

Three-stage model : Based on the understanding of reading as an interactive process, teaching reading in the classroom is divided into three stages in which the top-down and bottom-up techniques integrated to develop the students language efficiency in general and reading strategies. The three stages are pre-reading, while-reading and post-reading.

Teaching aids

Multimedia devices and PPT documents: In order to help Ss to fully understand the whole passage, I adopt Multimedia devices and PPT documents to bring the real-life situation into the classroom.

Teaching procedures

Step1. Lead-in (6min)

Activity1. Greetings and Free-talking (2min)

T Leads into the topic by asking Ss some they know. Ss tell the name of the they know freely.

T: Hello boys and girls.

(Ss say hello to the teacher.)

T: When we say , what appears in your minds?

(Ss tell the things appear in their minds freely.)

T: What are the ?

(Ss tell some names of .)

Activity2. Picture-talking (4min)

T shows some pictures about the in China and abroad. After seeing the pictures, Ss are expected to tell the similarities of them.

T: Just now, you talk about some in China. Now, let s see some pictures of some . (T shows the pictures and Ss see them carefully.)

T: What do the have in common?For example, they are very precious. What are your opinions?

(T gives them some hints and Ss tell the characteristics of )

[Aims]

In this step, T first leads in the topic by talking with the Ss freely about the which

is familiar to them and then Ss see some pictures and tell the characteristics. These two activities aim to arouse the Ss interests in the topic and activate their old knowledge of . Then Ss will be mentally prepared for the reading comprehension. Whats more,

when they are talking about the charateristics of , they will realize that the are rare and precious and they will concern themselves with the issue of .

Step2. Pre-reading (3min)

Activity1. Knowing something about (1min)

T gives a brief introduction of the. Ss will know the T: Today, we are going to learn . It is . Do you know what is? (T shows some pictures ofand Ss get to know the .)

Activity2. Predicting (2min)

T asks Ss to read the title of the passage and then ask them some questions. Ss will predict the content of the passage with the help of the title.

T: please look at the title “”, what does “” mean?

(If the Ss can not give the answer, then T explain it.)

T: In search means that people are looking for it. Why are people looking for it? Can you guess? What will the passage talk about?

(Ss predict the content, but T will not give the answer here.)

[Aims]

In this step, the Ss first know some information of the ; the background information will make it easier for the Ss to understand the passage. Then T asks Ss to make predictions about the passage. It aims to help Ss develop the reading skills of predicting.

Step3. While-reading (22min)

Activity1. Skimming (4min)

Ss skim the whole passage and find out and check their predictions. T: Why are people still ? Here is a multiple choice for you.

Activity2. Scanning (3min)

T presents several true or false statements and asks the Ss to scan the passage and judge the right from the wrong.

(Keys: F，F，T，T，F)

Activity3 Close-reading (15min)

T designs various kinds of activities and Ss do the activities to fully understand the passage.

T: Please read carefully and then take some note about the .

Please read carefully and then find out the removal of the room.

Please read carefully and then find out the person related with the Amber Room and the things them down with it.

Please read carefully and then find out the the rebuilding of the amber room.

Unit 1 How can we become good learners?

Section A 1 (1a-2d)

一．Teaching aims:

Language goals

1. Talk about how to study. 2. Find out your suitable learning methods. Ability goals

and phrases： aloud pronunciation work with friends ask the teacher for

help, read aloud , look up , practice pronunciation

patterns

How do you study English? I learn by working with a group.

Do you learn English by reading aloud?

Yes, I do. It helps my pronunciation.

How can I read faster?

You can read faster by reading word groups.

二．Emotion and attidute:

Developing students ability of learning English

三．Key points and difficulties

1. Key words and phrases

intrduced by “how”and the sentence pattern: “by +doing ”

四．Teaching procedures:

Step 1 Warming up

T: How do you study English? Do you study English by the following ways?

(Show some pictures and present the important phrases.)

T: How do you study English?

S: I study English by ______.

by working with friends.

by making word cards. by asking the teacher for help. by reading the textbook. by working with a group. by listening tapes.

Step 2 1a Check the ways you study English. Then add other ways you sometimes study.

___ a. by working with friends. ___ b. by making word card. ___ c. by reading the textbook. ___ d. by listening to tapes

___ e. by asking the teacher for help. …

Step 3 Listening

1) Listen. How do these students study for a test? Write letters from 1a above. 2) Check the answers: b (Meiping); e (Peter); d (Tony)

Step 4 Guess

Show some pictures.

Guess: How does he/she study English? He/She studies English by… How do they study English? They study English by…

Step 5 Pairwork

1c Make conversations about how you study for a test. A: How do you study for a test? B: I study by working with a group. A: How do you study for a test? B: I study by…

Step 6 Listening

2a Listen and check the questions you hear.

1 ____ Does anyone learn English by watching videos?

2 ____ Do you have conversations with friends in English? 3 ____ What about listening to tapes?

4 ____ What about reading aloud to practice pronunciation? 5 ____ Have you ever studied with a group?

Answers: 1, 2, 4, 5

2b Listen again. Match each answer below with a question above. a. Yes, I have. Ive learned a lot that way.

b. Oh, yes. It really improves my speaking skills. c. I do that sometimes. I think it helps.

d. No. Its too hard to understand spoken English.

Answers: d, b, c, a

Step 7 Pairwork

1. 2c Make conversations using the information in 2a and 2b A: Have you ever studied with a group? B: Yes, I have. Ive learned a lot that way. Show some pictures.

1) A: Do you learn English by watching movies?

B: Yes, its a very interesting way.

C: No, its too hard to understand spoken English.

2) A: What about writing letters to a pen pal in America?

B: Yes, it helps to improve my writing skills and know a lot aboutAmerica.

3) A: Do you have conversations with friends in English?

B: Of course, we can talk about plenty of things like school, pets,movies, and our parents.

It is not a long history that English is as a subject in primary school in our country and the main instructional aims of teaching English in primary school is to cultivate pupils basic abilities of their listening and speaking and their good sense of the English language. Our boys and girls are exposed to English for the first time, so it is very important to develop their keen interest in English.

I. Contents:

Today Im going to talk about Part B of Unit 2, PEP Primary English, Book 3. This lesson includes two parts: Lets talk and lets practice. In section 1, it mainly deals with the dialogue about “Whats in the schoolbag ” and the answers. And in section 2, it provides a real situation for the Ss to prastise the pattern: How many +n.(pl.)+ do you have And the answer: I have 23 +n.(pl.)

II. Teaching aims

1. Aims on the knowledge

(1) To enable the Ss to understand and speak: “My schoolbag is heavy. Whats in it Thank you so much.” Make sure that Ss can use these sentences in real situations.

(2) To help Ss to finish the survey.

(3) Let Ss finish the assessment of “Lets check” in this unit.

2. Aims on the abilities

(1) To develop Ss abilities of listening and speaking.

(2) To train the Ss ability of working in groups.

(3) To foster Ss abilities of communication and their innovation.

3. Aims on the emotion

(1) To foster Ss consciousness of good co-operation and proper competition.

(2) To lead Ss to show their loveliness to the poor.

III. Key-points of this lesson

(1) To help Ss ask and answer the question: Whats in it

(2) To enable Ss to study in groups and co-operate skillfully.

(3) To develop Ss interest in English.

状语从句 （Adverbial Clause） 一 状语从句的种类 § 1状语从句的种类 用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为： 1.时间状语从句；(adverbial clause of time) 2.地点状语从句；(adverbial clause of place) 3.原因状语从句；(adverbial clause of cause) 4.条件状语从句；(adverbial clause of condition) 5.目的状语从句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 6.让步状语从句；(adverbial clause of concession) 7.比较状语从句；(adverbial clause of comparison) 8.程度状语从句；(adverbial clause of degree) 9.方式状语从句；(adverbial clause of manner) 10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result) §2状语从句的时态特点 一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如： I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive） As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished） If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back） 二 时间状语从句 §3时间状语从句（adverbial clause of time） 1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如： When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。 【区别】when, while和as的区别：when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） 2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后，告诉我你是怎样决定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我们回家了。（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如： I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。 You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如： You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 三 地点状语从句 §4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place) 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如： 句型1：Where＋地点从句，（there）＋主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地点从句，＋主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。××××××××状语从句另一详解（参考新浪考试）××××××××状语从句大party 北京市海淀实验学校 马琳 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 一、时间状语从句 要点: 时间状语从句，由以下连词引导： when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。 当。。。的时候 Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (当)莫扎特的时候，开始写音乐作品。 当。。。时 He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅途中参观了许多地方。 在。。。的同时；一边。。。一边。。。 He smiled as he stood up. 他一边站起来一边笑着。 在。。。之后 He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day. 前几天做完作业之后回的家。 在。。。之前 Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 soon as 一。。。就。。。 We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那就开始工作。 I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就给你写信。 自。。。以来 到现在 表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。 (还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。) 8 till /until 都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。 They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。 Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。 9. by the time 到。。。为止 (所在句子的主句应用完成时) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。 By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校时，已经开始上课了。 难点——as when while的辨析 as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下： 表示“一边。。。一边”的意思 as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 用于发生时间较段时 when 1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作”之前 ”或”之后”发生。 2、when＝and then; at that moment (正在那个时候) while 1、用于时间较长时 2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。 lIt was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.) lWhen I had read the article, he called me. 我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when ) lWhen I got to the cinema, the film had begun. (当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态) lHe was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”. while, as不能代替 ) 考点 lShe thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它) 考点 lWhile the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)考点 lMother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用) 知识扩展 1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间) It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。 2. It is +before…(。。。才) It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。 It was an hour before(＝until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时，警察才来。二、条件状语从句 要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。 it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩. will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.) will be late unless you leave immediately. 如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. 一般将来时， 一般现在时 lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时三、原因状语从句 要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导 didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。 2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她. .难点——because , since , as , for,辨析 在语气上，because 最重, 表示的是直接理由,回答why 时只能用它. 其次是since, as ,一般不表示原因, 而是表明理由, 进一步说明.(译为：由于，既然). for 被认为是复合句的并列连词(常用于推断),表示理由.四、地点状语从句 要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. 知识扩展 there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语) will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 他将是一所混合式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对限先行词起限定作用。) you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。 there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语. 五、目的，结果状语从句 要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。 结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。 …that 如此…以至于 The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited. 科学家的报告很有启发性，我们感到很兴奋。 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 that 以至, 以便 I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。 I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。 3. such…that 如此。。。以至 It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 order that=so that:为了 We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 难点 +形容词或副词 +形+a(an)+单数可数名词 so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that +much或 little+不可数名词 lso that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句， 当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 (见例句 2, 5 ) lso +adj./adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前敬爱冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. lThe weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. lMike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他 (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 考点 lI’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. lThere are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你. lIt is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. 六、让步状语从句 要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导. 难点： lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的. lWrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. lRight : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析 although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. lHe is looking fit, though. 但是,他看上去很健康. 考点 lEven though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling. 尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。 lHe is quite experienced, he is young, though. 尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。七、比较状语从句 要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级 1. as…as 和。。。一样 Jack is as tall as Bob. 捷克和汤姆一样高。 2. not so(as)…as …和不一样 She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 她不如她姐姐外向。 比较级 more…than (更) This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。 最高级 most…in/of This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2. the + 形容词+est…of/in This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。 知识扩展 lno more than只不过(嫌少的意思) I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。 It’s no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。 lnot more than不如。。。；(前者不如后者) Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。 lone of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级) Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。