全新版英语综合教程2

课文翻译：从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。

春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。

在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。

在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。

后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病；镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。

在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。

这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧---它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。

随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。

在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。

曾经是如此迷人的路旁如今却铺着黑黑的枯干的草木，仿佛是被一场大火烧过一般。那里也是一片寂静，因为所有的生物都遗弃了它。即使是溪流中也没有了生命。因为所有的鱼都已经死了，垂钓者也就不再来了。

在屋檐下的天沟里，屋顶的木瓦之间仍旧可见几片白色的粒状的粉末。几个星期之前，它像白雪一样洒在了屋顶上、草地上、田野里和溪流里。

在这个遭受袭击的地球上，没有巫术，也没有敌人的行动抑制了新生命的复苏；这一切都是人自身造成的。

英语翻译技巧：

1、转换句子法：顾名思义，转换句子法就是在英译中，或者中译英的翻译题里，为了使将要译出的句子符合中文/英文里面的表达习惯、方法和方式等目标，而把题目中原句的语态、所用词类以及句型等进行处理转换。

2、省略翻译法:这与最开始提到的增译法相反，就是要求你把不符合汉语，或者英语的表达的方式、思维的习惯或者语言的习惯的部分删去，以免使所翻译出的句子沉杂累赘。

3、合并翻译法就是把多个短句子或者简单句合并到一起，形成一个复合句或者说复杂句，多出现在汉译英的题目里出现，比如最后会翻译成定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等等。

这是因为汉语句子里面喜欢所谓的“形散神不散”，即句子结构松散，但其中的语意又是紧密相连的，所以为了表达出这种感觉，汉语多用简单句进行写作。而英语则不同，它比较强调形式，结构严谨，所以会多用复杂句、长句。因此，汉译英时还需要注意介词、连词、分词的使用。

4、拆分法:当然，英译汉的时候，就要采取完全相反的战术——拆分法，即把一个长难句细细拆分为一个个小短句、简单句，并适当补充词语，是句子通顺。最后，注意还需要按照汉语习惯调整语序，达到不仅能看懂而且不拗口的目标。

5、插入法:就是把不能处理的句子，利用括号、双逗号等插入到所翻译的句子中，不过这种方法多用在笔译里面，口译用的非常少。

全新版大学英语综合教程第二册第7单元课文详解

导语：英语是世界上最广泛的第一语言，因此我们从小就开始学习英语，下面是一篇关于学习英语的英语课文，欢迎大家来学习。

Part I Pre-Reading Task

Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions:

1. What is the passage about?

2. What's your impression of the English language?

3. Can you give one or two examples to illustrate(说明)the messiness of the English language?

4. Can you guess what the texts in this unit are going to be about?

The following words in the recording may be new to you:

eggplant

n. 茄子

pineapple

n. 菠萝

hamburger

n. 汉堡牛肉饼，汉堡包

Part II

Text

Some languages resist the introduction of new words. Others, like English, seem to welcome them. Robert MacNeil looks at the history of English and comes to the conclusion that its tolerance for change represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom.

THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH

Robert MacNeil

The story of our English language is typically one of massive stealing from other languages. That is why English today has an estimated vocabulary of over one million words, while other major languages have far fewer.

French, for example, has only about 75,000 words, and that includes English expressions like snack bar and hit parade. The French, however, do not like borrowing foreign words because they think it corrupts their language. The government tries to ban words from English and declares that walkman is not desirable; so they invent a word, balladeur, which French kids are supposed to say instead — but they don't.

Walkman is fascinating because it isn't even English. Strictly speaking, it was invented by the Japanese manufacturers who put two simple English words together to name their product. That doesn't bother us, but it does bother the French. Such is the glorious messiness of English. That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly globallanguage.

How did the language of a small island off the coast of Europe become the language of the planet — more widely spoken and written than any other has ever been? The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about identity (I, me, you); possession (mine, yours); the body (eye, nose, mouth); size (tall, short); and necessities (food, water). These words all come from Old English or Anglo-Saxon English, the core of our language. Usually short and direct, these are words we still use today for the things that really matter to us.

Great speakers often use Old English to arouse our emotions. For example, during World War II, Winston Churchill made this speech, stirring the courage of his people against Hitler's armies positioned to cross the English Channel: "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender."

Virtually every one of those words came from Old English, except the last — surrender, which came from Norman French. Churchill could have said, "We shall never give in," but it is one of the lovely — and powerful — opportunities of English that a writer can mix, for effect, different words from different backgrounds. Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.

When Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 ., English did not exist. The Celts, who inhabited the land, spoke languages that survive today mainly as Welsh. Where those languages came from is still a mystery, but there is a theory.

Two centuries ago an English judge in India noticed that several words in Sanskrit closely resembled some words in Greek and Latin. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a commonparent language, lost to us because nothing was written down.

Identifying similar words, linguists have come up with what they call an Indo-European parent language, spoken until 3500 to 2000 . These people had common words for snow, bee and wolf but no word for sea. So some scholars assume they lived somewhere in north-central Europe, where it was cold. Traveling east, some established the languages of India and Pakistan, and others drifted west toward the gentler climates of Europe, Some who made the earliest move westward became known as the Celts, whom Caesar's armies found in Britain.

New words came with the Germanic tribes — the Angles, the Saxons, etc. — that slipped across the North Sea to settle in Britain in the 5th century. Together they formed what we call Anglo-Saxon society.

The Anglo-Saxons passed on to us their farming vocabulary, including sheep, ox, earth, wood, field and work. They must have also enjoyed themselves because they gave us the word laughter.

The next big influence on English was Christianity. It enriched the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary with some 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin, including angel, disciple and martyr.

Then into this relatively peaceful land came the Vikings from Scandinavia. They also brought to English many words that begin with sk, like sky and skirt. But Old Norse and English both survived, and so you can rear a child (English) or raise a child (Norse). Other such pairs survive: wish and want, craft and skill, hide and skin. Each such addition gave English more richness, more variety.

Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in 1066, when the Normans conquered England. The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. With three languages competing, there were sometimes different terms for the same thing. For example, Anglo-Saxons had the word kingly, but after the Normans, royal and sovereign entered the language as alternatives. The extraordinary thing was that French did not replace English. Over three centuries English gradually swallowed French, and by the end of the 15th century what had developed was a modified, greatly enriched language — Middle English — with about 10,000 "borrowed" French words.

Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing press in England and started a communications revolution. Printing brought into English the wealth of new thinking that sprang from the European Renaissance. Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, and with them thousands of Latin words like capsule and habitual, and Greek words like catastrophe and thermometer. Today we still borrow from Latin and Greek to name new inventions, like video, television and cyberspace.

As settlers landed in North America and established the United States, English found itself with two sources — American and British. Scholars in Britain worried that the language was out of control, and some wanted to set up an academy to decide which words were proper and which were not. Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.

That tolerance for change also represents deeply rooted ideas of freedom. Danish scholar Otto Jespersen wrote in 1905, "The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries great respecters of the liberties of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself."

I like that idea. Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and rights of man in the modern world. The first shoots sprang up in England, and they grew stronger in America. The English-speaking peoples have defeated all efforts to build fences around their language.

Indeed, the English language is not the special preserve of grammarians, language police, teachers, writers or the intellectual elite. English is, and always has been, the tongue of the common man.

messiness

n. 杂乱状况

messy a.

massive

a. large in scale, amount, or degree 大量的，大规模的

vocabulary

n. 词汇(量)

snack▲

n. a small meal 快餐，点心

snack bar

快餐柜，小吃店

parade

n. 游行;阅兵队列

hit parade

a weekly listing of the current best-selling pop records 流行唱片目录

corrupt▲

vt. cause errors to appear in; cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains 讹用，使(语言)变得不标准;腐蚀，贿赂

ban

vt. forbid (sth.) officially 禁止，取缔

walkman

n. a small cassette player 随身听

strictly speaking

严格地讲

invent

vt. 发明

invention n.

fascinating

a. of great interest or attraction 迷人的，有极大吸引力的

manufacturer

n. 制造商

product

n. 产品

tolerance

n. 容忍，宽容;忍耐

to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent

to the degree specified 在(极大，某种)程度上

necessity

n. 必需品;必要(性)

Anglo-Saxon

n. 盎格鲁—萨克逊人

arouse

vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude) 唤起，激起

channel

n. 海峡;渠道;频道

surrender

v. give in 投降

virtually

ad. for the most part, almost 差不多，几乎

invade

vt. enter with armed forces 侵入，侵略

Celt

n. 凯尔特人

inhabit▲

vt. live in (a place) 居住于

Welsh

a., n. 威尔士语(的)，威尔士人的

mystery

n. 神秘的事物

Sanskrit

n. 梵语

resemble

vt. be like or similar to 与…相似

Greek

n. 希腊语

Latin

n. 拉丁语

systematic

a. done according to a system 有系统的

descend

vi. come down (from a source); go down 起源于;下来

linguist

n. a person who studies languages 语言学家

Indo-European

a. 印欧语系的

wolf

n. 狼

scholar

n. 学者

establish

vt. cause to be, set up 建立，确立

drift

vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way 漂泊

climate

n. (an area or a region with) a regular pattern of weather conditions 气候(区)

Germanic

a. 日耳曼(人)的，日耳曼语的，德国(人)的

tribe▲

n. 部落

pass (sth.) on to (sb.)

hand or give (sth.) to (sb.) 将…传给…

influence

n. 影响

Christianity

n. 基督教

Christian

a. 基督教的

n. 基督教徒

disciple

n. 信徒，门徒

martyr

n. 殉难者，烈士

Norse

n. (古)斯堪的纳维亚语

addition

n. a person or thing added 增加的人(或物)

Norman

n., a. 诺曼人(的.)，诺曼语(的)，诺曼文化的

conquer

v. take possession and control by force; defeat 征服

kingly

a. 国王(般)的

royal

a. 国王或女王的;皇家的

sovereign▲

a. (of power) without limit, highest; (of a nation) fully independent 拥有最高统治权的，至高无上的;拥有主权的

alternative

n. one of two or more possibilities 供选择的东西

modify

vt. change slightly 修改，更改

enrich▲

vt. make rich or richer; improve 使富裕，使丰富

Renaissance▲

n. (欧洲14-16世纪的)文艺复兴

translation

n. 译本，译文;翻译

Roman

a. 古罗马的，拉丁语的

classic

n. a work of art recognized as having lasting value 经典作品

capsule▲

n. 密封小容器;胶囊;航天舱

habitual

a. done as a habit, regular, usual 惯常的

catastrophe▲

n. a sudden great disaster 大灾难

thermometer

n. 温度计

video

n., a. 录像(的)

cyberspace

n. the notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs 网络空间，虚拟空间

independent

a. not controlled by other people or things 独立的，自主的

source

n. 源，来源

out of control

失去控制，不受约束

academy

n. 学会，学院，研究院

fortunately

ad. by good luck 幸运地，幸亏

put into practice

将…付诸实施

Danish

a. 丹麦(人)的，丹麦语的

liberty

n. freedom 自由

strike out

create, produce 创造，开创

cultural

a. of or involving culture 文化的

nourish▲

vt. 滋养，培育

preserve

n. 独占的地区或范围;禁猎地

vt. keep from harm, damage, etc., protect; save 保护，保存

grammarian

n. 语法学家

intellectual

n., a. 知识分子(的)

elite▲

n. the group regarded as the best (总称)出类拔萃的人，精英

Robert MacNeil

罗伯特·麦克尼尔

Winston Churchill

温斯顿·丘吉尔(1874 — 1965，英国政治家、首相)

Hitler

希特勒(1889 — 1945，纳粹德国元首)

Julius Caesar

尤利乌斯·凯撒(100 — 44BC，古罗马将军、政治家)

Britain

英国

India

印度

Pakistan

巴基斯坦

Viking

(8 — 10世纪时劫掠欧洲西北海岸的)北欧海盗

Scandinavia

斯堪的纳维亚

England

英格兰

William Caxton

威廉·卡克斯顿(英国印刷商、翻译家)

Otto Jespersen

奥托·叶斯柏森(1860 — 1943)

1. Read aloud paragraphs 17-19 and learn by heart.

2. Read aloud the following poem:

Languages

Carl Sandbury

There are no handles upon a language

Whereby men take hold of it

And mark it with signs for its remembrance.

It is a river, this language,

Once in a thousand years

Breaking a new course

Changing its way to the ocean.

It is a mountain effluvia

Moving to valleys

And from nation to nation

Crossing borders and mixing.

3. Read the following quotations. Learn them by heart if you can. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.

The English language is the sea which receives tributaries from every region under heaven.

—— Ralph Waldo Emerson

Language ought to be the joint creation of poets and manual workers.

—— Georqe Orwell

England and America are two countries separated by the same language.

—— Georqe Bernard Shaw

4. Read the following joke and see if you can tell what caused the misunderstanding of the technician's words by the woman. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.

An office technician got a call from a user. The user told the technician that her computer was not working. She described the problem and the technician concluded that the computer needed to be brought in and serviced.

He told her to "Unplug the power cord and bring it up here and I will fix it."

About fifteen minutes later she showed up at his door with the power cord in her hand.

明天的寓言 从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。 小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的兴旺的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在绿色的田野上； 秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。 小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。 在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。 即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。 事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。 还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。 所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。 某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死， 到处都有一层死亡的阴影。 农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病； 镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。 在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。这里是一派奇怪的寂静。 就说鸟儿们吧---它们都去哪儿了？ 许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。 他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。 随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。 这是一个无声的春天。 曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。 农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。 苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。曾经是如此迷人的路旁如今却铺着黑黑的枯干的草木，仿佛是被一场大火烧过一般。 那里也是一片寂静，因为所有的生物都遗弃了它。 即使是溪流中也没有了生命。 因为所有的鱼都已经死了，垂钓者也就不再来了。 在屋檐下的天沟里，屋顶的木瓦之间仍旧可见几片白色的粒状的粉末。几个星期之前，它像白雪一样洒在了屋顶

Once upon a time, there was a small town in the center of America, where everything seemed to be in harmony with its surroundings. The town is surrounded by prosperous farms, fields and orchards all over the hillside.

从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。 小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的兴旺的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。

Spring is coming, white flowers are floating on the green fields like clouds; Autumn is coming, the oak, maple and birch trees are colorful, burning and jumping like flames in a pine forest. Foxes bark in the hills, deer jump quietly in the fields, and everything is half hidden in the mist of the autumn morning.

春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在绿色的田野上； 秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。 小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。

On both sides of the road, laurel trees, Podocarpus, alder trees, ferns and various wild flowers can make passers-by enjoy themselves at many times of the year. Even in winter, the roadside scenery is still beautiful, where countless birds come to search for berries, berries and seeds on the branches exposed in the snow.

在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。 即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。

In fact, this village is famous for its large number and variety of birds. In the spring and autumn season when migratory birds come, people come from far away places to admire. Others come here to fish in the stream. The clear stream flows out from the mountain, in which there are many shady pools where trout hide.

事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。 还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。

Therefore, from many years ago, the first group of residents built houses, dug wells and built their own barns here.

所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。

这部分内容主要考察的是现在完成时的应用：

1、过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。

2、过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成或可能持续下去。

3、现在完成时表示将来。

句型构成

基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（）

①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词()（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他）.

②否定句：主语+have/has not (haven't/hasn't) +动词的过去分词（）（V-ed）+宾语.

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词（)（V-ed）+宾语（或者其他）?

肯定回答：Yes,I/they/we/you have.或Yes,she/he/人名 has.

否定回答：No,I/they/we/you haven't.或No，she/he/人名 hasn't.

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）

⑤被动语态：

现在完成时的被动语态的肯定式为：have/ has +been +done。如：The experiment has been done successfully. 这个实验做得很成功。

现在完成时的被动语态的否定式为：have/ has +not +been +done。如：Tom’s novel has not been published. 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。