英语自学考试笔记

Text A scientific attitudes 本课主要单词 1.attitude n. 姿势，姿态；态度，看法 1）The plane was in a nose-down attitude. （飞机处于俯冲姿态。） 2）They decided to take an attitude of wait and see to/toward the new policy. （他们决定对新政策采取观望态度。） 3）We should adopt a correct attitude about tests. （对考试我们应抱正确的态度。） 2.environment n. 环境，周围状况，自然环境 1）A child can easily adjust to changes in the environment. （孩子很容易适应环境的变化。） 2）They promised to provide us a good environment for work and rest. （他们许诺为我们提供良好的工作或休息环境。） 3）Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. （科学赋予我们控制环境掌握命运的能力。） 4）He grew up in an environment of poverty. （他在贫穷的环境中长大。） environmental adj. 环境的 environmental protection 环境保护 environmental pollution 环境污染 environmental biology 环境生物学，生态学 environmental engineer 环境工程师 3.curiosity n. 好奇（心） curious adj. 好奇的；离奇古怪的 1）He walked to the silent old man out of curiosity. （出于好奇，他向那位沉默寡言的老人走去。） 2）She showed great curiosity about my past. （她对我的过去显示出莫大的好奇。） 3）Children are curious about everything. （儿童对什么都感到好奇。） 4）Not long after they left， a curious thing happened. （他们走后不久，一件古怪的事情发生了。） 4.imagination n. 想像，想像力；幻觉；应变能力imagine v. 想像；料想 1）He is a writer of rich imagination. （他是一个富有想像力的作家。） 2）No one moved in the bushes， it was only your imagination. （没人在树丛里走动，只是你的幻觉而已。） 3）Due to his lack of imagination， he just didn't know what to do next. （由于缺少应变能力，他不知道下一步该怎么办。） 4）It is hard to imagine life with electricity. （很难想像没有电，生活会是怎样。） 5）I imagine he will come tomorrow. （我料想他明天会来。） 请注意区别下面三个形容词imaginative，imaginary，imaginable 1）It is an imaginative tale. （这是个虚构的故事。） 2）The teacher is waiting for imaginative answer. （老师正等待着具有丰富想像力的回答。） 3）The equator is an imaginary circle around the earth. （赤道即假想的环绕地球的大圆。） 4）an imaginary enemy （假想敌） 5）They said they would save the patient by every means imaginable. （他们说他们会用尽一切想得出的方法抢救病人。） （imaginable 常与级形容词或all，every，only等连用，放在被修饰的名词的后面。） 5.apart adv. 分离，分开 1）The two schools are 20 miles apart. （两校相距20英里。） 2）I cannot tell these two things apart. （我无从区分这两件东西。） 3）Apart from what he mentioned just now， there are some other causes for the failure. （除了他刚才提到的，还有一些其他的失败原因。） 4）He took the machine apart to see what was wrong. （他把机器拆开，看看出了什么毛病。） 6.stimulate v. 刺激，激励 stimulation n. 刺激，激励 1）Praise stimulated the students to make greater efforts. （表扬激励学生作更大的努力。） 2）Exercise stimulates the flow of blood. （锻练促进血液循环。） 3）TV， if properly used， can stimulate a child's imagination. （电视如果使用适当能激发孩子的想像力。） 4）The intention of lowering interest rates is to stimulate the economy and develop industries. （降低利率的打算是为了刺激经济，发展工业。） 5）Young children needs stimulation. （年幼的孩子需要激励。） 7.regardless adj. 不留心的，不注意的adv. 不顾，不惜 1）He crushed the bloom with regardless tread. （他毫不在意一脚践踏了鲜花。） 2）There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless. （可能会遇到种种困难，但不管怎样，我将继续干下去。） 3）I'm buying the book， regardless of the cost. （不管价钱如何，我都打算买下那本书。） 请注意区别regardless of 和in spite of 1）The plane will take off， regardless of the weather. （不管天气好坏，飞机都将起飞。） 2）The plane took off in spite of the bad weather. （尽管天气不好，飞机还是起飞了。） 8.disagreeable adj. 让人不愉快的，不合心意的；难相处的 disagree v. 不同意；不符；不适宜 1）She is disagreeable towards me. （她对我不友好。） 2）This medicine has a very disagreeable smell. （这药有一股很难闻的气味。） 3）I disagree with you on that point. （在那一点上我跟你意见不同。） 4）The damp weather disagrees with me. （潮湿的天气使我不舒服。） 9.failure n. 失败；变弱 fail v. 失败；变弱；使失望 1）His plans ended in failure. （他的计划以失败告终。） 2）The power failure caused heavy losses. （供电中断造成严重的损失。） 3）His carelessness resulted in his failure of the exam. （他的粗心致使他考试不及格。） 4）I failed in persuading him. （我没能说服他。） 5）His eyesight is failing. （他的视力在衰退。） 6）His courage failed him. （他失去了勇气。）

Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.