北京自学考试英语笔记电子版

Unit18（第53讲—第55讲） 本课主要句型 1. Now it is hard to visualize a map that does not feature north at the top， but this was not always so. 本句中it做形式主语（formal subject），to visualize a map……。是真正的主语（real subject）。用it 做形式主语， 主要是因为主语较长，谓语较短，于是不定式常放在谓语的后面。例如： 1）It is necessary to tell him the news as soon as possible.（尽快把这消息告诉他是很必要的。） 2）It took us 30 minutes to get there by bus.（坐公共汽车到那儿花了我们30分钟时间。） 3）It made us very angry to see him talk to the old man in such an impolite manner.（看到他以如此不礼貌的方式与那位老人谈话，我们非常气愤。） 4）How much did it cost you to send the parcel express？（速递这个包裹花了你多少钱？） 请翻译下列句子，注意用做形式主语： 1）掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。 2）能来参加这个晚宴是我们的荣幸。 3）我们不帮助他们是错误的。 4）他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。 上面的四个句子可以翻译为： 1） It is not easy to master a foreign language. 2） It is our honor to be present at this dinner party. 3） It was a mistake for us not to help them. 4） It is unwise of them to turn sown the suggestion. Visualize是一个动词，意思是 imagine （想像）。在词汇部分我们讲到过－ize是动词后缀。常用在形容词后面构成动词，如：localize（局部化，地方化）， urbanize （城市化），nationalize （使国有化）， finalize（最后定下来）visualize 这个动词，我们在第四单元中已经学过，请把下面两个句子译成英语，注意使用 visualize： 1）我难以想像等待着我的将会是什么。 2）一整天，他都在想像着将在教堂举行的婚礼。 这两句话可以译为： 1） I cannot visualize what is waiting for me. 2） He has been visualizing the wedding ceremony to be held at the church for the whole day. ……this was not always so中的 so 是个代词，意思是“如此，这样”，如： 1）――I think you made the wrong decision. ――Is that so？ （是这样吗？） 2）It is not necessary to find out why it is so.（去了解为什么如此是没有必要的。） 3）I believe so.（我相信是这样。） 2. The oldest known map in the accepted sense of the word was drawn about 3，800BC， and represents the river Euphrates flowing through northern Mesopotamia， Irag. 本句中的known是过去分词做形容词用，意思是“已知的”，在某些语境中，known意为“的”。如： 1）This is the most dangerous substance known to man.（这是人类已知的最危险的物质。） 2）It has become a well known holiday resort.（这儿已成为的度假胜地。） in the…sense of the word 意思是“就这个词的…意义上而言”，如： 1）It is a miracle in the true sense of the word.（这是真正的奇迹。） 2）That is an adventure in every sense of the word.（那才叫冒险。） sense是个常用词，请看下面的句子，注意sense的词意。 1） He has a great sense of humor.（他很有幽默感。） 2） There is some common sense in what he says.（他所说的话有些道理。） 3） What's the sense of doing that since it is already late？（既然已经晚了，做那件事还有什么意义呢？） 4） She came to her senses after a blood transfusion. （输血之后，他苏醒过来。） 5） In a sense what he said is true.（在某种意义上说，他说的话是正确的。） 6） Her explanation doesn't make any sense.（她的解释讲不通。） 7） I cannot make sense of what has written.（她写的东西我弄不懂。） 3. This and others that followed it， were little more than rough sketches of localized features； it was not until many centuries later that the ancient Greeks placed the science of map-making on a sound-footing. 本句中的前一个it是代指上句中的the oldest known map. Little more than 的意思是 almost no more than（只不过是）。请注意下列句子中的little的意思： 1） He is little better than a bookworm. （他简直跟书呆子差不多。） 2） That is little short of open scorn.（那简直就是公然藐视。） It was not until…that…。是一个常见的强调句型，意思是“直到…才”。如： 1） It was not until the cat emerged from behind the bushes that I noticed it.（直到猫从灌木后面出来，我才注意到它。） 2） It was not until he called me that I realized there was a meeting in the afternoon.（直到他给我打电话我才想起下午有个会。） 3） It was not until several weeks later that the stolen car was found.（几个星期以后那辆失窃的汽车才被找到。） 请翻译下列句子，注意使用上述句型。 1）直到20世纪60年代人类才实现登上月球的梦想。 2）直到昨天他才被告知真相。 3）直到妈妈来幼儿园接他，那孩子才停止哭泣。 这三个句子可以翻译为： 1） It was not until the 1960S that man realized the dream of landing on the moon. 2） It was not until yesterday that he was told the truth. 3） It was not until mother came to the kinder-garter to collect him that the boy stopped crying. place sth. on a sound footing 意思是“把…置于坚实的基础上”。 4. The last great scientist of the classical period， he was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. The last great scientist of the classical period， 在本句中做同位语，对主语he作进一步的补充说明。 Be based on 意思是“以……为基础”。 Guess在句中做名词用，意思是“推测，猜想”。 Rather than在本句中的意思相当于instead of “而不是”。 1）I have used some simple words rather than the difficult ones.（我用了一些简单词汇而不是难词。） 2）He bought two books rather than one.（他买了两本书而不是一本。） 3）Rather than go back on his word， he kept his promise.（他没有食言，而是言而有信。） 5. Given the state of knowledge of those times， he got things wrong， …… 在第十五单元中，我们学过given这个介词，意思是“考虑到”，在本句中given仍是这个意思，请再看两个例句： 1）Given the poor working condition， you cannot expect the workers to be very efficient.（考虑到工作条件差，你不能指望工人们的效率很高。 2）Given the bad weather， we have to change our plan.（基于天气不好，我们得改变计划。） Times在本句中的意思是“时代”，如： 1）The times are different， women are now equal to man.（时代不同了，现在男女平等了。） 2）In modern times， the development of science and technology is accelerating.（近代科学技术在加速发展。） 3）In the difficult times， many people died of hunger.（在那限难时世，许多人因饥饿而死。） 6. …since Ptolemy had calculated wrongly the size of the Atlantic and was unaware that the pacific ocean existed. 本句中的since引导的是一个原因状语从句，如： 1）Since so many people are absent， we'd better put off the meeting.（既然如此多的人缺席，我们将此会延期。） 2）I won't blame you since you know nothing about it.（既然你对此一无所知，我就不会怪你。） Unaware与aware一样是形容词，其用法也与aware相同，be unaware of…， be unaware that…。 1）I was unaware of his presence.（我没注意到他在场。） 2）He was unaware that he had been followed.（他不知道他被跟踪了。） 7. The reason for this was that he decided to orientate the map in the direction of the pole star since Polaris was the immovable guiding light in which the voyagers of the era placed their trust. 本句中，that引导的是一个表语从句。表语从句的结构为： 主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句也可用where， why， how引导。如： 1） The reason for his absence was that he was ill.（他缺席的原因是他病了。） 2） That was why I hated it.（这就是我不喜欢这个的原因。） 3） That is how he cheated people.（他就是用这种方式人的。） Which所引导的是一个定语从句修饰guiding light限定性定语从句如果修饰“物”，关系代词that和which都可用，但在介词的后面只能用which，在口语中一般把介词放到从句后部去，这时则可以用that.如： 1） This is the question about which we had a discussion last night.（这就是我们昨晚讨论的问题。） This is the question that we. Had a discussion about last night. 2） This is the fact on which we base our opinion.（我们的观点就是建立在这个事实之上的。） This is the fact that we base our opinion on. Trust在句中做名词用，place （put） trust in sb/sth 信任某人（某事）。 1）I don't have any trust in him.（我对他一点也不信任。） 2）Have some trust in the future everything will be OK.（对未来有点信心吧，一切都会好起来。） 3） The old lady placed great trust in her grandson.（那位老太太对她孙子非常信任。） 8. North at the top remained the accepted arrangement until the early Middle Ages， when the church began to interfere seriously with the advance of science. 本句中when引导一个由逗号把前面句子隔开的句子，其意思相当于at the time.如： 1） The party has been put off until next week， when we can get better prepared.（晚会被推迟到下周，那时我们能准备得更好些。） 2） We will wait have until 6， when the manager can spare us a few minutes.（我们在这儿等到6点，那时经理就能给我们几分钟了。） Interfere with意思是“妨碍”，如： 1） Bad dietary habits often interfere with health.（不良的饮食习惯常常妨碍健康。） 2） The interests of the two countries do not interfere with each other.（这两国相互间没有利害冲突。） 9. Once again， north assumed its rightful place at the top of maps. 在第十五单元的Text B中，我们已经学过assume这个词 It has long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.（长期以来，人们认定好斗是由男性荷尔蒙引起的。） 在本句中assume的意思是acquire（获得，取得） 请注意下列例句中assume的意思： 1）I assume the misunderstanding will be cleared up.（我认定这误会会消除。） 2）He assumed the report to be unreliable.（他猜那报告不可靠。） 3） Farmers will have a good harvest ， assuming that the weather is favorable.（假如风调雨顺，农民将会有好收成。） 4） Who will assume the costs of running a school？ （谁来负担开设一所学校的费用？） 5） He assumed a leading position last May.（去年五月，他担任领导职务。） 6） Hitler assumed power in 1933.（希特勒于1933年夺得政权。） 7） He assumed full control of the company.（他完全控制了这家公司。） 本课主要词组 1. in the sense of 2. more than 3. be based on 4. rather than 5. attempt to do sth 6. in the form of 7. in search of 8. at the top 9. in the direction of 10. place trust in 11. interfere with 12. in accordance with 13. from…point of view 14. reliance on Text B You Have a Choice 短语表达 1. side by side They are sitting side by side. We walked side by side along the river. 2. be seated Please be seated， I will fix you a cup of coffee. The hostess was seated with the guests when I hurried in. 3. ahead of The boy is running ahead of his classmates. I believe we can finish the work ahead of time. 4. be certain of I cannot be certain of the time of their arrival. Can you be certain of the truth of his utterance？ 5. bring about The new policy is sure to bring about a lot of changes. What Father said has brought about a profound change in his personality. 6. account for This excuse cannot account for your absence. Her explanation doesn't account for the failure. 7. regardless of All of you will be given a chance regardless of your age and sex. Regardless of which method you choose， the result will be the same. 8. make a difference Whether he comes or not will not make any difference. I hope my participation will make a difference. 9. lead to Excessive smoking may lead to lung cancer. The misunderstanding led to a bad quarrel. 10. pull out of The train pulled out of the station at 10：00. When do you think the car will pull out of the garage？ 11. for sure I don't know for sure who will be in charge of this department. He couldn't tell for sure what was in the distance. 12. apply to It is hard to apply the rule to real work. It is necessary that the theory be applied to practice. 13. deal with He is hard to deal with. I have no idea how to deal with this situation.

Unit13（第38讲—第40讲） 15、effective adj. 有效果的，有成效的 1） We have to take effective measures to control pollution. （我们得采取有效措施控制污染。） 2） I hope the medicine can be effective. （我希望这药有效。） 本课简介 态度友善、衣着得体、热切助人的保险代理人的来电或造访常令美国人不安，甚至戒备，这是为什么呢？本文作者列举了美国人不愿谈论保险的三个原因。其一是保险昂贵，各类保险成了大多数美国家庭的一大花费；其二是保险总令人想到自己生活于其中的世界充满了不安全因素。人们得面对疾病、伤害、死亡、经济损失等种种不幸；其三是保险是一个困难而复杂的问题，能完全弄明白这个问题的人少而又少，掩饰无知的方式是避免谈论。然而，这正是由于上述三个原因，人们有必要对保险问题多多了解，才能成为明智的消费者，才能理智地正视保险问题，才能避免成为“保险盲”。 本课主要语言点 1. Yet few Americans really enjoy visiting with these eager， helpful men and women. 在前一单元中，我们已讲到过few 通常否定，意思是“很少的，几乎没有的”，本句中的few 同样表示否定意味。 动词enjoy 的后面跟名词或者动名词，不能跟动词不定式，如： 1）He enjoys classical music. （他喜欢古典音乐。） 2）She enjoys going to concerts. （她喜欢赴音乐会。） 3）Painting is something that Mary really enjoys doing. （画画是玛丽真正喜欢做的事。） visit with 是美国用法，意思是“访问；在…处做客、逗留”，如： 1）She will come and visit with you for a few weeks. （她会来你这儿做客住上几个星期的。） 2）He hasn't visited with his uncle since 1990. （他从1990年至今没有拜访过他叔叔。） eager 是一个形容词，通常用于词组 be eager to do sth. 1） They are eager to get the information. （他们急切地想得到那信息。） 2）The little boy was eager to tell his parents that he won the first prize.（那个小男孩急切地想告诉父母他得了一等奖。） 2.We are on guard when they visit our homes. guard 这个词既可做名词用，也可做动词用。做名词用时，意思是“看守；守卫；警惕；”做动词用时，意思是“保卫，保护；看守。” 1）He works as a door guard for that company. （他在那家公司做门警。） 2）They will give him an armed guard. （他们会给他配备一队武装卫兵。） 3）I was immediately on guard when father mentioned that incident. （父亲提起那件事，我就立刻提防起来。） 4）Police were sent to guard his house. （警察被派去守卫他的房子。） 5）She had been locked in her room and guarded day and night. （她被锁在房间里日夜看守着。） 6）The old man told his son to guard against conceit. （那位老人嘱咐他的儿子谨防骄傲。） 3.Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. 本句的主要成份是：Three reasons can be suggested. Why引导的是一个定语从句，修饰reasons.如： 1）The reason why she refused my help is unknown. （没人知道她拒绝我的帮助的原因。） 2）The room where Mary used to live has been painted blue. （玛丽曾经住过的那个房间已被漆成了蓝色。） 3）The day when John came was cold. （约翰来的那天很冷。） 4. In effect， they pay as much for the insurance as they do for the car itself. in effect 意思是“实质上；实际上”，如： 1）They have in effect been severely punished. （他们实际上已受到严厉惩罚。） 2）In effect， she has no choice. （实际上她没有选择。） 3）What in effect I'm saying is that he couldn't keep his promise. （我实质上要说的是，他不可能信守诺言。） 请注意pay和spend两个动词的用法： 1）He paid 100 yuan for that used bicycle. （他出100元买那辆旧自行车。） 2）He spent 100 yuan on that used bike. 5. Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. 在词汇部分，我们已讲过remind这个词的词意及用法，再巩固一下： remind sb. of sth. 1） I remind him of his promise. （我提醒他许下的诺言。） 2）Her smile reminds me of her mother.（她的微笑使我想起了她的母亲。） remind sb. about sth. 1） Don't forget to remind him about the meeting. （别忘记提醒他开会的事。） 2）He called to remind me about the return ticket. （他打来电话提醒我回程票的事。） remind sb. to do sth. 1） Remind me to turn off the computer. （提醒我关电脑。） 2）Mother reminded him to air the quilt when it is fine. （母亲提醒他天气好时晒晒被子。） remind + 从句 1）I was reminded how his attitude had changed. （我注意到他的态度改变了。） 2）Remind his that he has to go to the parents' meeting. （提醒他去参加家长会。） 6.…in our hearts we hope that we might be spared. spare做形容词用时，意思是“多余的；空闲的；俭朴的”。如： 1）In his spare time he wrote some short stories. （他用余暇写了一些短篇故事。） 2）Sorry， I don't have any spare cash. Can I write a check？ （对不起，我没有多余的现钱，我可以开支票吗？） 3）He is keen on this spare lifestyle. （他喜欢这种俭朴的生活。） 在本句中，spare用作动词，意思是“饶恕；使免遭”。如： 1）He begged them to spare his life. （他求他们饶他一命。） 2）You may spare yourself the trouble. （你不必找此麻烦。） 3）Call him and spare yourself a visit. （给他打个电话，省得你自己跑一趟。） spare 也可以表示“抽出时间；出让”。如： 1）Can you spare me 5 minutes？ （你能抽出5分钟时间给我吗？） Spare me 50 yuan and I will return the money on payday. （借给我50元钱，发工资那天我就还你。） 7. …We would rather talk about football or the weather or what we had for lunch. 在world rather 后面应用动词的原形形式。如： 1）I would rather stay at home. （我宁愿呆在家里。） 2）He would rather go and play football than go to the cinema. （他宁愿去踢足球，而不愿去看电影。） 3）I would rather you didn't tell me the truth. （我宁愿你没告诉我真话。） 在第三句中，would rather 后面跟的是从句，从句中的动词用虚拟语气形式。 what we had for lunch意思是“午饭吃了什么”。如： 1）What did you have for breakfast？ （你早饭吃了什么？） 2）I had nothing but a cup of coffee for breakfast. （早饭我只喝了一杯咖啡。） 8.Neither should we depend entirely on the agent when we buy insurance. 当否定词放在句首时，句子通常用倒装。如： 1）Never in my life have I seen such a beautiful place. （我一生中从没见过这么美丽的地方。） 2）Tom doesn't like pop music. Neither does his wife. （汤姆不喜欢流行音乐，他妻子也不喜欢。） 3）In no case will he give up the experiment. （无论如何他都不会放弃那个试验。） 4）Not only was he a teacher， but also a poet. （他不仅是一位教师，还是一位诗人。） 9.It is better that we plan for these situations by finding means to deal with them than to just hope that they will somehow go away. plan 一般可用作及物动词，而本句中的动词plan 作不及物动词用。 1）We will plan our weekend at noon. （中午时我们将安排周末的活动。） 2）I planned to go and meet him at the station. （我打算去车站接他。） 3）We should plan for our future. （我们应该筹划未来。） deal with意思是“处理，对付；论述” 1）This is a book dealing with the skills of reading， writing and speaking. （这是一本论述读、写、说技能的书。） 2）The man is difficult to deal with. （那人很难打交道。） 3）There will be a lot of difficulties to be dealt with when you start your own business.（你开始自己做生意时会有许多困难要克服。） 10.Quite the opposite 本句的意思是“恰巧相反”，有时我们也可以用just the opposite.如： They are very excited. I am quite the opposite. （他们很兴奋，我则恰好相反。） 本课主要词组 1. be interested in2. be eager to 3. be of help4. visit with 5. be on guard 6. at best 7. be unwilling to 8. first of all 9. a sum of10. pay for 11. in effect12. remind…of 13. would rather 14. depend on 15. look…in the face 16. plan for 17. deal with18. go away 19. neither…nor Text B What is money and what are its functions？ 短语表达 1. be familiar with I am not familiar with the book he mentioned in his lecture. 2. throughout He never stopped learning throughout his life. We want to make this place known throughout the world. 3. a number of A number of ways have been suggested to control air pollution. A number of students have applied for this part-time job. 4. rule out The regulations rule out anyone under the age of 16. The possibility of suicide has been ruled out. Heavy rain ruled the match out for that day. 5. search for The police are still searching for survivors of the plane crash. They are searching the wood for the lost child. 6. worth This bike is worth 250 yuan. I don't think a two-day vacation is worth much. 7. respond to How did he respond to what you said？ 8. rather than He is a writer rather than a teacher. Rather than cause trouble， he left. 9. in terms of She was asked to express her idea in terms of science. We usually measure the value of material goods in terms of money. 10. be conscious of I was not conscious of what was happening. He was not conscious of his mistake. 11. convert to Water can be converted to electricity. He wanted to convert the US dollars to RMB.