护理自学考试英语笔记整理

Unit9（第26讲—第28讲） 本课简介 在learned words and popular words这篇课文中，作者对学术词汇和普通词汇进行了定义。讲述了两类词汇之间的差异，并且指出把词分为学术的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人们必须注意，把普通词汇理解为属于大众所有的词，而不是某个特定阶层的人们所拥有的东西。学术词汇也并非有学问之人专用，只是它的存在是由于书籍和文学的培养而不是日常会话的实际需要。 本课主要语言点 1. In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary. class在本句中的意思是“种类”，相当于type， category.如： 1）It is very difficult to meet the needs of various classes of readers.（要满足各种读者的需要十分困难） 2）How many classes are you going to divide these books？ （你打算把这些书分成几类？） class 还常用来表示“等级”，如：a second-class hotel （二等旅馆）； an economy-class ticket （经济舱票）；fly first class （乘头等舱航空旅行）。 class 也可以用动词用，意思是“把 …分类；把…看作”，如： 1）At 19 you are still classed as a teenager.（到了十九岁，你仍旧是青少年。） 2）He was classed as a genius （他被看作为天才） make up 在本句中的意思是“组成、构成”，请看例句： 1）Twenty-six boys and twenty-four girls make up the class （二十六名男生和二十四名女生组成了这个班） 2）Twelve doctors made up the medical team （十二名医生组成医疗队） 用被动语态时则应用be made up of，如： This engine is made up of 490 parts （这台发动机是由四百九十个部件装配而成的） taken together 过去分词短语做后置定语，对中心词做一些附加说明，相当于一个非限定性定语从句，要用逗号和中心词隔开，如： All the letters in the drawer， written in pencil， are from my brother.（抽屉里的这些用铅笔写的信都是我弟弟写的。） 2. First， there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation， which we learn， that is to say， from the members of our own family and from our friends， and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write. 句子中which引导的都是定语从句，修饰中心词words.第一个which的前面有介词with，这儿的with是familiar with中的介词前置了。Familiar with 意为“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there？（站在那边的那个人你熟悉吗？） 请注意familiar with 与familiar to 的区别，familiar with 的主语通常是人，而familiar to的主语通常是物。如： 1）I am not familiar with this place. 2） This place is mot familiar to me. that is to say 是插入语，其作用是对整个一句话进行解释，类似的插入语还有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等，如： 1）I'd really rather not go， if you don't mind 我确实不想去，你如果不介意的话。 2） The new emperor was， so to speak， a puppet.新皇帝可以说是个傀儡。 3.They concern the common things of life， and are the stock in trade of who speak the language concern 在句中的意思是“涉及，有关于”，如： 1）Don't interfere in things that don't concern you （别干预跟你无关的事）。 2）The energy problem concerns us all （能源问题关系到我们每个人） stock的意思很多，如“存货”，“股票”，“公债券”，“牲畜”等。 1）They hold a rich stock of information （他们掌握着丰富的材料） 2）You cannot buy it because it's out of stock （你买不成了，货品已经脱销） 3）He used to have a stock farm （他曾经拥有一个畜牧场） 4）The fridge was carefully stocked up with food.（冰箱里周到地放满了食品） stock in trade 也可以写成stock in trade，意思是“例行工作”，“常规”，如： 1）Complaints were a stock in trade of an airport manager's job （机场经理的工作就是常常面对投诉） 2）He was the master of black humor， it was his stock in trade （他是黑色幽默大师，黑色幽默是他的专长） 4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only. since 在句中引导的是一个原因状语从句，请看例句： 1）Since it was Saturday， he got up very late （因为是周六，他起床很晚。） 2）You can take the place of him since he is not interested （你可以取代他，因为他对这事不感兴趣） at large 在本句中的意思是“整个”，这个词组的意思还有很多，请看下面的句子： 1）The people at large love peace （大多数人热爱和平） 2）The virus is still at large （这种病毒还在蔓延） 3）The murderer is still at large （杀人犯仍逍遥法外） 4）He talked at large about his plans （他详尽地谈了自己的计划） 5）They made the arrangements at large （他们随意地做了安排 ） 5. 请注意区别与possession 有关的两个词组：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb. 1）He is in possession of this house （他拥有这所房子） 2）The house is in the possession of him 3）On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. 英语中有许多表示启承转合的词语，阅语中注意这些词有助于我们提高理解力，写作中注意用这些词，有助于我们把文章写得连贯、有条理。On the other hand 在本句中用来表示不同或相反的语气，在前一段中讲了popular word 这一段中作者则要讲讲learned words. 表示不同或相反语气的词还有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。 前面我们提到过number可以与可数名词连用，而amount可与不可数名词连用，如： 1）A large number of students have passed the exam （许多学生已经通过了考试） 2）They paid a large amount of money for the house （他们付了一大笔钱买了这座房子） 6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home occasion 通常可以做可数名词用，意思是“时刻、场合”；也可以做不可数名词用，意思是：“必要性、需要；机会”。如： 1）They're met on several occasions （他们已相遇过好几次） 2）They are occasions when you find it difficult to say “Good-bye”。（有时候你会觉得说“再见”很难。） 3）I don't remember I had occasion to blame him （我不记得我有责备他的必要） 7.In the latter， we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning 在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .对两件事分别进行表述时，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 这一类词，条理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 来表述。derivation 是derive 的名词形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁语词源的词”，请看例句： 1）These words are derived from Latin （这些词由拉丁语派生而来） 2）The derivation of words is interesting （词的派生很有意思） 8. The terms “popular” and “learned”， as applied to words， are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“术语、名称”，如： 1） I don't know how to put this term into Chinese （我不知道如何把这一术语译成中文） 2） Writer is hardly the term to apply to him （“作家”这一名称很难用在他身上） term 还有“期限；任期；学期”的意思，如： 1）During his 4-year term of office， he did a lot of things for the common people.（在他四年的任职期间，他为普通百姓做了不少事。） 2） He decided to rum for a second term （他决定竞选连任。） 3） The autumn term is coming to an end （秋学期快要结束了。） apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如： 1）This rule applies to upper class students only （这条规则只适用于高年级学生。） 2）I don't think what he says applies to you （我想他的话对你不适用） 3）They are eager to apply the theory to practice （他们急切地想把这一理论用于实践） apply for 则是“申请”的意思，如： 1）How many people have applied for the job？（有多少人申请了这个工作？） 2）They applied for permission to use the tennis court （他们申请使用网球场。） 9. Still the classification into “learned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .本句中的sound是形容词，意思是“正确的；明智的”，如： 1）He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.（做了正确的决定，他感到很高兴。） 2）He was so carried away by power that he could not make any sound judgement（他被权力冲昏了头脑，无法做出任何明智的判断） 请看下面几个句子，注意sound 在句中的意思： 1）He is sound in body and mind （他身心健康） 2）The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it （这所房了完好无损，别犹豫，买下它） 3）The baby is having a sound sleep.（宝宝在酣睡） 4）Father gave him a sound beating.（父亲给他一顿痛打） 10.When we call a word “learned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people not （that）…。but （that）。意思“不是…。而是。”如： 1）I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .（我又来这儿，不是因为我多喜欢这儿的景色，而是我爱这儿的人们。） 2）By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.（叫他夏洛克，我不是说他的名字叫夏洛克，而是说他像夏洛克一样吝啬。） due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如： 1）His failure was due to carelessness （他的失败是由于粗心。） 2）Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.（由于缺少资金，他们不得不推迟计划） rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“与其……不如…” 1） He is a writer than a teacher （与其说他是教师，不如说他是作家。） 2）He lay rather than sit in the armchair （与其说他是坐在扶手椅上不如说是躺在里面。） 本课主要词组 1.make up 2.be familiar with 3.learn from 4.belong to 5.at large 6.on the other hand 7.be knows to 8.acquaintance with 9.in a style 10. be of importance 11. in the first case 12. in the latter （case） 13. in print 14. apply to 15. come up 16. as to 17. as a whole 18. due to 19. rather than Text B how should you build up your vocabulary？ 短语表达 1. build up （建立；增强；增加） They worked hard to build up the friendship between the people in two countries. Get plenty of exercise every to build up your health. 2. come across （穿过，出现；遇到） They came across the street to meet me. A good idea came across my mind We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them. 3. look up （查阅） If there are words you don't understand， look them up in the dictionary . For further information about this matter， look up this book. 4. at top speed （以速度） He drove his car at top speed It's dangerous to corner at top speed 5. depend on （依靠；取决于） We'll depend mainly on ourselves to solve the problem. The accomplishment of the task depends on the solution of this major problem. 6. make sense （有意义、讲得通） What he said just now didn't make any sense to me. This sentence doesn't make any sense. 7. try doing sth（尝试做某事） You can try using another method to go it He tried climbing the mountain without any help. 8. come up with （提出，想出；提供） He is expected to come up with some ideas after he thinks about the problem. The TV network will come up with better shows in the future. 9. lead to（导致） Our discussions led to confusion. The earthquake led to heavy loss of life. 10. after all （毕竟） Don't expect too much of him， he is， after all， a child of 10. We didn't finish all the work. After all， we didn't have enough hands 11. provide with （提供） It is necessary that you provide them with all the equipment We are satisfied to be provided with these kitchen utensils 12. begin with （以……开始） The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter . To begin with， we ought to know what we are here for.

Unit22（第65讲—第67讲） 19. positive adj. 确定的；积极地，肯定地 positively adv. 确定地，明确地；积极地，肯定地 1） He was frightened by the results of his blood test， for all tested items show positive reactions.（验血结果把他吓坏了，每一个项目都显示阳性反应。） 2） I'm positive about it.（对这点我有绝对把握。） 3） They longed for a positive answer.（他们渴望得到肯定的答复。） 4） You should adopt a more positive attitude toward life.（对生活你应该采取更积极的态度。） 5） He never answered my questions positively.（他从不肯定地回答我的问题。） 20. aspect n. 方向；外表 1） They considered the plan in all its aspects.（他们全面地考虑了这一计划。） 2） His face had a frightening aspect.（他的脸色很吓人。） 21. emerge v. 出现 1） The sun emerged from behind a cloud.（太阳从云朵后面出来了。） 2） Different ideas have emerged.（不同意见出现了。） 3） A modern industrial city is now emerging.（一个现代化的工业城市正在兴起。） 本课简介 人人都知道健康的重要，但人们对于参加健身活动的态度如何呢？本文作者通过许多具体的事例告诉我们，人们对于参加健身活动有许多认识上的误区，因而有必要重新审视自己在这一问题上的态度和做法。 人们对于健康活动有哪些看法呢？一些学生认为，留出时间来健身是浪费时间，健身活动并不比学打桥牌对他更有用，学业和前程才是最重要的。还有人认为健身固然重要，但实在没有时间健身。也有人说自己已经够健康了，保持现状应该没有问题。另外有些人则抱怨没有运动设施，也无法从他人那儿得到什么帮助，或者觉得运动后的浑身汗味令他们不舒服。 以上种种皆是不愿意进行健身活动的人们的看法，那么对于那些原意进行健身活动的人们来说，他们的认识和做法也并非没有问题。有人说，我跑步是因为宿舍里的每一个人都在晚上跑步。也有人说，我运动时每消耗3500卡热量就能减掉一磅体重，圣诞节前我只有十磅要减了。还有人说，这个周末天气凉爽，星期六看来是个好日子。另外，健身只是为了长寿也是常见的看法。 你的认识是否类似于上述某种观点？请记住健康虽不一定保证长寿，但能有助于你快乐地生活每一天。 本课主要语言点 1. Recently we were told by a student that setting aside time for improving his physical fitness would be a total misuse of his working hours. that引导的是一个宾语从句，在这个从句中，动名词短语setting aside time…做主语，此类结构在英语中很常见。如： 1） He told me that getting up early in the morning was hard for him.（他告诉我早起对他来说很困难。） 2） The teacher said that cheating on exams was on the increase in many schools.（那位老师说在许多学校考试作弊现象在增长。） 3） My brother told me that setting up his own company would not be totally impossible.（我兄弟对我说建立他自己的公司并不是一件完全不可能的事。） set aside 意思是to reserve or keep sth. for a special use or purpose （留出、拨出）；set aside也可表示overturn（驳回、取消），disregard（不顾）。如： 1） He decided to set aside 50 yuan every month so that he could buy a used bike.（他打算每个月留出50块钱以便能买辆二手自行车。） 2） His parents asked him to set aside 30 minutes every morning reading English.（他父母要求他每天早晨留出30分钟读英语。） 3） The government set aside thirteen per cent of the money for health and education.（政府拨出这笔钱地百分之十三用于健康和教育。） 4） The original verdict was eventually set aside by the Supreme Court.（原先地裁决最终被法庭驳回。） 5） We must set aside all formality and another try.（我们必须不拘形式再试一次。） a / the misuse of sth.意思是 use sth. in an incorrect or improper manner（误用、滥用）。如： The misuse of company assets brought about heavy losses.（滥用公司财产造成了严重损失。） 在词汇部分我们讲到mis-是一个前缀，常指things being done badly or wrongly. 如：understand-misunderstand ， print-misprint等等。 2. He assured us that he would be no better served by a fitness program than by learning to play bridge. 本句中地no是一个副词，用在副词比较级地前面，表示“并不、毫不”。no也可以在形容词比较级地前面。如：no more than， no less than， no longer than，no farther than 等等。 1） I could no more play piano than you.（我和你一样不会弹钢琴。） 2） This place is no better than slum.（这地方与贫民窟差不多。） better是副词well的比较级形式，served是个过去分词，可用作形容词，如： better organized， better prepared， better managed等等。 assure是个及物动词，意思是“使确信、使放心”，主要用法是： 1） assure sb. of sth. He assured me of the feasibility of the plan.（他使我确信这个计划是可行的。） 2） assure sb. that…… I assured my mother that I would handle the problem.（我向母亲保证我能处理这个问题。） 请注意区别assure，ensure，insure和secure这四个动词。 assure指以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定发生，多用assure sb. of / that在结构中；ensure意为确保某种行动或动因的结果一定会发生，后面可以跟sth.或that从句，但不能带双宾语；insure意思是“给…保险”；secure的意思是make safe（使安全）。 1） He assured me that Dr. Baker would come.（他向我保证贝克博士会来。） 2） To ensure the child's quick recovery， the doctor gave him three different medicines.（为了保证孩子尽快康复，医生给了他三种不同的药物。） 3） The house is insured against fire.（这房子保了火灾险。） 4） They tried their best to secure the bridge from further attack.（他们尽力保护桥梁免受进一步的攻击。） 3. College and his preparation for a career were his only priorities.请注意区prepare 和prepare for的区别。 prepare sb. or sth. 指make them ready for an event or action that will happen in the future，如： We have to prepare our lessons carefully.（我们得仔细备课。） prepare for an event or action指get oneself ready for it； make plans for it so that it and prepared when it happens， 如： The children washed out hands and prepared for the meal.（孩子们洗好手准备吃饭。） 名词preparation通常用在短语make preparations for和in preparation for当中，如： 1） They were making preparations for the old man's funeral.（他们在为老人的葬礼做准备。） 2） We will have to collect new material in preparation for the experiment.（我们得收集新资料为实验作准备。） priority指 give priority to和 take / has priority当中。如： 1）This project has priority over all others.（这个项目比所有其他项目都更受重视。） 2）Education is given first priority in their family.（教育在他们家是予以先考虑的问题。） 4. This student has seen being physically fit as an end rather than the means we know it to be. see sth. as意思是“把…看作为”，我们以前学过不少类似的短语，如：regard…as，look upon…as，think of…as，view…as等等。 being physically fit意思是“身体健康”。 an end rather than the means意思是“是一种目的而不是达到目的的方法”。 rather than意思是“而不是”。 1）He was seen as the most capable person in the company.（人们认为他是公司最能干的人。） 2）We saw her silence as consent.（我们把她的沉默看作为同意。） 3）To be physically fit is our greatest wish for grandfather.（身体健康是我们对爷爷的希望。） 4）You need to do more exercise if you want to be physically fit.（如果你想身体健康，就需要进行更多的锻炼。） 5）He came all the way to China for promoting friendship rather than for making money.（他千里迢迢来到中国不是为了赚钱，而是为了增进友谊。） 5. His opinion is one of the many feelings， pro or con， that people hold about their personal involvement in a physical fitness program. pro和con在本句中作形容词用，pro的意思是for（赞成），con的意思是against（反对）。pro or con在句子中作后置定语，修饰名词feeling.后置定语在英语中也很常见。如： 1） Countries， big or small， should be equal.（国家无论大小都是平等的。） 2） He studied in a room， clean and tidy.（他在干净整齐的房间里学习。） （在上述例句中，两个成对的或反对的形容词，用and或or连接，共同修饰一个名词。这是形容词作后置定语的一种用法。） 1）The active involvement of thousands of people in the election campaign surprised him.（成千上万的人积极参与竞选活动令他惊奇。） 2） He avoids involvement in politics.（他避免卷入政治。） 6. Certainly some of there individuals may have physical limitations that make activity extremely difficult， and others are engaged in time-consuming activities that until finished do not permit opportunities for recreation. that make activity extremely difficult是一个定语从句，修饰physical limitations. Be engaged in sth. 意思是be involved in sth.（使从事，使忙于），如： 1）They were engaged in the study of soil conservation.（他们在从事土壤保持的研究。） 2） It is inappropriate for him to engage in this activity.（他从事这一活动是不合适的。） 7.…I'll have no difficulty staying that way. have （no） difficulty doing sth.（做某事有/无困难），也可以用have （no） trouble doing sth.。如： 1）He has no difficulty understanding the Chinese film.（看懂那部中国电影他没有困难。） 2）I had a lot of trouble getting back to sleep after I answered the phone call.（接过电话后，我无法再入睡。） 8.…you may have made a commitment to a physical fitness program that might be rather narrow in scope. make （a） commitment to 意思是make a firm promise（作出），或者involvement（投入）。 Narrow in scope意思是范围很窄，很狭隘。我们接触过在形容词后面加介词in再加名词的机构，如similar in appearance（外表相像）。 9.What could I achieve if I were really in top physical condition？ 本句中用了虚拟语气，从句中用过去时（be动词用were），主句中用could或should / would / might加动词原形，表示的是与现在事实相反的假设，如： 1）If he were on time， we wouldn't have to wait for him.（如果他能准时，我们就不用等他了。） 2） If they had time now， they would come to see us.（如果他们现在有时间，他们就来看我们了。） in top physical condition 意思是“身体很健康”。如： The old man is in top （very good， excellent…） physical condition though he is already 76.（老人虽已七十六岁，但身体非常健康。） 10. In the final analysis， we think that although fitness will not guarantee that you will live longer， it can help you enjoy the years you do live. in the final analysis意思是ultimately（归根结底），如： They realized in the final / last analysis that their job was to tell public the facts.（他们认识到他们的工作归根结底是把事实公诸于众。） guarantee的意思是保证，担保，后面可跟名词；to do或that从句。如： 1） Wealth doesn't guarantee happiness.（财富不能保证快乐。） 2）They guaranteed to finish the work in two hours.（他们保证在两个小时内完成这项工作。） 3）I guarantee that they will win the game.（我保证他们会赢这场比赛）。 do在句中起强调作用。 本课主要短语（phrases and expressions） 1.set aside 2.a misuse of 3.no better than 4.prepare for / make preparations for 5.be physically fit 6.be seen as 7.rather than 8.pro or con 9.involvement in / be/become/get involved in 10. in pursuit of 11. be engaged in 12. have （no）difficulty doing sth. 13. get support from 14. make commitment to 15. narrow in scope 16. approach to 17. in top physical condition 18. be capable of 19. keep in mind 20. in the final analysis Text B people and colors 短语表达 1. in general In general， girls do better on test about vocabulary than boys. In general， there are two different ideas about where to go. 2. remind sb. of sth. The way he walks reminds me of his father. The picture reminds me of the days I spent in the countryside. 3. associate with People usually associate the underground with something evil. They like to associate with people from all walks of life. 4. react to I cannot imagine how the audience will react to his speech. Young children react to the color of an object before they react to its shape.